密植矮化茶园地面低容量仿形喷雾液滴沉积性能研究

为探究地面低容量仿形喷雾技术在茶园植保作业中的适应性,以自主设计的茶园低容量仿形喷雾轨道式测试系统为喷雾载体,通过正交试验方法对茶园地面低容量喷雾的雾滴沉积性能进行了试验研究。阐述分析了喷雾测试系统的结构及控制电路,依据解析法确定了喷头安装参数;以雾滴沉积密度、沉积均匀性为主要喷雾指标,探究了喷雾高度、喷施方向、风扇转速、喷头类型和冠层梯度对茶树低容量喷雾时液滴沉积的影响。田间试验结果表明:茶树冠层梯度对雾滴沉积密度有显著性影响,其雾滴数量在冠层上、中、下部依次减少,冠层上部雾滴个数明显多于中、下部,中、下部雾滴数量没有显著性差异;喷雾高度与雾滴沉积数量呈负相关,且喷雾高度30 cm时的雾滴个数明显多于50 cm时的雾滴数量,而40 cm高度与30、50 cm时的雾滴数量无显著性差异。喷施方向、冠层梯度对雾滴分布均匀性有显著性影响,喷施方向45°时,其变异系数均值为0. 610,显著大于0°、15°、30°时的变异系数,雾滴分布均匀性最差,而0°、15°、30°时变异系数无显著性差异;不同冠层梯度上的雾滴分布均匀性差异显著,其中冠层上部雾滴分布最均匀,而冠层中部雾滴分布均匀性最差。与常规喷雾相比,低容量喷雾的雾滴沉积量整体偏小;冠层梯度对雾滴沉积量有显著性影响,其中冠层上部沉积量均值为0. 608μL/cm2,显著大于中、下部沉积量,而中、下部雾滴沉积量差异不显著;喷施方向0°时,其雾滴沉积量均值最大,显著大于沉积量最小的45°方向。茶树低容量喷雾时,雾滴平均沉积密度均大于26个/cm2,冠层顶部变异系数均不大于标准中规定的0. 5,满足国家标准中农药喷雾机喷洒质量要求。     

固定管道式常温烟雾系统雾滴沉积仿真与试验

为了进一步研究固定管道式常温烟雾系统的风场分布特性和雾滴沉积分布特性,基于计算流体力学（CFD）非稳态模拟,通过建立固定管道式常温烟雾系统在温室内作业的气流速度场仿真模型及雾滴沉积分布仿真模型,分析了该系统在3组作业参数（液压为0.05MPa,气压为0.2、0.3、0.4MPa,3组作业参数分别对应的喷头出口截面平均气流速度为200、400、600m/s）〖JP2〗下的气流速度分布特征及在3组作业参数、4组高度水平（0、40、60、80cm）和2个〖JP〗雾滴沉积区域（喷头正下方区域和喷头中间区域）下的常温烟雾系统的雾滴沉积分布特性,并对雾滴沉积分布特性进行了试验验证。研究结果表明：固定管道式常温烟雾系统作业时可在棚室内形成涡旋气流,有益于雾滴在整个棚室内的漂浮、弥散和沉积,根据仿真和试验结果得出本系统的最优作业参数为气压0.3MPa、液压0.05MPa。喷头正下方和喷头中间区域的雾滴最大沉积量分布在喷头喷射方向前方1m区域（采样点5）,且沿喷头喷射方向呈逐渐降低趋势。相同试验条件下,雾滴沉积量随着气流速度的增加呈降低趋势。喷头正下方的雾滴地面沉积量低于中间区域的雾滴地面沉积量,而在高度水平40、60、80cm下,喷头正下方相应的雾滴沉积量高于中间区域。正下方区域的雾滴主要沉积分布在60~80cm的高度区间,中间区域的雾滴主要沉积分布在高度40、80cm区域。不同作业参数下雾滴在不同高度的仿真和实测沉积量相关系数范围为0.990~0.924。雾滴沉积量仿真值和实测值的相对误差范围为0.008~0.374, 说明CFD仿真可较准确地预测模拟常温烟雾系统气流速度场与雾滴沉积分布特性,指导实际作业参数优化。     

水稻田农药喷雾分布与雾滴沉积量的试验分析

借助于荧光分光光度计测定出雾滴在水稻某一区域的沉积量，由此获得雾滴沉积量在水稻植株不同层间分布的规律。结果表明：在按距离地面40cm以上、20-40cm之间、5～20cm之间对水稻分层时，层间的雾滴沉积量与水稻的高度成正比。采用Matlab，对试验点上拍摄到的照片进行分析，建立了雾滴沉积量与对应的水稻植株面积间的相互关系。     

果树叶片雾滴沉积量检测系统设计与试验

为了获取植保无人机喷药后雾滴在果树叶片表面的沉积量,设计了面向植保无人机果树低空施药的果树叶片雾滴沉积量检测系统。该系统由LWS型叶面湿度传感器、数据传输模块、上位机检测软件组成。通过LWS型叶面湿度传感器的标定试验,建立了电导率为553μS/cm自来水、860μS/cm甲基硫菌灵溶液、1525μS/cm磷酸二氢钾叶面肥溶液的回归方程,通过分光光度计验证试验验证了方程的准确性。之后,建立基于ZigBee的传感器系统数据无线传输网络。同时,利用Qt编写了具有数据分析和显示功能的上位机程序,建立了完整的果树叶片雾滴沉积量检测系统。最后,利用WSZ-4X型植保无人机在樱桃果园中进行了检测系统与水敏纸的对比试验。对比结果显示,使用两种方法获得的雾滴沉积密度曲线的拟合度可达0.9266。对于单个测量点的雾滴沉积密度,其平均误差为22.8%。在果园中进行试验时,受风速和无人机气流等环境因素的影响,传感器和水敏纸的雾滴分布会出现一定的差异,忽略环境因素影响,可认为两种方法在樱桃果园中测量得到的雾滴沉积密度一致性较好,而使用果树叶片雾滴沉积量检测系统可以更加快速、方便、实时地采集农药雾滴在叶面上的沉积量。     

矮化密植果园喷雾机选型试验研究

为了提升林果生产机械化水平,北京市正大力推广林果矮化密植技术。为此,针对目前市场林果植保机械型号多及喷雾质量参差不齐的问题,开展了适合林果新种植模式下的植保机械选型试验研究,并选取了4种喷雾机。试验结果表明:针对果园篱壁型冠层,3种地面喷雾机在喷量为喷枪常规喷量条件下(施药量108L/6 6 7 m2),冠层雾滴分布平均密度均超过100个/cm2,对靶风送式变量喷雾机在施药量40L/(667m2)条件下,雾滴沉积平均密度达62个/cm2,植保多旋翼无人机在施药量为1L/(667m2)时,雾滴沉积平均密度达67个/cm2,均远超过20个/cm2的行业标准。因此,建议选用风量、施药量可调喷雾机或喷雾机配备不同型号喷头,以实现不同冠层密度变量施药。     

不同电动植保无人机稻田雾滴沉积分布试验研究

为了研究旋翼类型和喷头类型对雾滴沉积影响,针对5种电动植保无人机进行水稻田雾滴沉积分布试验研究,试验机型包括单旋翼和多旋翼,喷头类型涉及离心式和液力式,并设置15L/hm2相同施药量,研究测定各机型的有效喷幅、雾滴沉积分布和冠层间的药液沉积量。试验结果表明:单旋翼机型具有较大的有效喷幅;离心式喷头雾滴沉积粒径较小,但雾滴沉积密度更大;各机型在作物上层的雾滴分布均匀性和药液沉积量最优,中层最差;相比液力式喷头,离心喷头可以获得更好的雾滴穿透效果。     

植保无人机作业参数对棕榈树雾滴沉积的影响

为探究单旋翼油动无人机对高大乔木棕榈树的雾滴沉积效果,设置三因素三水平的正交试验,通过方差分析研究喷头流量、作业高度、飞行速度对棕榈树雾滴沉积、雾滴穿透性、地面流失量的影响程度,并分析试验指标与雾滴沉积、雾滴穿透性、地面流失量的关系。结果表明:最佳作业参数为喷头流量4.2 L/min、作业高度3 m、飞行速度3 m/s,此时雾滴沉积量和雾滴穿透性为0.397μL/cm~2和5.01%;影响雾滴沉积效果的主次顺序依次为:作业高度、飞行速度、喷头流量;适当的增加作业高度可以提高雾滴穿透性,增加飞行速度可减小地面流失量。针对棕榈树型高大特点和病虫害位置,优选植保无人机的作业参数,以保证其良好的雾滴沉积效果,本试验可为棕榈树病虫害飞防作业提供参考。     

单旋翼无人机作业高度对槟榔雾滴沉积分布与飘移影响

为了阐明3WQF120-12型单旋翼无人植保机喷施槟榔树的雾滴沉积效果、地面流失雾滴沉积分布、飘移及可应用性,研究了无人机不同作业高度对槟榔树冠层及地面喷施效果的影响。试验选用诱惑红染色剂,并配制成质量分数为0. 5%的水溶液,代替农药;用铜版纸进行雾滴采集,并利用图像处理软件Deposit Scan分析得出雾滴沉积结果。结果表明:作业高度对槟榔树各层采样点的雾滴沉积量没有显著性影响,同一高度作业时,树冠上层与树冠下层、树冠上层与树果层之间的雾滴沉积量有显著差异,树冠上层雾滴沉积水平最高可达53. 27%,树冠下层和树果层可达树冠上层的59. 19%和27. 91%;地面流失采样点雾滴沉积结果显示,不同作业高度对地面3列采样点的雾滴沉积量有显著性影响,最低平均沉积水平约19. 9%;飘移区数据显示,3个作业高度对飘移带采样点的雾滴沉积量没有显著性影响,当作业高度为12. 09 m时,飘移带测得的飘移量最大,作业高度10. 40 m时飘移量最小。同时测试发现,飘移距离最远可达36. 35 m,因此实际作业时必须留出足够的安全距离。     

玉米植保无人机热雾喷施系统设计与雾滴分布特性试验

针对玉米中后期封行后高地隙植保机难以下田、传统植保无人机雾滴穿透性差导致病虫害难以防控等问题,本文将脉冲烟雾机的热力雾化和低量喷雾技术与高效率的植保无人机进行结合,提出了植保无人机搭载热雾喷施系统的植保作业方案,设计了热雾喷施管路与遥控作业系统,并开展了灌浆期玉米植保作业试验。以清水代替农药进行喷雾作业,在试验区域设置水平和垂直采样点,通过水敏试纸收集沉积在各采样点的雾滴,并利用雾滴分析软件测出热雾植保无人机雾滴在不同采样区域的沉积分布结果。试验结果表明：喷雾区域采样范围-2~6m的雾滴粒径和雾滴密度分布差异较为明显,在距喷口0~2m水平位置雾滴较为集中,垂直方向玉米冠层至底层的雾滴粒径和密度依次减小,整个采样区域内雾滴密度均超过20个/cm2。雾滴覆盖率和沉积量总体变化趋势一致,其中,距喷口前方1m位置各垂直采样层叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率均取到最大值,从上层到地表依次为18.02%、13.48%、4.37%和2.11%,冠层叶片正面雾滴沉积量在此区域也达到最大值,为0.36μL/cm2,整体上叶片正面的雾滴覆盖率和雾滴沉积量均大于同位置叶片反面数值。此外,除少数采样点位置因雾滴重叠、黏连导致雾滴谱宽度大于2μm以外,其他采样点的数据均符合低容量喷洒条件下雾滴谱宽度小于等于2.0μm的技术指标。该研究可为热雾植保无人机在玉米等高秆作物中后期植保作业的参数优化和使用提供参考依据。     

地面弥雾机与六旋翼植保无人机在芒果冠层中雾滴沉积性能对比

为解决芒果园传统植保作业中农药用量大、施药不均匀、作业效率低等问题,并构建智慧芒果园,本研究对比了地面弥雾机和六旋翼植保无人机两种果园施药机具在芒果冠层中的药液雾滴沉积性能。将芒果冠层分为上中下层,以柠檬黄为示踪剂,使用高清相纸与滤纸采集药液雾滴,通过图像处理等手段分析雾滴沉积分布均匀性。试验结果表明,植保无人机在芒果树上部冠层叶片表面的雾滴覆盖率显著高于地面弥雾机,在其余冠层部位,两种施药机具在叶片表面药液无显著差异覆盖;植保无人机处理组叶片正反面平均覆盖率均为地面弥雾机的1.5~2倍,对叶片背面的防治优于地面弥雾机。地面弥雾机处理组叶片正面雾滴密度显著高于植保无人机,叶片背面无显著差异,植保无人机处理组正反面均未满足低量喷雾20个/cm2的病虫害防治要求。地面弥雾机药液沉积集中在中下冠层（61.1%）,植保无人机集中在上部冠层（43.0%）,冠层内部沉积比例地面弥雾机（48.6%）＞植保无人机（25.5%）,但地面弥雾机在冠层上部沉积能力不足,沉积占比仅为17%。研究表明,相较于植保无人机,地面弥雾机适用于芒果冠层中下部及内部病虫害防治,同时该机具较高的雾滴覆盖密度在喷洒杀菌剂时也有明显优势,植保无人机适用于针对芒果上部冠层如蓟马、炭疽等易发于外部花絮的病虫害防治。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。