土壤保持与土壤管理

土壤保持是经常涉及到与风蚀、水蚀有关的主要的土地退化活动.土壤保持是一个较为广泛的问题.不仅关系到主要侵蚀活动,而且也关系到影响着土壤肥力总体保持的较为缓慢的、连续不断的隐伏过程.土壤紧实,土壤有机质、土壤养分含量和微生物活动能力减少,都是土壤保持专家应予关心的问题.土壤保持往往被认为是用以防止土地退化的一些技术,缺乏农学知识的土木工程师经常持己看法,而又使这种看法得以强化.对农民来说土壤保持会被认为是不可理解、不适合当地条件的不必要的花费.在国际土壤研究与管理委员会的观点看来.土壤保持是土壤管理实践能力维持方面的一部分,既无需破坏表土地上层.还要与耕作制度相结合及适宜生境的特性.土壤保持问题涉及国际土壤研究与管理委员会(IBSRAMS)的三个主要目标,首先是关于以供养农业为目的的热带土地的开垦.另一方面还涉及酸性带土壤管理和森林土壤的管理.     

西德土壤及土壤科学

我们应西德马普学会邀请,于1982年9月26日到10月24日,赴西德进行土壤学专业考察。考察计划分为两方面,(1)希望短期内较全面地了解西德的主要土壤类型和利用情况;(2)适当安排参观西德最著名的土壤研究机构和与著名的西德土壤学家接触,以便较深入地了解西德土壤学研究的现状和学术见解。     

土壤动物与土壤健康

土壤动物与土壤健康息息相关,土壤动物多样性和功能能够灵敏反映人类活动和气候变化引起的土壤扰动.同时,土壤动物还通过与生物和非生物组分间的相互作用对地上生态系统产生反馈作用.当前土壤动物在土壤健康评价体系中的应用相对较少,主要集中在土壤线虫、节肢动物和蚯蚓等类群,仍缺乏基于土壤动物的系统性评价指标.因此,本文围绕土壤动物...     

香港土壤和土壤科学特点

1997年11月下旬,应香港大学邀请前往进行学术交流。     

土壤质量与土壤可持续管理

土壤是农业生存之本,土壤质量是联系土壤管理与可持续农业的桥梁与纽带。介绍了土壤质量的概念及其发展,在客观地分析我国土壤质量现状的基础上,提出土壤管理必须建立在土壤质量的基础上并兼顾土壤的生产性、稳定性、持续性、生存性及社会的可接受性,才能实现农业的可持续发展。     

澳大利亚土壤及土壤科学研究近况

1986年4月14日至5月5日,我应澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织的邀请,对澳大利亚进行了短期的访问考察。     

新西兰土壤学会土壤代表团到南京土壤研究所进行学术交流活动

中国耕作制度学术讨论会及耕作制度研究会成立会,于1980年10月27日至11月1日在北京昌平县召开。     

土壤微生物与土壤营养关系研究进展

综述了土壤微生物的组成、主要作用,并提出了表征土壤肥力的微生物指标,阐述了土壤微生物与土壤肥力和土壤氮、磷、硫元素的关系,提出了今后土壤微生物和土壤营养关系的研究方向。     

南京土壤研究所召开土壤分类座谈会

中国科学院南京土壤研究所于1980年8月16日召开了土壤分类座谈会。     

苏联土壤力学中的土壤分类方法

苏联土壤力学中所指的‘土壤’,是包括一般所称的岩石。基于力学的观点,土壤力学中土壤分类所依据的条件,与土壤学中的土壤分类,很有些不同。‘岩石土类’是依据它的可压缩性及应压力的大小;‘石砂土类’是依据土壤中大小颗粒的百分比例;‘粘土类’是依据土壤的塑性系数。土壤的基本种类如下:     

Altitude-related changes in the mesofauna structure in soils of the Ethiopian plateau

Ecological-faunistic investigations of the mesofauna were carried out in mountain soils of Ethiopia for the first time. A comparative assessment of the group composition and the structural parameters of soil invertebrate communities was accomplished in a series of mountain habitats on the slopes of an extinct volcano in the altitude range of 1800 to 3200 m a.s.l. Some regularities of the altitudinal changes in the abundance of invertebrates were found: a maximum in a forest on the volcano slope, a trend of reducing their number and mass with altitude, and the minimal abundance of invertebrates in the soils under the forest and on the slope of the volcano crater. In contrast to the mountain systems of southern Europe and Asia, the animal population on the Ethiopian Plateau in the lower positions of the mountain catena was dominated by the forms dwelling on the soil surface; in the forest belt and high mountains, the inhabitants of mineral horizons prevailed. Specific features of the functional structure of the animal population in the soil under the crater forest are its relations to open habitats. At the same time, the absence of faunistic exchange with the adjacent ecosystem of the alpine meadow allows suggesting that the soil animal communities in the crater and on the external volcano slopes were formed independently from one another.     

长白山北坡高山冻原土壤碳和养分的分布特征

以长白山高山冻原为研究对象,对土壤碳和氮、磷、硫养分在不同海拔和不同植被类型间的变化进行研究。经试验分析和数据处理,得出以下结论:海拔和所测试的土壤理化因子都高度相关;不同植被类型下土壤理化因子差异显著(除全硫)(p<0.05);全碳和全氮在土壤表层(0~10 cm)的含量大于10~20 cm的土层,而全磷和全硫含量在10~20 cm土层明显大于土壤表层0~10 cm;长白山高山冻原(15195 hm2)土壤中(0~20 cm)全碳、全氮、全磷和全硫储存分别为3134613 t、57060.82 t、14413.35 t和23099.64 t;土壤表层(0~10 cm)储量所占的比例分别是59.3%、57.9%、47.4%和49.1%。     

Community composition,diversity and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes in differently-aged temperate forests

Soil nematode communities can provide important information about soil food web structure and function. However, how soil nematode communities and their metabolic footprints change over time in temperate forests is not well known. We examined the changes in the composition, diversity and metabolic footprints of soil nematode communities in three differently-aged (young, mid and old) forests of the Changbai Mountains, China. Carbon flows through different nematode trophic groups were also quantified based on nematode biomasses. The results showed that the highest abundance and diversity of total nematodes was found in the mid forest. Nematode communities were characterized by the replenishment in abundance but not the replacement of dominant genera. A low enrichment footprint in the young forest suggests a decline in available prey, while a high enrichment footprint in the mid forest indicates an increase in resource entry into soil food web. The relationship between the carbon flows of omnivores-predators and fungivores was stronger than that among other trophic groups. Our study shows that bottom-up effects of the vegetation, the soil environment and the connectedness of nematode trophic groups are all important driving forces for nematode community structure in temperate forests.     

Carbon structure and enzyme activities in alpine and forest ecosystems

The chemical structure of soil organic matter fractions and its relationship to biological processes remains uncertain. We used pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analyze the molecular structure of light and heavy fraction C from soils in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. The soil samples, each replicated three times, were from two elevations (alpine and low forest) within two geochemically distinct basins (igneous and sedimentary). We also analyzed whether variation in the activity of nine enzymes that mediate soil organic matter turnover and nutrient cycling could explain differences in C structure. We found that, across basins and elevation, light fraction and heavy fraction C had distinct chemistries. The light fraction was characterized by an abundance of plant lignin biomarkers, including phenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinyl-(vinylguaiacol) and phenol, 2-methoxy-(guaiacol); in contrast heavy fraction had very little unaltered lignin but an abundance of polysaccharides, such as furfural, and proteins such as pyrrole. In alpine sites, light fraction was less abundant (4.27 versus 31.79 g kg⁻¹) and had a lower C/N ratio (17.25 versus 32.01) than in forests. The alpine sites also had higher activities of phosphatase, β-d-1,4-cellobiosidase, β-1,4-glucosidase, l-leucine aminopeptidase, and β-1,4-xylosidase. Protein abundance in the heavy fraction was correlated with peptidase, β-1,4-glucosidase, and phosphatase activities; in the light fraction, protein abundance was correlated with peptidase, xylosidase, and β-d-1,4-cellobiosidase activities. β-1,4-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase was negatively correlated with polysaccharides in the light and heavy fractions and positively correlated with lignin in the light fraction. However, there were not always significant correlations between enzymes and substrates. We suggest that this is likely because soil organic matter chemistry reflects long-term decomposition processes while enzyme dynamics fluctuate with current conditions or due to the presence of a pool of sorbed enzymes in the heavy fraction. While alpine and forest ecosystem C distribution and enzyme activities varied, substantial depletion of lignin derivatives in the heavy fraction across sites suggest that these compounds do not persist in stable soil C pools.     

The elevational patterns and key drivers of soil microbial communities strongly depend on soil layer and season

Knowledge about the elevational patterns of soil microbial biomass and communities can facilitate accurate prediction of the responses of soil biogeochemical processes to climate change. However, previous studies that have considered intra- and inter-annual variations have reported inconsistent results on the one hand, and they have paid little attention to the effect of soil layer on the other hand. We, therefore, conducted a 4-year in situ soil core incubation experiment along a 2431-m elevational gradient across the dry valley shrubland, valley-montane ecotone forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine coniferous forest, and alpine meadow in an ecologically fragile alpine-gorge region on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Soil microbial biomass and community composition in the organic and mineral layers were measured using the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) method at five critical periods each year. Our results indicated that soil microbial biomass in the organic layer was the highest in the subalpine coniferous forest, followed by the alpine meadow, alpine coniferous forest, and valley-montane ecotone forest. In contrast, soil microbial biomass in the mineral layer was significantly higher in the alpine meadow than in the other sites. Soil microbial biomass exhibited differential seasonal fluctuations at different elevations, resulting in their elevational patterns being strongly intra-annual and inter-annual dependent. Our results revealed that elevation and seasonality significantly affected soil microbial communities. Seasonality had a more substantial effect than elevation on soil microbial communities during the first 3 years of incubation, whereas the relative importance of seasonal and elevational effects on microbial communities was reversed in the organic layer with incubation time. These results are mainly attributed to the magnitude and direction of effect of environmental variables on soil microbial biomass and communities vary with elevation, soil layer, and sampling time. Briefly, the elevational patterns and dominant factors of soil microbial biomass and communities have intense soil layer and temporal specificity, implying that differential responses of soil biochemical processes to climate change might be observed at different elevations.     

不同耕作方式下黑土区农田中小型土壤动物群落特征

[目的]研究中小型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、动态特征及垂直分布情况,反映土壤环境状况,为探索黑土区农田适宜的耕作方式提供参考依据。[方法]采用改良干漏斗(modified tullgren)法分离中小型土壤动物,分析比较了不同耕作方式下中小型土壤动物的群落结构及分布特征。[结果]从研究样地共捕获中小型土壤动物3 749只,隶属47个类群。其中四奥甲螨科(Quadroppiidae)和等节■科(Isotomidae)为试验区的优势类群。3种耕作方式下,0—10 cm土层中小型土壤动物个体数占总个体数的71%,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。深松处理下中小型土壤动物个体数最多(1 671),CK处理下类群数最多(41)。CK处理下中小型土壤动物多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,分别为(2.81)和(3.81);深松处理下中小型土壤动物优势度指数最高(0.15)。不同耕作方式下土壤渗透总量表现为深松CK免耕;土壤含水量和土壤温度表现为深松免耕CK;土壤容重表现为免耕CK深松。中小型土壤动物个体数与土壤容重呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物丰富度指数与土壤有机质呈显著正相关(p0.05);中小型土壤动物均匀度指数与土壤渗透总量呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。[结论]耕作方式对中小型土壤动物的群落结构有明显的影响,深松耕作后显著提高中小型土壤动物个体数,能够有效改善土壤环境,比免耕和传统耕作更有利于中小型土壤动物的生存与繁殖。     

小兴安岭两种林型的土壤有机碳研究

为阐明小兴安岭两种原始红松林土壤有机碳变化特征及其影响机制,采样分析了云冷杉红松林与椴树红松林土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、微生物生物量碳及土壤理化性质。结果表明:两种林型土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、微生物生物量碳含量垂直分布特征一致,均自上向下逐渐减少;土壤总有机碳与易氧化碳含量表现为:云冷杉红松林 < 椴树红松林,同海拔高度变化（云冷杉红松林 < 椴树红松林）一致（仅10—20 cm土层,云冷杉红松林的两个因子高于椴树红松林,但差异不显著）,两种林型土壤微生物量碳含量的差异在不同土壤层次有所不同,但差异均不显著;两种林型间土壤活性碳占总有机碳比率的差异在不同土层无一致的规律性;两种活性碳、总有机碳与土壤全氮、C/N之间为显著（p < 0.05）或极显著（p < 0.01）正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关（p < 0.01）。     

Soil microarthropod community testing: A new approach to increase the ecological relevance of effect data for pesticide risk assessment

In the present study, a new complementary approach combining the use of the natural soil microarthropod community and conventional test methods was used. The effects of soil contamination with the insecticide carbofuran on two geographically distinct microarthropod communities (Mediterranean and Tropical) were evaluated in their soils of origin under controlled laboratory conditions.After contamination of two agricultural soils from Portugal and Brazil, a gradient of concentrations was prepared. Soil cores were taken from the respective uncontaminated surrounding areas and the mesofauna of three cores was extracted directly to the test soil. After extracting the microarthropod communities to the test soil, these were incubated under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks, after which the mesofauna was extracted again. The organisms were assorted into higher taxonomic groups and Acari and Collembola were respectively assorted into order/sub-order/cohort and family. Collembolans were still classified according to morphological traits and used as a case-study of trait based risk assessment (TERA; Baird et al., 2008) of pesticides.The exposure to insecticide contamination caused the impoverishment of the taxonomic diversity in both communities. Significant shifts in the microarthropod community structure in the different carbofuran treatments were found for both soils, although effects were more pronounced in the assay performed with the soil from Brazil. Collembolans were the most affected group with a strong decline in their abundance. A dose–response relationship was observed, showing a consistent decline on the relative abundance of Isotomidae, closely followed by an increase of Entomobryidae. Contrastingly, Acari (especially Oribatida) tended to increase their numbers with higher concentrations.Trait based analysis of Collembola data suggested that a shift in the functional composition of the communities occurred due to carbofuran soil contamination and that species adapted to deeper soil layers were more vulnerable to insecticide toxicity.     

长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落生态分布特征

在长白山地丘陵区选择次生落叶阔叶林、灌木林、采伐迹地以及耕地四种土地利用方式,对其土壤动物群落的组成、多样性和分布特征进行研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落的水平分布呈现明显的差异。采伐迹地中型土壤动物个体密度和耕地中型土壤动物类群数季节变化明显。次生落叶阔叶林和灌木林土壤动物分布随土层加深急剧减少,采伐迹地和耕地垂直分布递减和缓。同一季节土壤动物的丰富度指数和多样性指数在不同土地利用方式差异显著。土壤动物的多样性表现为灌木林最高,耕地最低。不同土地利用方式影响土壤动物群落的生态分布,其中pH、土壤有机质、有效磷和速效氮是影响长白山地丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤动物群落分布的主导因子。     

Interactive effects of elevation and land use on soil bacterial communities in the Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau of China is uniquely vulnerable to the global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. As soil bacteria exert a considerable influence on the ecosystem function, understanding their response to different climates and land-use types is important. Here, we characterized the bacterial community composition and diversity across three major ecosystems (cropland, forest, and grassland) in the Sygera Mountains of Tibet, along a typical elevational gradient (3 300-4 600 m). The abundance of taxa that preferentially inhabit neutral or weak alkaline soil environments (such as Actinobacteria, Thermoleophilia, and some non-acidophilus Acidobacteria) was significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. Furthermore, the diversity of soil bacterial communities was also significantly greater in the cropland than in the forest and grassland. We observed a unimodal distribution of bacterial species diversity along the elevation gradient. The dominant phyla Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria exhibited consistent elevational distribution patterns that mirrored the abundance of their most abundant classes, while different patterns were observed for Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria at the class level. Soil pH was the primary edaphic property that regulated bacterial community composition across the different land-use types. Additionally, soil pH was the main factor distinguishing bacterial communities in managed soils (i.e., cropland) from the communities in the natural environments (i.e., forest and grassland). In conclusion, land use (particularly anthropogenic disturbances such as cropping) largely controlled soil environment, played a major role in driving bacterial community composition and distribution, and also surpassed climate in affecting bacterial community distribution.