城乡绿道的游憩功能实现及产品开发

在乡村旅游发展过程中,以生态休闲为特色的绿道应当作为乡村旅游规划的元素之一。文中简述目前绿道建设存在的误区,提出适宜城市居民游憩的绿道选择,并对城乡绿道的游憩功能实现途径进行探讨,对基于绿道建设的旅游开发进行展望。     

乡村绿化道路规划设计探讨——以汉阴县双河口镇绿道为例

以陕西省政府大力推进省级文化旅游古镇建设为契机,立足于双河口镇的地理环境和各类资源特色,从功能定位、区段划分及设计引导三方面提出双河口镇乡村绿道规划设计的构想,旨在对乡村绿道理论及陕西省乡村绿道网建设进行积极的探索与实践.     

“桂 - 阳”区域郊野型旅游绿道网选线适宜性评价

基于全域旅游理念和适宜性评价理论，对桂林城区至阳朔县区域绿道网选线规划展开重点研究。采用实地踏勘、问卷调研等方法，首先对区域现有旅游资源状况和绿道建设可行性进行分析，提出绿道网规划选线目标，即南拓北线漓东绿道，同步建设漓西绿道，并结合桂阳绿道、漓西绿道两条主干绿道，打造中部绿道网，构建“桂-阳”全域旅游郊野型绿道网。其次采用层次分析法、德尔菲法等定量方法构建适宜性评价结构模型，确定地貌、景点资源、水资源、村镇、商业资源5个一级因子指标及权重，利用GIS技术生成综合适宜性分析图，结合已有道路和资源进行修正后获得绿道网选线布局。最后对绿道分级、驿站站点间距、配套服务、综合道宽度等建设提出技术要求。     

绿道功能及海南岛绿道建设实践

阐述了绿道四大功能,即绿道的生态功能、绿道的游憩功能、绿道的社会文化功能、绿道的经济功能的研究进展。联系海南岛绿道建设实例,探讨了海南绿道建设现状及存在问题,并提出了有关建议,供海南国际旅游岛绿道建设参考。     

基于乡村旅游背景下的唐山迁安西部生态绿道规划设计研究

为了促进迁安西部生态旅游带有效资源的整合与乡村旅游业的发展,通过对其地理环境和资源特色的综合分析,结合乡村旅游背景,从整体空间结构布局、交通系统、服务接待设施3个方面进行了西部绿道的规划设计,并且在此基础上提出"政府主导、市场运作、村民参与"的绿道后期管理模式和"宣传特色主题形象、塑造特色品牌、策划旅游节庆活动"的推广策略。     

浅谈开发绿道旅游存在的问题及发展前景

指出了大众休闲旅游时代已经到来,在科学发展观、生态文明、和谐发展、低碳经济、统筹城乡等理念指引下,综合生态效益、经济效益、康体效益和休闲于一体的绿道旅游正逐渐改变着人们的休闲方式和消费观念。介绍了绿道的国内外发展情况,阐明绿道旅游的特点和绿道旅游的意义,探讨了我国现阶段绿道旅游发展中存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了关于绿道旅游发展的几点意见。     

斯洛文尼亚国家慢行绿道网络建设与实践

绿道已成为我国现代城市建设的一项重要内容,而许多绿道建成后,其公众使用率并不尽人意,绿道的管理维护与长效利用或将成为新的研究课题。欧洲国家斯洛文尼亚因其完善的绿道网络规划建设、良好的骑行环境和周到的骑行旅游服务,被誉为"骑行天堂"。文章通过对相关资料文献的整理,从政策法规、战略规划、配套服务、运营模式等方面介绍了斯洛文尼亚国家慢行绿道网络建设与实践经验,并为我国城市绿道建成后有效利用以及自行车旅游产业发展等提出了具体建议。     

基于乡村绿道主题性理论的佛堂镇吴溪绿道规划设计研究

从概念分析入手,通过对乡村绿道主题性景观规划意义的初步探索,提出乡村绿道主题性景观的规划方法和内容;同时以佛堂镇吴溪绿道为例,结合佛堂历史文化、自然资源等,以改善人居环境为出发点,探讨佛堂镇吴溪绿道主题性景观规划设计策略。     

西咸新区绿道网络建设研究

针对西咸新区重点发展生态文化旅游、休闲娱乐、生态田园观光等产业,建成具有重要影响的秦汉历史文化集聚区和生态宜居新区的特点,系统分析研究了绿道的起源与发展、绿道的功能、绿道网络的设置要求,探讨了绿道网络在西咸新区的建设与应用前景。     

乡村绿道满意度影响因素研究——以黄山市徽州绿道为例

绿道为乡村经济发展提供了新的思路,研究乡村绿道的满意度影响因素,对于今后开展城乡绿道网络构建具有重要参考意义。文章以黄山市徽州绿道为例,对绿道使用者进行问卷调查,基于SPSS平台,通过相关性分析、线性回归分析等方式,对徽州绿道的使用满意度进行定性和定量分析,得出影响绿道满意度的4个主要因素(交通便捷程度、机非混行道设置、自然景观、环境卫生);指出徽州绿道的优势与不足,提出相应的优化建议。     

The productivity of salt marsh vegetation at Tollesbury,Essex, and Stiffkey,Norfolk, England

This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m^-2 yr^-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m^-2yr^-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production.     

东莞蕨类植物区系研究

采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。     

Plant communities, species diversity, richness, and regeneration of a traditionally managed coastal forest, Kenya

The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km²) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians.     

Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 10², 10³, 10⁴ or 10⁵ conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 10² treatment than at higher (10³–10⁵) concentrations, whereas 10² and 10³ conidia caused less disease than 10⁴ and 10⁵ conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance.     

Ethno-medico-biology of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India

We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies.     

Chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar,cypress, fir,and spruce and characterization of charcoal

 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity and crystalline structure. Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses.     

Wolves, elk, willows, and trophic cascades in the upper Gallatin Range of Southwestern Montana, USA

We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity.