Molecular biology of synaptic receptors

A special proteolipid (a hydrophobic protein) has been extracted and purified from nerve-ending membranes and total particulate matter of gray areas of the central nervous system. Such a proteolipid shows a high affinity for binding d-tubocurarine, serotonin, and atropine and has been called receptor proteolipid. The interaction of this proteolipid with atropine sulfate was studied with light scattering and polarization of fluorescence. The changes observed, which follow a cooperative type of curve, were attributed to the aggregation of the proteolipid macromolecules. Such a phenomenon was then observed under the electron microscope. A receptor proteolipid having a high affinity for binding acetylcholine, hexamethonium, and other cholinergic drugs was isolated and purified from electric tissue of fishes and from electroplax membranes. Such a proteolipid was also extracted from membranes from which acetylcholinesterase had been removed, and it was concluded that this enzyme and the receptor proteolipid are two different macromolecules. A high affinity binding site with a dissociation constant of K1 equal to 10(-7) and about ten sites with K2 equal to 10(-5) were recognized in the receptor proteolipid. Under the electron microscope the receptor proteolipid of brain appears as a rod-shaped macromolecule which may assume paracrystalline arrays with 10(-8) molar atropine sulfate. Similarly the receptor proteolipid from electric tissue and from skeletal muscle may form paracrystalline arrays under the action of acetylcholine and hexamethonium. A model of the cholinergic receptor based on the properties of the proteolipid is presented. Preliminary work indicates the possibility of obtaining a biophysical response to acetylcholine when the receptor proteolipid is embedded in artificial bilayered lipid membrance.     

Induction and maintenance of the neuronal cholinergic phenotype in the central nervous system by BMP-9

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple functions in the developing nervous system. A member of this family, BMP-9, was found to be highly expressed in the embryonic mouse septum and spinal cord, indicating a possible role in regulating the cholinergic phenotype. In cultured neurons, BMP-9 directly induced the expression of the cholinergic gene locus encoding choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and up-regulated acetylcholine synthesis. The effect was reversed upon withdrawal of BMP-9. Intracerebroventricular injection of BMP-9 increased acetylcholine levels in vivo. Although certain other BMPs also up-regulated the cholinergic phenotype in vitro, they were less effective than BMP-9. These data indicate that BMP-9 is a differentiating factor for cholinergic central nervous system neurons.     

Monoclonal antibody to acetylcholine receptor: cell line established from thymus of patient with Myasthenia gravis

A human B cell line producing a monoclonal antibody to an antigenic determinant of acetylcholine receptors was established by cloning B cells that had been transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus. The B cells were obtained from the thymus of a patient with myasthenia gravis. The antibody produced by the cell line precipitated acetylcholine receptors from denervated and innervated rat muscle and from human muscle, but did not show detectable response to the acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Narke japonica. The monoclonal antibody showed identical binding patterns in innervated and denervated rat muscles. Passive transfer of the monoclonal antibody into rats induced moderate muscle weakness and electromyographic changes characteristic of myasthenia gravis.     

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding sites in the brain: regulation in vivo

Tritiated acetylcholine was used to measure binding sites with characteristics of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in rat brain. Regulation of the binding sites in vivo was examined by administering two drugs that stimulate nicotinic receptors directly or indirectly. After 10 days of exposure to the cholinesterase inhibitor diisopropyl fluorophosphate, binding of tritiated acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex was decreased. However, after repeated administration of nicotine for 10 days, binding of tritiated acetylcholine in the cortex was increased. Saturation analysis of tritiated acetylcholine binding in the cortices of rats treated with diisopropyl fluorophosphate or nicotine indicated that the number of binding sites decreased and increased, respectively, while the affinity of the sites was unaltered.     

鲫鱼一种新型SNRPC基因的蛋白表达和抗体制备分析

本研究构建了鲫鱼卵母细胞特异表达的新型SNRPC基因的原核表达载体,表达并纯化蛋白,制备多克隆抗体,并检测抗体特异性,为进一步研究新型SNRPC基因的功能奠定基础。首先设计引物,应用RT-PCR从鲫鱼成熟卵母细胞中获得含该基因片段,重组入原核表达载体PinPoint T中,在大肠杆菌BL-21(DE3)中诱导表达,应用亲和层析法获得纯度较高的原核表达蛋白并免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,用Western blot方法检测此抗体特异性。成功构建了新型SNRPC基因重组表达载体,表达的蛋白经纯化后免疫家兔得到了特异的多克隆抗体。鲫鱼卵母细胞的新型SNRPC基因的原核表达载体的构建、重组蛋白的表达纯化及抗体的制备为后续的研究提供了理论基础。     

Antibody-based bio-nanotube membranes for enantiomeric drug separations

Synthetic bio-nanotube membranes were developed and used to separate two enantiomers of a chiral drug. These membranes are based on alumina films that have cylindrical pores with monodisperse nanoscopic diameters (for example, 20 nanometers). Silica nanotubes were chemically synthesized within the pores of these films, and an antibody that selectively binds one of the enantiomers of the drug was attached to the inner walls of the silica nanotubes. These membranes selectively transport the enantiomer that specifically binds to the antibody, relative to the enantiomer that has lower affinity for the antibody. The solvent dimethyl sulfoxide was used to tune the antibody binding affinity. The enantiomeric selectivity coefficient increases as the inside diameter of the silica nanotubes decreases.     

牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病病毒噬菌体单链抗体库的构建和筛选

为筛选牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病病毒（Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV）gP48蛋白的单链抗体,本研究利用噬菌体展示技术构建了gP48蛋白单链抗体克隆文库,通过微孔筛选法对抗体库进行3轮富集淘筛,利用ELISA技术测定单链抗体的亲和力,对亲和力较高的克隆进行基因测序分析和结合活性测定,旨在获得gP48蛋白的单链抗体。结果表明：1）成功构建了库容量为4.3×107的噬菌体单链抗体库,其重组率为83.3%,经三轮筛选对噬菌体抗体库进行富集,富集倍数为1.43×104;2）优化了间接ELISA方法,筛选到3株与BVDV gP48蛋白具有高亲和力的单链抗体以及其基因序列,通过IgBLAST分析显示,3株单链抗体均为鼠源IgG。综上,从gP48蛋白的单链抗体库中筛选获得3个具有高亲和力的单链抗体,可用于后续BVDV检测方法的建立。     

铜完全抗原的合成·鉴定及单克隆抗体的制备

[目的]获得抗Cu2＋的单克隆抗体。[方法]以异硫氰酸苄基乙二胺四乙酸（ITCBE）为双功能螯合剂,使Cu2＋分别与载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白（BSA）、卵清蛋白（OVA）偶联,获得免疫原（Cu-ITCBE-BSA）和检测原（Cu-ITCBE-OVA）。用非变性聚丙烯凝胶电泳鉴定偶联结果。免疫Balb/C小鼠,通过细胞融合,获得能稳定分泌抗Cu2＋的杂交瘤细胞株,并通过亲和层析法纯化腹水获得抗Cu2＋的单克隆抗体。[结果]获得了1株能稳定分泌抗Cu2＋的单克隆抗体的细胞株（4A6）,所分泌的抗体亚类为IgG1,细胞培养上清效价可达1∶1.0×103,腹水效价可达1∶6.4×105。以该细胞株接种Balb/C小鼠腹腔,获得抗Cu2＋的腹水型单抗;该腹水经过亲和层析法纯化后,纯度可达95%。[结论]获得了抗Cu2＋的单克隆抗体,为环境水样中Cu2＋的免疫学检测奠定基础。     

基于结构类似物的交叉反应性制备高灵敏度玉米赤霉醇单克隆抗体

【目的】获取高灵敏度的玉米赤霉醇(zearalanol,ZAL)单克隆抗体,为提高玉米赤霉醇免疫学检测方法灵敏度研究奠定基础。【方法】利用ZAL的结构类似物玉米赤霉酮(zearalanone, ZAN)制备人工完全抗原。肟化改造ZAN得到ZAN-O;碳二亚胺(EDC)法把ZAN-O分别连接到牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)上制备出ZAN-O-BSA和ZAN-O-OVA。ZAN-O-BSA免疫小鼠,免疫剂量为50μg蛋白/只鼠。选取血清效价高、灵敏度好的小鼠进行细胞融合。阳性杂交瘤筛选过程中,利用ZAL替代ZAN作为阻断剂,筛选能分泌抗ZAL单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞。体内诱生腹水法来批量制备ZAL单抗,并对单抗的免疫学性能进行了鉴定。【结果】通过细胞融合,阳性杂交瘤筛选得到了1株能分泌抗ZAL单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,命名为12B10A7,其分泌的ZAL单抗灵敏度(半数抑制浓度, IC50)为577 pg·mL^-1,亲和力常数Ka=6.21×10⁷ L·mol^-1,与结构类似物β-玉米赤霉醇(β-zearalanol...     

Introduction of nucleophiles and spectroscopic probes into antibody combining sites

A general chemical strategy has been developed whereby antibody combining sites can be selectively derivatized with natural or synthetic molecules, such as catalytic groups, drugs, metals, or reporter molecules. Cleavable affinity labels were used to selectively introduce a thiol into the combining site of the immunoglobulin A MOPC 315. This thiol acted both as a nucleophile to accelerate ester thiolysis 60,000-fold and as a handle for selectively derivatizing the antibody with additional functional groups. For example, derivatization of the antibody with a fluorophore made possible a direct spectroscopic assay of antibody-ligand complexation. This chemistry should not only extend our ability to exploit antibody specificity in chemical catalysis, diagnostics, and therapeutics, but may also prove generally applicable to the functional modification of other proteins for which detailed structural information is unavailable.     

微小隐孢子虫TSP3蛋白的定位分析

通过对微小隐孢子虫TSP3氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析设计多肽片段,偶联KLH载体蛋白免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体,采用间接ELISA方法检测血清效价并利用特异性亲和层析的方法纯化抗体。以该抗体作为一抗,利用Western blot检测虫体天然蛋白质在体内的表达情况,通过间接免疫荧光方法进行亚细胞定位分析。结果表明:制备的多克隆抗体能够特异性识别虫体天然蛋白,亚细胞定位发现其位于子孢子以及裂殖子的顶端。     

Inhibition of self-binding antibodies (autobodies) by a VH-derived peptide

The self-binding properties of a dominant idiotypic antibody (T15) and a minor idiotypic antibody (M603), both specific for phosphorylcholine, were examined as models of self-binding antibodies (autobodies). Observed differences in the self-binding affinity of T15 and M603 relate to variable sequence differences in their respective heavy and light chains. A molecular recognition theory based on the translation of coding and noncoding DNA strands was used to identify complementary amino acid sequences responsible for self-binding. The second hypervariable region of the heavy chain domain, extending into the third framework region, was predicted as the primary self-binding locus. Among peptides synthesized with different variable heavy and light chain regions, a 24-residue peptide spanning the second hypervariable and third framework regions of the heavy chain of T15 was nearly as effective as phosphorycholine in inhibiting the self-binding complexes.     

肉鸡HSP70的基因克隆、原核表达及单克隆抗体制备

 【目的】制备高特异性的肉鸡热休克蛋白70（heat shock protein 70,HSP70）单克隆抗体,研究肉鸡HSP70与热应激损伤的关系。 【方法】 利用RT-PCR方法扩增肉鸡HSP70 mRNA,将其扩增产物克隆到PGEM-T Easy 载体和原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,进一步转化至大肠杆菌BL-21中,用IPTG诱导表达重组肉鸡HSP70。以纯化的重组肉鸡HSP70制备多克隆抗体,免疫印迹分析说明重组肉鸡HSP70具有很好的免疫原性。以纯化的重组肉鸡HSP70免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术制备单克隆抗体。【结果】获得2株分泌肉鸡HSP70单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,进一步通过免疫印迹分析筛选出1株高特异性的肉鸡HSP70单克隆抗体,命名为BH70-1。 【结论】免疫组织化学结果显示,单克隆抗体BH70-1是一种理想的抗体。     

Amplification of acetylcholine-binding catenanes from dynamic combinatorial libraries

Directed chemical synthesis can produce a vast range of molecular structures, but the intended product must be known at the outset. In contrast, evolution in nature can lead to efficient receptors and catalysts whose structures defy prediction. To access such unpredictable structures, we prepared dynamic combinatorial libraries in which reversibly binding building blocks assemble around a receptor target. We selected for an acetylcholine receptor by adding the neurotransmitter to solutions of dipeptide hydrazones [proline-phenylalanine or proline-(cyclohexyl)alanine], which reversibly combine through hydrazone linkages. At thermodynamic equilibrium, the dominant receptor structure was an elaborate [2]-catenane consisting of two interlocked macrocyclic trimers. This complex receptor with a 100 nM affinity for acetylcholine could be isolated on a preparative scale in 67% yield.     

Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor

Injection of rabbits with acetylcholine receptor highly purified from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in the production of precipitating antibody to acetylcholine receptor. After the second injection of antigen, the animals developed the flaccid paralysis and abnormal electromyographs characteristic of neuromuscular blockade. Treatment with the anticholinesterases edrophonium or neostigmine dramatically alleviated the paralysis and the fatigue seen in electromyography.     

Heritable allele-specific differences in amounts of apoB and low-density lipoproteins in plasma

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations correlate with risk of coronary heart disease, and genetic variation affecting LDL levels influences atherosclerosis susceptibility. The principal LDL protein is apolipoprotein B (apoB); apoB is not exchangeable between lipoprotein particles and there is only one apoB per LDL particle. Plasma LDL therefore consists of two populations, one containing apoB derived from the maternal and one from the paternal apoB alleles. Products of the apob gene with high or low affinity for the MB-19 monoclonal antibody can be distinguished, and this antibody was used to identify heterozygotes with allele-specific differences in the amount of apoB in their plasma. A family study confirmed that the unequal expression phenotype was inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and was linked to the apob gene locus. Significant apoB genetic variation affecting plasma LDL levels may be more common than previously appreciated.     

“新吉富”罗非鱼免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其在免疫效果评价上的应用

制备了"新吉富"罗非鱼血清免疫球蛋白IgM单克隆抗体(McAb)并进行了特性分析,以血清IgM McAb为基础,建立了IgM捕获ELISA检测方法.采用亲和层析法纯化健康"新吉富"罗非鱼IgM,纯化蛋白经SDS-PAGE检测,重链、轻链的相对分子质量分别为75~78、23~25 ku;以纯化的IgM为抗原制备IgM McAb,制备McAb杂交瘤细胞株系3株,分别命名为2H5、2D4、2B11,抗体亚型均为IgM,小鼠腹水效价分别为1.0×10~(-5)、1.0×10~(-4)、1.0×10~(-5),对IgM敏感度测定表明,2H5、2D4、2B11检测灵敏度分别为31.25、125.00、62.50 ng.以抗罗非鱼IgM McAb包被酶标板,建立IgM捕获ELISA检测方法.以无乳链球菌灭活疫苗免疫罗非鱼,受免血清按建立的IgM捕获ELISA方法检测特异性抗体,结果表明,建立的IgM捕获ELISA检测方法可应用于免疫应答抗体水平分析.     

猪链球菌2型胞外因子的融合表达及多克隆抗血清的制备

根据GenBank SS2(Streptococcus suis serotype 2,SS2)epf基因序列设计引物,克隆epf基因片段并进行序列分析,同时亚克隆到GST融合蛋白表达载体pGEX4T-2上,将构建的原核表达质粒pGEx4T-2-epf导入大肠杆菌(Eacterium coli)TG1中,诱导融合蛋白EF-GST的表达.经亲和层析、凝血酶切割后,获得纯化的EF为抗原蛋白,用其免疫家兔制备抗血清,成功制备了EF蛋白及其特异的多克隆抗体,为进一步研究EF的功能提供了有用的工具.     

应用重组MSG1蛋白检测猪附红细胞体抗体的ELISA检测方法的建立

 【目的】针对猪附红细胞体g1基因编码的MSG1表面粘附蛋白（rMSG1）和以此蛋白制备的多克隆抗体,建立相应的ELISA方法进行猪附红细胞体的临床检测,并进行效果评估,以获得一种猪附红细胞体感染的有效检测手段。【方法】将MSG1-pET28c_E.coli BL21菌株,在适宜的条件进行诱导表达,经菌体破碎、层析等步骤获取纯化的目的蛋白。以纯化的rMSG1制备免疫原接种小鼠,获取符合要求的多克隆抗体。以rMSG1和多克隆抗体建立ELISA检测方法,分析其敏感性、特异性、符合性和重复性。【结果】接种后获得了符合效价的抗血清;基于rMSG1的间接ELISA方法临床检测猪附红细胞体感染率为46.25%,其中阳性样本对已知小鼠抗血清有明显的阻断作用,并且与其它一些抗原无交叉反应;此ELISA方法的特异性和敏感性分别可达到97.06%和95.92%,较间接血凝试验(IHA)有更高的检出率。【结论】结果显示MSG1具有良好的抗原性,建立的ELISA方法具有较高的敏感性、特异性、符合性和可重复性,在临床检测中可以取得理想的效果。     

多抗技术对多种鱼类血清免疫球蛋白的研究

亲和层析纯化鳜鱼血清免疫球蛋白,制备针对鳜鱼血清免疫球蛋白的兔多克隆抗体,采集常见经济鱼类血清25种,利用优球蛋白法纯化血清,通过间接ELISA的方法筛选与兔抗鳜鱼Ig反应的鱼类血清,结合变性还原条件与非变性非还原条件下的蛋白印迹试验显示:制备的兔抗鳜鱼Ig识别鲈形目中鳜鱼、加州鲈鱼、卵形鲳鲹、尼罗罗非鱼、花鲈、红罗非...