Study of ACTH-immunoreactive Cells after Transplantation of Neonatal Adrenal Glands into Adult Adrenalectomized Rats

The removal of the adrenal glands produced a great increase in the number and size of the cytoplasmic processes of the ACTH-immunoreactive cells that sometimes establish contact with those of the neighbouring immunoreactive cells. In addition, in this experimental group, the ACTH-cell percentage and the mean cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear areas were greatly increased in comparison with those found in control animals. Several regenerated adrenocortical nodules were observed in the small-bowel segment of rats transplanted with neonatal adrenal glands. The percentage and morphometrical values of the pituitary ACTH-reactive cells of this experimental group, although slightly increased relative to the rats with intact adrenals, were greatly decreased in relation to those of the adrenalectomized animals. It is concluded that the neonatal adrenal tissue regenerated after its transplantation into adult rats, a process that modified the percentage, the morphological characteristics, and the morphometrical values of the ACTH-immunoreactive cells of the adrenalectomized rats.     

Ultrastructural Changes in the Adrenal Cortex of Rats Exposed to Extremely Low Temperatures

The response of the adrenal cortex to low temperature in relation to the length of the exposures is studied. The morphological changes of the adrenal cells, mainly in the Zona fasciculata, are examined. Thirty white rats of both sexes, divided into six groups, were exposed during time intervals of different lengths to temperatures ranging between – 12° and – 15°C. The cellular modifications encountered by means of the electron microscope at the level of the mitochondria, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the liposomes are analyzed and compared with the functional situation of the gland in an effort to establish the existence of a correlation between the morphology and the function.     

三苯基锡对SD大鼠肾上腺组织结构的影响

[目的]研究环境水平三苯基锡（triphenyltin,TPT）对哺乳动物肾上腺的毒性作用。[方法]将40只青春期SD大鼠随机分为3个不同剂量的试验组[0.5、5、50μg/（kg·BW）]和1个对照组[0μg/（kg·BW）]。每3 d灌胃1次,暴露54 d后,用10%水合氯醛麻醉并处死大鼠,采用石蜡切片和HE染色的方法观察SD大鼠肾上腺组织学变化特点。[结果]对照组SD大鼠肾上腺组织结构正常,皮质部球状带、束状带、网状带内细胞结构正常,胞核明显;髓质部细胞呈多边形或圆形,排列不规则,索间有血窦。与对照组相比,低剂量组肾上腺皮质和髓质内细胞的结构均无明显变化。中剂量组肾上腺球状带稍变薄,束状带和髓质细胞的胞核固缩、胞质溶解,间质组织轻微出血。高剂量组球状带细胞显著减少,与束状带界限不清,束状带细胞和髓质部细胞胞核固缩,胞质溶解现象加重,呈现细胞空泡化现象,间质组织增厚且出血现象明显。[结论]证实了一定剂量的TPT对SD大鼠肾上腺组织结构具有一定损伤作用,且呈剂量依赖性,该结果为研究TPT对哺乳动物内分泌的影响提供了形态学资料。     

核黄素对受冷大鼠肾上腺组织及有关激素的影响

以Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠仔鼠（１日龄）为样本,在低温（１０±２）℃下饲养并补充核黄素至６０日龄,之后在（２±２）℃下冷暴露７２ｈ后采血并摘取肾上腺,观察了某些血清激素水平和肾上腺组织结构的变化。结果：（１）各试验组与在（２０±２）℃下饲养的适温对照组比较,肾上腺皮质球状带、束状带、网状带分界明显;球状带细胞排列不规则,细胞体积小,数量少,核淡染;束状带细胞呈网状排列,细胞呈多边形,核大淡染,胞质内含有多量的脂滴,反映细胞功能活跃;网状带细胞内脂滴少,脂褐素较多。肾上腺髓质细胞索排列不规则,细胞数量多,核大淡染,胞浆色深。（２）各试验组血清皮质醇、Ｔ３、Ｔ４水平较在（１０±２）℃下饲养的低温对照组低,生长激素较低温对照组高,胰岛素水平较两对照组高。结果表明,补充核黄素对大鼠肾上腺组织结构及血清激素有明显影响,提示补充核黄素可以增强机体的冷适应。     

牦牛FSHR基因克隆及其在生殖轴中的表达研究

本研究旨在阐明牦牛促卵泡素受体(follicle stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因CDS序列及其在牦牛生殖轴中表达的特点,为探讨其在牦牛繁殖活动中的调控作用奠定基础。试验采集卵泡期的牦牛与黄牛下丘脑、脑垂体前叶、卵巢、输卵管及子宫组织,通过RT-PCR技术对牦牛FSHR基因cDNA进行扩增、克隆与序列分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测FSHR基因在牦牛与黄牛中的组织表达差异。结果显示,牦牛FSHR基因编码区全长2 088bp,编码695个氨基酸,蛋白质分子式为C6378H10670N2088O2637S576,分子质量为177 263.85u,理论等电点(pI)为4.88,与黄牛、绵羊、山羊和猪氨基酸序列同源性较高(91.50%～99.38%)。FSHR蛋白为酸性不稳定疏水蛋白,存在信号肽与8个跨膜结构;二级结构由延伸链(15.54%)、α-螺旋(42.30%)、β-转角(1.44%)和无规则卷曲(40.72%)组成;系统进化树表明,牦牛与黄牛亲缘关系最近;实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,FSHR基因在黄牛、牦牛检测组织中均有表达,牦牛子宫中表达量显著或极显著高于除卵巢外的其他组织(P<0.05;P<0.01),而黄牛卵巢中表达量显著或极显著高于其他组织(P<0.05;P<0.01);黄牛卵巢中表达量极显著高于牦牛(P<0.01)。说明FSHR基因在动物进化中较为保守,其在牦牛卵巢中表达量低可能影响到牦牛繁殖机能。     

Stimulation of Adrenal Chromaffin Cell Proliferation by Hypercalcemia Induced by Intravenous Infusion of Calcium Gluconate in Rats

Increased incidence of adrenal pheochromocytoma is frequently encountered in rat carcinogenicity studies. In some of the studies, the finding is judged to be due to a rat-specific mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by a disturbance of calcium homeostasis. However, direct evidence that the proliferation of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla is induced solely by hypercalcemia is not available. In this study, calcium gluconate was intravenously infused for 7 days to rat chromaffin cells by a tail cuff method, and cumulative labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was carried out to evaluate the proliferative activity. The serum calcium concentration was dose-dependently increased, and a high calcium concentration was stably sustained from day 2 to 7. In the adrenal medulla, BrdU-positive chromaffin cells increased in the calcium gluconate-treated animals, and the BrdU-labeling index increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, an increased BrdU-labeling index of chromaffin cells was shown to correlate with the serum calcium concentration. Our results demonstrate that hypercalcemia directly enhances the proliferative activity of chromaffin cells and that the proliferative activity is correlated with the serum calcium concentration.     

华北驼绒藜雨季移栽成活率研究

本文是不同季节移栽华北驼绒藜(Ceratoides arborescens)系列研究之一。干旱区春季生态建植有补水之苦,雨季移栽表明,不需坐水或补水,成活率可高达60%,浸根可提高成活率至90%;说明雨季移栽是可行的。移栽植株数日内叶片含水量和叶绿素含量急剧下降、脯氨酸含量骤然升高,含量恢复过程则较缓慢,说明移栽使植株突然损伤,但终能恢复至正常生理状态。     

Behavioural and Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Responses of Tethered Cows or Cows Kept in Pens with Slatted Floors

Abstract

The objective was to examine behavioural and physiological reactions of cows in pens with slatted floors, when pretreatment was tethering in stalls. Ten cows were kept tethered (C), whereas 10 other cows were kept loose in pens with slatted flooring (S). Cow behaviour was observed prior to treatment, and after 4 and 8 weeks, and behaviour in two open-field tests was recorded. Serial plasma concentrations of ACTH and cortisol were measured on day 23 during a 7.5 h period. On d 24, cortisol response was measured in serial samples drawn 0.5 h prior to and for 5 h after intravenous ACTH administration. S-cows showed reduced lying duration and frequency and spent less time exploring and more time immobile in the first test. S-cows showed a slightly increased response to ACTH-injection, otherwise pituitary-adrenal axis reactions did not differ between treatment groups.     

Anesthesia induced by administration of xylazine hydrochloride alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and reversal by administration of yohimbine hydrochloride in captive Axis deer (Axis axis)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer. ANIMALS: 35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis). PROCEDURES: All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg). RESULTS: In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.     

GnRH二聚体和GnRH并列二聚体合成肽疫苗对大鼠的免疫去势效果

为了比较GnRH二聚体和GnRH并列二聚体单次和两次免疫对雄性大鼠的免疫去势效果。将上述两种GnRH疫苗,分组免疫SD大鼠,免疫后每两周检测大鼠血清中的GnRH抗体滴度和血清睾酮水平、睾丸重量和组织结构变化。结果显示,两次免疫试验组的抗体滴度显著高于单次免疫试验组的抗体滴度(P<0.05);GnRH二聚体抗原免疫效果优于GnRH并列二聚体抗原的免疫效果,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。免疫组大鼠血清睾酮水平及睾丸重量均极显著低于空白对照组(P<0.01)。免疫去势效果显著的大鼠只数统计显示,GnRH二聚体(5/6)和GnRH并列二聚体(4/6)两次免疫均多于单次免疫(4/6和3/6)。同时,组织学观察结果可见,免疫组大鼠睾丸组织结构萎缩,曲精小管管径变窄,内部精母细胞脱落,精子变少或者没有。表明GnRH二聚体疫苗与GnRH并列二聚体疫苗均能达到去势效果,前者优于后者,两次免疫优于一次免疫。     

Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Gland in the Beagle Dog

The distribution of adrenal chromaffin cells in the control beagle dog was investigated. The presence of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, three zones of the adrenal cortex and capsule was identified by staining with H&E, chromium salts and TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) antibody. With H&E stain, there are morphological differences among the chromaffin cells in the medulla, cortex and capsule. In addition, the number of the capsular chromaffin cells was statistically significantly decreased in the 8–9, 11–12 and 15–16 month age groups compared with the 5–6 month age group. Both medullary and extra‐medullary chromaffin cells contained catecholamines, demonstrated via special staining for chromium salts. TH is the first enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis; it is a useful maker for all cells involved with catecholamine biosynthesis including chromaffin cells. TH antibody confirmed that the extra‐medullary cells were chromaffin cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay for detecting the apoptotic signalling identified the apoptosis of the chromaffin cells in the capsule.     

1例猫肾上腺皮质癌脾转移的病理及免疫组化分析

猫的肾上腺皮质癌转移至脾在兽医临床非常罕见。在本报告中,描述了1例10岁田园猫,其症状表现为腹部疼痛,频繁呕吐,消瘦,有慢性肾上腺功能损伤病史,影像学检查脾肿大。对患猫进行脾摘除手术,并对摘除的组织进行组织病理学检查和免疫组化分析。病理组织学结果显示,肿瘤细胞具有丰富的脂质样空泡,细胞体积大,有丝分裂象多见,且肿瘤细胞已发生血管侵袭,细胞核浓染;免疫组织化学结果显示,synaptophysin、S-100和GATA4阳性表达。根据病理组织学和免疫组织化学及病史和实验室检查,最后诊断为肾上腺皮质癌的脾转移。首次报道了猫肾上腺皮质癌脾转移临床病例及病理学诊断,对于临床相关疾病诊疗有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Seasonal Polymorphism of the Adrenal Cortex in the Male Mink

Adrenal glands of adult and young male mink were examined for a period of twelve months from July, 1970 and the seasonal variations in the relative widths of the cortex and medulla were investigated using histometric procedures. The medulla to cortex ratio in adult mink was noted to be increased during the months immediately following the breeding season although no consistent change was noted in the total size of the adrenal gland. Histochemical analysis using periodic acid Schiff reagent (PAS) for carbohydrates, and Oil red-0-stain for lipids revealed focal accumulations of pigment cells in the zona reticularis during the post breeding season. The presence of strands of PAS positive cells in the outer zones of adrenal cortex just before the peak of the breeding season indicates that these cells may be in the process of migration and infiltration from the zona glomerulosa to the zona reticularis where they become encased by a thin layer of connective tissue. The aggregation of PAS and Oil red-0 positive cells in the zona reticularis, previously assumed to be a response to hormone treatment, may be a normal feature associated with the onset of testicular quiescence in sexually mature mink.     

Anatomical Study of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Free‐living Axis Deer (Axis axis)

The macroscopic anatomy of the stomach and intestines of adult axis deer (Axis axis), a cervid species considered intermediate/mixed feeder, was observed and recorded. Nine adult wild axis deers of both sexes were used and studied by simple dissection. The ruminal papillae were distributed unevenly in the overall area of the inner surface of rumen and primarily were more large and abundant within the atrium. The ruminal pillars had no papillae. There was an additional ruminal pillar located between the right longitudinal and right coronary ventral pillars connected to the caudal pillar. No dorsal coronary pillars were found, and the ventral coronary pillars are connected. The reticulum was the third compartment in size, and the maximum height of the reticular crests was 1.0 mm. The Cellulae reticuli were not divided and rarely contained secondary crests. There were no Papillae unguiculiformes. The omasum was the smallest gastric compartment. The abomasum had about twelve spiral plicae, and a small pyloric torus was present. The intraruminal papillation was similar to those species that are characterized by a higher proportion of grass in their natural diet. The finding of the small reticular crests is typical for browser ruminants and was coincident with data reported for other deer. The comparative ratio of the small intestine to the large intestine was 1.69, in terms of length measurements in axis deer and appears below of the ‘browser range’. We concluded that the gastrointestinal system of axis deer reflected similar morphological characteristics of the both types of ruminants: browser and grazer, and we consider it as an intermediate feeder.     

金华猪和长白猪粪便微生物移植小鼠的肠道古菌结构分析

本试验旨在比较肥胖型的金华猪和瘦肉型的长白猪肠道古菌结构的差异,分析菌群移植小鼠肠道古菌结构。采集金华猪和长白猪的新鲜粪便,通过灌胃移植到经广谱抗生素处理过的小鼠肠道中,提取2种猪粪便及其移植小鼠的盲肠内容物总基因组DNA,使用古菌通用引物对古菌16S rRNA的V4区进行PCR扩增,通过Illumina Hiseq测序平台对扩增产物进行高通量测序,使用QIIME等软件对测序序列进行分析统计。结果表明:金华猪和长白猪粪便及其移植小鼠盲肠内容物中的古菌主要包含3个门,分别为奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)和泉古菌门(Crenarchaeota),其中金华猪粪便中广古菌门的丰度高于长白猪;在属水平上主要包含4个已知属,优势属为餐古菌属(Cenarchaeum)。二者移植小鼠的盲肠内容物古菌结构,在门水平上,移植小鼠的奇古菌门比例占70%以上;奇古菌门的古菌几乎全部来源于餐古菌属;在门和属的水平上,金华猪和长白猪粪便移植小鼠的盲肠古菌结构无显著差异(P0.05),但基于操作分类单元(OTU)水平的主成分分析显示出很好的组内聚集。由此可见,奇古菌门的餐古菌属是金华猪和长白猪粪便和其移植小鼠盲肠中的优势古菌;金华猪粪便中广古菌门的丰度高于长白猪粪便,且二者移植小鼠盲肠内容物之间古菌结构在OTU水平上存在一定的差异。