信鸽新城疫并发大肠杆菌病的诊治

鸽新城疫又称鸽瘟或鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒，是由鸽Ⅰ型黏病毒引起的一种高度接触性、败血型传染病。主要表现为腹泻，神经紊乱，呼吸困难及浆膜、黏膜出血等。若新城疫和大肠杆菌并发，将给养鸽户造成很大的经济损失和精神打击。现将笔者在临床上遇到的2起病例报道如下。     

山东省养鸽场新城疫情况流行病学调查

鸽新城疫是一种由禽I型副黏病毒引起的、流行于鸽群的高度接触性急性传染病。改革开放40余年来，我国养鸽业发生了天翻地覆的变化，信鸽和赛鸽业得到长足发展，种鸽、蛋鸽、集约化肉鸽养殖产业呈现集群现象，随着养鸽业的高速发展，鸽新城疫已经悄然成为养鸽业第一杀手，是重点防控的传染病之一。国家新城疫参考实验室主动监测的数据表明，鸽群新城疫带毒率呈上升趋势[1]。因此，对鸽群新城疫病毒感染情况应重点加以关注。     

鸽新城疫的诊治

鸽新城疫又称鸽的Ⅰ型副粘病毒病，是由Ⅰ型副粘病毒引起的急性败血型传染病，该病毒与鸡的Ⅰ型病毒同为一属，具有高度交叉免疫原性。今年2月，我区一养鸽专业户报称其所养鸽群发病3d，病鸽拉稀，有些病鸽头颈歪斜，已有多只死亡。     

鸽新城疫的流行与防控

鸽新城疫是由新城疫病毒感染鸽群引起的传染病, 在世界各国鸽场均有流行。介绍了鸽新城疫流行情况及特点, 流行毒株的基因型、病毒的毒力、病毒的抗原特性, 提出在做好鸽场内生物安全控制和精细化管理基础上, 使用市售新城疫疫苗进行合理免疫是鸽新城疫防控的关键。     

信鸽新城疫并发大肠杆菌病的治疗

鸽新城疫又称鸽瘟或鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒病,是由鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒引起的一种高度接触性、败血型传染病,主要表现为腹泻、神经紊乱、黏膜出血等;鸽大肠杆菌病是由大肠埃希氏杆菌感染所引起的局部或全身性感染的疾病。若新城疫和大肠杆菌病并发,将给养鸽爱好者带来很大的经济损失,现将笔者在临床上遇到的病例报告如下。     

信鸽新城疫并发大肠杆菌病的治疗

鸽新城疫又称鸽瘟或鸽I型副勃病毒病,是由鸽I型副黏病毒引起的一种高度接触性、败血型传染病,主要表现为腹泻、神经紊乱、黏膜出血等;鸽大肠杆菌病是由大肠埃希氏杆菌感染所引起的局部或全身性感染的疾病.若新城疫和大肠杆菌病并发,将给养鸽爱好者带来很大的经济损失,现将笔者在临床上遇到的病例报告如下.     

鸽的禽I型副粘病的诊断与防制

鸽的禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒病又称鸽新城疫.是由鸽的禽Ⅰ型副粘病毒引起的一种高接触性、败血性传染病.     

1例鸽新城疫的诊断报告

正鸽新城疫,也称鸽瘟或鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒病,是由鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒引起的一种高度接触性急性传染病,对养鸽业危害较大~([1-2])。鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒能够引起各种日龄鸽子发病,以腹泻和神经症状为主要临床特征。该病乳鸽敏感性最高,病死率高达50%~100%~([3])。2015年1月,广西南宁市江西镇某农户送检一批疑似患有新城疫的鸽子,通过临床检查和实验室检验,确诊为新城疫。现将诊断结果报道如下。     

荧光定量RT-PCR诊断鸽Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒病

Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒（Avian Paramyxovirus-1，APMV-1）是副粘病毒科副粘病毒属成员，为不分阶段的单股副链RNA病毒，引起鸡、鸭、鹅、鸽、孔雀等多种禽类新城疫（ND），造成严重危害，鸽Ⅰ型禽副粘病毒病又称为鸽瘟或鸽新城疫，自从20世纪80年代初，在深圳及珠海拱北动检所先后从进口种鸽中发现本病以来，目前已普遍存在于我国各养鸽地区，不但对养鸽业的发展构成严重损害，一直是各类鸽病中发生频率最高、危害性最大的一种传染病，     

鸽副粘病毒的分离与鉴定

近几年来，随着我国养殖业的发展，规模化养鸽业亦蓬勃发展，在养殖过程中也出现了不少新的疾病，其中，鸽新城疫是危害养鸽业的最严重的疾病之一。鸽新城疫(ND)是由鸽新城疫病毒(又称鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒)引起的鸽的一种急性、高度接触性、败血性传染病。传播迅速，死亡率高，尤其是乳鸽感染本病易大批死亡，青年鸽和种鸽也会发生死亡。本病可通过空气传播，发病迅速，病死率可达30％-60％，有时甚至可达80％。在国内许多地区也时有鸽群发生新城疫的报道。而且在许多肉鸽饲养场呈暴发流行，是严重危害养鸽业发展的头号疾病。为了查明原因、保护养鸽业的发展，我们从发病鸽场采集到了典型病料并进行了病毒的分离与鉴定，现将试验结果报告如下。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in