浅谈抗病毒药在兽医上的应用

病毒是危害巨大的病原微生物。由于其独特的生物学特性及不同于细菌的生活和繁殖方式 ,使在病原抑杀和疾病防治上造成困难。本文简要阐述病毒的致病特点及病毒病的防治难点 ,有针对性地介绍和评价国内外曾在动物病毒病中应用过的若干药物。旨在为国内兽医界在抗病毒药的科学研究和规范开发上提供一些线索和资料     

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of antimicrobial drugs used in veterinary medicine

The rise in incidence of antimicrobial resistance, consumer demands and improved understanding of antimicrobial action has encouraged international agencies to review the use of antimicrobial drugs. More detailed understanding of relationships between the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobial drugs in target animal species and their action on target pathogens [pharmacodynamics (PD)] has led to greater sophistication in design of dosage schedules which improve the activity and reduce the selection pressure for resistance in antimicrobial therapy. This, in turn, may be informative in the pharmaceutical development of antimicrobial drugs and in their selection and clinical utility. PK/PD relationships between area under the concentration time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and MIC and time during which plasma concentrations exceed the MIC have been particularly useful in optimizing efficacy and minimizing resistance. Antimicrobial drugs have been classified as concentration-dependent where increasing concentrations at the locus of infection improve bacterial kill, or time-dependent where exceeding the MIC for a prolonged percentage of the inter-dosing interval correlates with improved efficacy. For the latter group increasing the absolute concentration obtained above a threshold does not improve efficacy. The PK/PD relationship for each group of antimicrobial drugs is 'bug and drug' specific, although ratios of 125 for AUC(0-24):MIC and 10 for C(max):MIC have been recommended to achieve high efficacy for concentration-dependent antimicrobial drugs, and exceeding MIC by 1-5 multiples for between 40 and 100% of the inter-dosing interval is appropriate for most time-dependent agents. Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and metronidazole are concentration-dependent and beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides and glycopeptides are time-dependent. For drugs of other classes there is limited and conflicting information on their classification. Resistance selection may be reduced for concentration-dependent antimicrobials by achieving an AUC(0-24):MIC ratio of greater than 100 or a C(max):MIC ratio of greater than 8. The relationships between time greater than MIC and resistance selection for time-dependent antimicrobials have not been well characterized.     

兽用抗菌药物群体药动及药效学研究进展

阐述了兽用抗菌药物群体药动学及药效学的研究历史及现状,并在此基础上提出群体药动-群体药效同步关系正成为兽医药理学研究的一个新方向。     

兽药制剂新工艺开发过程中相关问题的探讨

对兽药制剂新工艺开发过程中所面临的产品安全性、有效性、设备要求、检测方法的建立、产品的价格及市场接受程度等问题进行了探讨,以期为兽药制剂新工艺的开发提供参考。     

推行《兽药GMP》是兽药企业的必然选择——董义春处长在兽药GMP实施运行情况座谈会上的讲话摘要

推行《兽药GMP》是重整兽药生产资源,实现跨越式发展,提升市场竞争能力的必然选择,那种认为“搞GMP,先搞的先死,后搞的后死,不搞的等死”的观点是错误的。2005年12月31日是最后期限,到时候达不到GMP要求的企业肯定要被“摘牌”。任何企业不要有任何侥幸心理,观望是没有出路的。加强兽药企业管理工作的核心内容就是推行《兽药GMP》,推行《兽药GMP》只是在整个行业中首先推行的一个针对生产环节的标准,以后还准备推行别的标准,如GLP、GSP等,使整个兽药研究环节、生产环节、经营环节、使用环节都朝着良好的规范方面努力。整顿和规范市…     

抗微生物药物PK-PD研究在优化兽药给药方案中的应用

PK-PD模型可用于优化兽药给药方案,制订合理的给药间隔和剂量,在减少细菌耐药性方面有重要意义.本文综述了β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等抗微生物药物的PK-PD研究现状,以期为兽药厂家在药物开发、设计合理的剂型与给药方案方面提供依据.     

Use of infrared technic in veterinary medicine. (Review)]

More effectiveness of veterinary examination of the living animal is an important demand of socialist practice which applies equally to conditions of stepwise transition to industrialised production processes and to conventional production. The physiological and physico-technical prerequisites for possible use of infrared techniques in veterinary attention and production monitoring are discussed on the basis of available literature, with particular reference being made also to human medicine.     

Comparison of three adjuvants used to produce polyclonal antibodies to veterinary drugs

Two commercially available adjuvants, Gerbu LQ 3000 and Montanide ISA 50V, were assessed as potential replacements for Freund's adjuvant by evaluating their efficacy in the production of polyclonal antibodies to veterinary drugs in rabbits. The aim was to find an adjuvant that could produce a similar (or enhanced) immune response in the host animal without the undesirable side effects associated with Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant. The assessment involved the examination of each injection site and the characterisation of the resultant antibodies with regards to antibody titre and sensitivity. It was found that the rabbits immunised with Gerbu adjuvant produced some of the most sensitive antibodies. However, titres were relatively low and adverse effects at injection sites were relatively common. Montanide adjuvant produced no adverse effects and the related antibodies were found to be of adequate sensitivity when compared to those from rabbits immunised with Freund's. It was concluded that Montanide ISA 50V could be considered as a suitable replacement to Freund's for the production of polyclonal antibodies, to low molecular weight compounds in rabbits.     

中兽药现代研究的发展概况及思考

中兽药作为中兽医学的重要组成部分,是我国人民在几千年来和家畜疾病作斗争过程中所积累的宝贵经验和财富。结合中兽医理论,中兽药有着自己独特的应用理论体系,在我国兽医预防和治疗领域独树一帜,为保障我国畜牧业的健康发展起着不可忽视的作用。回顾过去,尽管中兽药的发展随着中兽医理论的发展和人们用药经验的积累而发展,但由于社会历史条件的限制,中兽药学术的发展未能得到充分的发挥,很多宝贵经验甚至湮没失传,造成了难以弥补的损失。新中国成立以后,党和政府充分认识到我国传统医药学濒临困境的历史现实,及时指出了中兽医药学对祖国畜…