Intracellular functions of N-linked glycans

N-linked oligosaccharides arise when blocks of 14 sugars are added cotranslationally to newly synthesized polypeptides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These glycans are then subjected to extensive modification as the glycoproteins mature and move through the ER via the Golgi complex to their final destinations inside and outside the cell. In the ER and in the early secretory pathway, where the repertoire of oligosaccharide structures is still rather small, the glycans play a pivotal role in protein folding, oligomerization, quality control, sorting, and transport. They are used as universal "tags" that allow specific lectins and modifying enzymes to establish order among the diversity of maturing glycoproteins. In the Golgi complex, the glycans acquire more complex structures and a new set of functions. The division of synthesis and processing between the ER and the Golgi complex represents an evolutionary adaptation that allows efficient exploitation of the potential of oligosaccharides.     

海藻寡糖在农业领域的应用研究进展

海藻寡糖是海藻多糖经过降解得到的一系列寡糖片段,分子量低、水溶性好,具有广泛的生物活性优势,在农业生产中具有广阔的应用前景。文章对近年来海藻寡糖在土壤修复和促进植物生长两方面的研究进展进行综述,同时指出海藻寡糖对土壤重金属的不同作用效果限制了其在土壤修复中的进一步应用、土壤微生物对海藻寡糖—重金属络合物的影响机理不明及海藻寡糖作为植物诱导剂在实际应用中存在局限性等问题。因此,今后在海藻寡糖的利用中应注意以下问题:进行土壤修复时,应针对土壤的酸碱度及重金属污染情况,合理选择海藻寡糖的施用量,确定适宜的修复方式;可将海藻寡糖与其他诱导剂或杀菌剂联合使用以解决其作为诱导剂的局限性;此外,海藻寡糖可作为新型肥料添加剂进行深入开发,以促进其在农业领域的进一步应用。     

Toward automated synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins

The discovery of previously unknown functions associated with carbohydrates and the study of their structure-function relations are of current interest in carbohydrate chemistry and biology. Progress in this area is, however, hampered by the lack of convenient and effective tools for the synthesis and analysis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Development of automated synthesis of such materials is necessary to facilitate research in this field. This review describes recent advances in carbohydrate synthesis, with particular focus on developments that have potential application to the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and glycoproteins.     

乳酮糖研究进展

乳酮糖是一种人工合成的双糖,在医学上一直用于治疗肝性脑病和便秘。由于乳酮糖还具有双歧杆菌的高增殖活性等独特功能,目前已作为一种新型的功能性低聚糖应用于食品领域。对乳酮糖的物化性质及生理功能、合成方法、应用研究等方面进行了综述。     

A pituitary N-acetylgalactosamine transferase that specifically recognizes glycoprotein hormones

The glycoprotein hormones lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH), which have common alpha-subunits but hormone-specific beta-subunits, are both synthesized in the gonadotroph. However, they bear Asn-linked oligosaccharides that differ in structure. Those on LH terminate with the sequence SO4-4GalNAc beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha, whereas those on FSH terminate with the sequence sialic acid alpha-Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha. A GalNAc-transferase was identified in bovine pituitary membranes that recognizes features of the alpha-subunit peptide and adds GalNAc to its oligosaccharides with an apparent Michaelis constant of 25 micromolar. The different patterns of glycosylation for LH and FSH indicate that access to the protein recognition marker on the alpha-subunit is modulated by the associated beta-subunit. The tightly regulated synthesis of sulfated and sialylated oligosaccharides on the pituitary glycoprotein hormones suggests these oligosaccharides have an important biological role.     

甘薯淀粉加工废渣制备复合寡糖的条件优化及其活性评价

【目的】探索商品化β-葡聚糖酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶共同水解甘薯淀粉加工废渣（简称甘薯渣）制备复合寡糖的最佳条件,并利用复合寡糖诱导大豆生成大豆抗毒素,为复合寡糖的工业化生产及应用提供科学依据。【方法】分别用商品化β-葡聚糖酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶水解甘薯渣,以温度、pH、底物浓度、酶添加量和反应时间为条件开展单因素试验,利用TLC和HPLC对酶解产物进行测定,分别以纤维二糖得率、果胶二糖和果胶三糖总得率为指标得到单因素试验的最佳条件,再通过复合酶共同水解甘薯渣制备复合寡糖,并对纤维寡糖、果胶寡糖以及复合寡糖这3种寡糖产物进行诱导大豆抗毒素活性评价。【结果】纤维寡糖制备的单因素试验结果表明,当温度40℃、pH3.5、底物浓度1%、β-葡聚糖酶添加量6.9×103 U•g-1甘薯渣膳食纤维、反应时间7 h时酶解效果最好,寡糖产物以纤维二糖为主,纤维二糖得率为100.6 mg•g-1（纤维二糖质量/甘薯渣膳食纤维质量）,纤维二糖转化率为22.37%（纤维二糖质量/甘薯渣膳食纤维中纤维素质量）。果胶寡糖制备的单因素试验结果表明,当温度40℃、pH2.5、底物浓度1%、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶添加量1.42×104 U•g-1甘薯渣膳食纤维、反应时间4 h时酶解效果最好,寡糖产物以果胶二糖和果胶三糖为主,果胶二糖和果胶三糖总得率为17.43 mg•g-1（果胶二糖与果胶三糖的总质量/甘薯渣膳食纤维质量）,果胶二糖和果胶三糖总转化率为29.9%（果胶二糖与果胶三糖的总质量/甘薯渣膳食纤维中果胶质量）。根据上述单因素试验结果优化复合寡糖制备条件,在温度40℃、pH2.5、底物浓度1%、β-葡聚糖酶添加量6.9×103 U•g-1甘薯渣膳食纤维、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶添加量1.42×104 U•g-1甘薯渣膳食纤维、反应7 h时,复合寡糖产物中以纤维二糖、果胶二糖和果胶三糖为主,纤维二糖得率为136.97 mg•g-1,纤维二糖转化率为33.57%;果胶二糖和果胶三糖的总得率为25.96 mg•g-1,果胶二糖和果胶三糖总转化率为44.53%,与单一寡糖制备结果相比均有明显提高。利用甘薯复合寡糖作为外源诱导剂诱导大豆生成大豆抗毒素,当复合寡糖浓度为1%,大豆在无菌水中浸泡5 h,诱导温度25℃、湿度50%、黑暗中培养4 d时,大豆抗毒素生成量达到最高,为1.21 mg•g-1干豆重。而在相同条件下纤维寡糖和果胶寡糖诱导得到的大豆抗毒素生成量分别为0.80和0.46 mg•g-1干豆重。结果表明,甘薯复合寡糖对大豆抗毒素的诱导效果优于单一寡糖。【结论】甘薯渣成本低廉,可作为制备复合寡糖的优良原料,试验得到制备复合寡糖的最佳工艺条件,以其制备的复合寡糖对大豆抗毒素的生成与积累具有极佳的效果。     

Identification of the 1H-NMR spectra of complex oligosaccharides with artificial neural networks

Artificial networks can be used to identify hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of complex oligosaccharides. Feed-forward neural networks with back-propagation of errors can distinguish between spectra of oligosaccharides that differ by only one glycosyl residue in twenty. The artificial neural networks use features of the strongly overlapping region of the spectra (hump region) as well as features of the resolved regions of the spectra (structural reporter groups) to recognize spectra and efficiently recognized 1H-NMR spectra even when the spectra were perturbed by minor variations in their chemical shifts. Identification of spectra by neural network-based pattern recognition techniques required less than 0.1 second. It is anticipated that artificial neural networks can be used to identify the structures of any complex carbohydrate that has been previously characterized and for which a 1H-NMR spectrum is available.     

Encapsulation of guest molecules into a dendritic box

Dendrimers are well-defined, highly branched macromolecules that emanate from a central core and are synthesized through a stepwise, repetitive reaction sequence. The synthesis and characterization of dendritic boxes, based on the construction of a chiral shell of protected amino acids onto poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers with 64 amine end groups, is reported here. Nuclear magnetic resonance-relaxation and optical data show that a dense shell with solid-phase character is formed. Guest molecules were captured within the internal cavities of the boxes when these boxes were constructed in the presence of guest molecules. The diffusion of guest molecules out of the boxes into solution was unmeasurably slow because of the close packing of the shell. These monomolecular dendritic containers of 5-nanometer dimensions with physically locked-in guest molecules were characterized spectroscopically.     

疯草研究进展

疯草是指含有苦马豆素的豆科黄芪属和棘豆属有毒植物,动物疯草中毒病是危害草原畜牧业最严重的问题之一.苦马豆素是疯草的主要毒性成分,它能抑制动物细胞α-甘露糖苷酶和甘露糖苷酶Ⅱ的活性,影响低聚糖的代谢和糖蛋白的加工,导致低聚糖蓄积和糖蛋白合成障碍.中毒动物表现为行为异常、瘫痪、不育、流产、体质量下降,严重的发生死亡,造成巨大的经济损失.本文主要对疯草的毒性成分、中毒机理、化学防除和脱毒利用等方面的研究进行了综述,旨在为疯草中毒病的防治和疯草的利用提供思路和认识.     

Direction of chain growth in polysaccharide synthesis

The biosynthesis of a bacterial polysaccharide-the surface O-antigen of Salmonella newington-differs in several respects from the more classical example of glycogen synthesis. Sugars are not transferred directly to the antigen from sugar nucleotide precursors but are transferred first into lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Growth of the polysaccharide chain then occurs by assembly of these lipid-linked precursors at the reducing end of the polymer rather than at its nonreducing end as in glycogen. This method of assembly, in which nascent chains are transferred to the next subunit, is analogous to the growth of proteins or fatty acids. It seems possible that these differences reflect the more complex requirements of a surface polysaccharide synthesized by membrane-bound enzymes. If this is the case, then several other polysaccharide systems may be synthesized by comparable mechanisms.     

葡萄中白藜芦醇合成的影响因素

白藜芦醇是葡萄中一类重要的酚类化合物,在人类抗肿瘤、控制血糖疾病、预防心血管疾病、抗炎和保护神经系统等方面发挥着重要作用。其合成的主要影响因素包括内在因素和外在因素2种,其中,内在因素主要是基因控制、葡萄品种及其发育期,外在因素则包括紫外线辐射以及水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、多糖或寡聚糖类物质等诱导。在自然条件下葡萄中白藜芦醇的合成量很少,要想使得葡萄内白藜芦醇的合成量足够大并满足市场需求,就必须辅以外界的诱导因素,因此,研究葡萄生长发育过程中白藜芦醇合成的影响因素具有重要意义。     

新型的分子印迹固相萃取小柱分离富集饲料中的三聚氰胺

[目的]研制一种新型的分子印迹固相萃取小柱,用于分离富集饲料中的三聚氰胺。[方法]采用本体聚合法制备了三聚氰胺分子印迹聚合物,以该聚合物为填料制作三聚氰胺分子印迹固相萃取(MIP-SPE)小柱,优化了固相萃取条件,应用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定浓缩液中的三聚氰胺含量。[结果]自制的MIP-SPE小柱可以从饲料中选择性地分离、富集三聚氰胺,有效地去除饲料中的复杂基质,加标回收率约为95%。MIP-SPE小柱与空白印迹固相萃取小柱(NMIP-SPE)的对比试验表明,前者的萃取效率明显高于后者。[结论]自制的新型三聚氰胺MIP-SPE小柱可用于饲料提取液中的三聚氰胺高选择性分离富集,使用简便,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Chemical glycobiology

Chemical tools have proven indispensable for studies in glycobiology. Synthetic oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates provide materials for correlating structure with function. Synthetic mimics of the complex assemblies found on cell surfaces can modulate cellular interactions and are under development as therapeutic agents. Small molecule inhibitors of carbohydrate biosynthetic and processing enzymes can block the assembly of specific oligosaccharide structures. Inhibitors of carbohydrate recognition and biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the carbohydrate epitope and its cognate receptors. Carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways are often amenable to interception with synthetic unnatural substrates. Such metabolic interference can block the expression of oligosaccharides or alter the structures of the sugars presented on cells. Collectively, these chemical approaches are contributing great insight into the myriad biological functions of oligosaccharides.     

大豆籽粒低聚糖及其组分含量鉴定与特异种质筛选

[目的]研究大豆低聚糖及其组分含量遗传变异及其相关关系,遴选低聚糖及其组分含量特异种质,为大豆低聚糖含量遗传改良奠定物质基础.[方法]采用高效液相色谱方法,鉴定336份大豆资源低聚糖及其组分含量,分析其遗传变异及相关性,并筛选高、低含量特异种质.[结果]供试大豆资源蔗糖、棉籽糖、水苏糖、低聚糖含量平均为4.01％、1....     

Apparatus for solid-phase peptide synthesis

The apparatus, designed for solid-phase peptide synthesis, consists of a round-bottom flask, rocked on a wrist-shaker, and fitted with a special dropping funnel and a fritted filter disc embedded within the flask. The dropping funnel is designed to wash down the polymer adhering to the neck of the flask. Solvents are removed through the fritted disc. Entire synthesis, and the removal of peptide from the polymer, are carried out without opening or removing the vessel from the shaker.     

海洋寡糖诱导植物抗逆性的研究进展

海洋寡糖是海洋多糖经过降解得到的一系列寡糖片段,具有独特的分子结构和生物学活性,作为外源诱导物对植物生长及防御反应具有一定的调节作用,是一种新型、天然的植物生长调节剂。海洋寡糖以壳寡糖、褐藻寡糖、琼胶寡糖、卡拉胶寡糖、石莼寡糖等为代表。植物细胞识别海洋寡糖信号分子后,诱发活性氧爆发,引起信号分子传导,激发相关防御基因的表达,诱导植物防御酶活性提高,合成植物抗逆物质,提高植物抗逆能力。从海洋寡糖的种类、作用机制及作用特点3方面阐述了海洋寡糖在植物抗逆诱导方面的研究进展,以期为海洋寡糖在植物抗逆方面的应用研究提供参考。     

壳寡糖和几丁寡糖的制备方法及其在水产上的应用

人们期望无污染、无残留的绿色水产品。但近年来,随着水产养殖密度和规模迅速扩大,水产动物病害频发,滥用抗生素所导致的菌株耐药性等问题逐渐凸显,这给水产养殖可持续发展、绿色发展带来挑战。而壳寡糖和几丁寡糖由于无毒、无害、无残留,具有多种生物活性功能且来源广泛,逐渐被众多学者重视并研究。壳寡糖是几丁质或者壳聚糖经过酶解法、化学法或者物理法而获得的低聚糖,几丁寡糖是几丁质的降解产物或壳寡糖的乙酰化产物。目前,有关壳寡糖和几丁寡糖作为绿色的饲料添加剂、疫苗佐剂和水产品保水保鲜剂的研究已经开展,其在水产养殖中具有非常广阔的发展空间和应用前景。基于此,对壳寡糖和几丁寡糖的制备方法进行了总结,探讨了壳寡糖和几丁寡糖在水产动物饲料添加剂、疫苗佐剂和水产品保水保鲜中的应用,突出其调节水生动物免疫、促生长、抗氧化、影响鱼类体成分等方面的生物活性,以期为壳寡糖和几丁寡糖在水产上的深入研究和产业化应用提供参考。     

植物凝集素及其在抗虫基因工程中的应用

植物凝集素是一类具有高度特异性糖结合活性蛋白,其糖结合特异性主要针对外源寡糖,主要生理功能是介导植物的防御反应,在农业、医学等领域应用前景广阔。本文综述了植物凝集素研究进展,介绍植物凝集素的定义、分类、结构、功能及其在植物抗虫基因工程中的应用。     

PPP模式在田园综合体中的应用研究

田园综合体投入高,周期长,运营回报缓,建设运营过程中面临诸多风险,PPP模式的引入,为田园综合体提供了资金、人才、技术等多方面支持,降低和分散项目风险,弥补政府部门的不足,为田园综合体项目建设提供经验。本文从田园综合体的建设现状出发,分析项目建设中存在的问题,然后就PPP模式引入的必要性和可行性进行辨析,并针对存在问题提出相应的解决措施与建议,以期为进一步探索研究提供参考。     

真菌源寡聚糖对几种植物病原菌的抑制作用

用培养基加药法研究了两种寡聚糖 (质量分数 5 %寡聚半乳糖醛酸 ;质量分数 2 %氨基寡糖素 )对黄瓜枯萎病菌 (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerirum )、小麦赤霉病菌 (Gibberella zeae)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、玉米大斑病菌 (Exserohilum turcicum )的皿内抑菌效果 ,同时用悬滴法测定了寡聚糖对黄瓜霜霉病菌 (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)和小麦条锈病菌 (Puccinia striiformis West.)孢子萌发的影响。结果表明 :两种寡聚糖对上述几种植物病原菌的生长和萌发均有不同程度的抑制作用 ,其作用大小因寡聚糖的质量分数和病原菌而异。