Crisis in Swedish farmland preservation strategy

Since the late 1960's, a mix of government policies has prevented the loss of farmland in Sweden, “either to forest or asphalt”; these policies have also ensured the maintenance of soil fertility and groundwater resources. However, in Sweden as in several other European nations, a chronic and growing “grain glut” in recent years has undermined the economic logic of import protection and farm price supports—the principle means of promoting a sustainable agriculture. Mainstream economists, imbued with urban-biased and production-centered values, have long criticized these costly mechanisms of public support as cost-ineffective and socially unjustified. They and many prominent politicians tend to minimize the non-production benefits of maintaining an open “working landscape” and rural communities dependent upon agriculture. Historically, Sweden's major farm organizations and its agrarian political party have resisted this economistic view with considerable success. Therefore it was a shock to many observers when, in 1986, leaders of the Swedish Federation of Farmers itself proposed planting trees on crop land as one element of a solution to overproduction. This essay traces the evolution of Swedish farm debates and policies since World War II, leading to the present critical juncture. It explores the incipient alliance between farmers and conservationists to protect farmland (as well as family farms and farm communities) and assesses the prospects for maintaining land in production through diversification into biomass energy crops and high protein fodder crops (the former option takes on new significance in the wake of the Chernobil disaster and pressure for early de-commissioning of Sweden's nuclear power plants; the latter would reduce Swedish dependence on imported soybeans). Finally, there is speculation on the relevance of Sweden's experience for American farmland policy.     

茅台酒有机原料基地耕地的生产能力及持续利用对策

根据茅台酒有机原料基地旱耕地存在的土壤干旱、水土流失与土壤侵蚀、土壤瘠薄等问题,分析了发展有机农业的潜力,提出了加强农田基本建设,强化固土蓄水综合技术,推行保护性耕作技术,发展农耕农艺保持型生态农业,广辟有机肥源,促进地力增加,提高植被覆盖率,进一步改善生态环境等持续利用措施。     

生物炭及炭基肥影响农田土壤改良效应的研究进展

我国南方农田普遍存在土壤酸化加速、土壤肥力和质量不断下降、土壤微生物群落结构和功能失调等土壤退化现象。近年来,大量研究表明生物炭是一种应用前景广阔的土壤改良剂,而将其与肥料有效结合制成生物炭基肥,将在我国农田酸化土壤改良和作物增产等方面发挥重要作用。本文重点针对生物炭和生物炭基肥在农田生态系统中影响土壤改良的效应进行了综述,旨在为我国南方农田土壤改良和农业生产可持续发展提供参考。     

中国保护性耕作研究分析-保护性耕作与作物生产

 保护性耕作（conservation tillage，CT）是实现农业可持续发展的重要手段，本研究通过收集中国公开发表的与保护性耕作相关的研究论文，整理前人研究提供的试验数据，分析保护性耕作措施对作物生产的影响，为保护性耕作条件下的作物稳产丰产研究提供支持。研究发现，保护性耕作对作物的生长发育、病虫害发生、水分利用等都有不同程度的影响，以当地传统耕作模式为对照，实施保护性耕作技术的作物产量平均增加12.51%。但有10.92%数据显示减产，表明保护性耕作减产是客观存在的，文章归纳了影响保护性耕作条件下作物产量的主要原因。中国自“六五”期间开始进行保护性耕作的研究工作，在理论研究和生产实践中取得了一定的成绩。随着对保护性耕作概念的深入理解，中国保护性耕作的研究和应用工作得到了长足发展，作为实践性较强的应用型研究，保护性耕作要充分重视理论研究和应用过程中存在的问题，利用新型研究技术和研究手段，明确保护性耕作影响作物生产的机制，为保护性耕作技术的创新和推广应用提供理论基础。     

黄河三角洲多元化种植结构研究

目前黄河三角洲种植业基本上沿袭传统的"粮食作物-经济作物"二元结构,属于以粮棉为主的单一脆弱性种植业系统。多元种植是根据三角洲土壤质地和肥力,因地制宜发展起来的"粮食作物-经济作物-饲料作物-能源作物-纸浆作物"等组成的复合种植业结构。它构成了黄河三角洲可持续发展的新型农业生态系统。     

持续农业浅述

综述自60年代“绿色革命”以来,欧美农业生产采取了一系列新技术措施,首先是大量消耗不可再生的能源,其次是大量使用化肥和农药,在农业产量上固然有大幅度的提高,但在此同时,也带来了一系列其它问题,从长远的、持久的利益出发,国内外农业界知名人士考虑能不能从加深对农业生态系统本身内在复杂关系的认识,并加强对农业生产的管理,寻求一种既经济而又符合环境要求的稳定、经久不衰的农业生态体系,以取代现代农业中那种高投入、高成本的农业生产体系。     

Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil and Water Conservation and Its Progress in China

Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture (CA) is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement,and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world's arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.     

The role of indigenous tillage systems in sustainable food production

Farmers in developed countries have established various tillage practices for crop production. These include plowing, disking, subsoiling, harrowing, field cultivating, rotary hoeing, and row-crop cultivating. But these conventional tillage practices necessitate the use of heavy equipment that often causes soil compaction, impairs soil physical conditions, and creates conditions leading to soil erosion. Many Western countries, studying their conventional tillage systems through the new perspective of sustainable approaches to agriculture, are developing new tillage practices, called conservation tillage, which limit tillage to essential operations and prevent damage to soil. The majority of the small-scale farmers in developing countries use indigenous tillage systems. These are low-cost, locally adapted technologies that reflect considerable knowledge of sustainable agriculture. Ironically, the new conservation tillage systems currently being developed in the West have many characteristics of indigenous tillage systems. This paper compares conventional, conservation, and indigenous tillage practices, using examples from the United States and India, and concludes that, for sustainable food production, indigenous tillage practices in developing countries should continue to be used.     

民勤县种植业现状与可持续发展对策

在对民勤县种植业现状及存在问题调研的基础上,提出的民勤县种植业持续发展的对策是:加强农田基础设施建设,改善生态环境;全面实施沃土工程,提高农田肥力水平;大力发展节水农业,延缓地下水位下降;实行种草养畜,强化农牧结合;兴办农产品加工业,实行产业化经营。     

现代持续农业平衡施肥探讨

化肥是促进农业增产的重要举措 ,是农业现代文明的重要标志。有机肥是维持和促进土壤养分平衡 ,培肥土壤的重要环节。根据现代农业和持续农业的要求 ,应强调化肥与有机肥并重和化肥合理配施 ,以满足供肥需求 ,调节土壤养分平衡 ,使用地养地相结合 ,达到高产、优质、节本增效的目的。因此 ,平衡施肥是现代农业持续稳步发展的重要途径     

豫南雨养区小麦简耕覆盖高产高效技术创新与应用

土壤培肥、自然降水高效利用、作物秸秆循环利用、作物高产高效是土壤可持续利用和粮食生产能力持续提高的关键问题。豫南雨养农业区存在着降雨量较大但降水时空分布与作物需水时段相矛盾、土壤培肥能力不足等问题。为此,结合豫南雨养区的生产、生态实际和多年定位试验,提出了资源循环高效利用与作物持续高产假设,并集成创新了小麦简耕覆盖高产高效技术,其核心技术是机械化玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖还田和小麦免耕直播。自2006开始,在驻马店市和南阳市进行了多年示范应用,取得了良好的效应。该技术解决了利用合理的耕作措施解决培肥土壤、提高自然降水和农业废弃物利用率、作物高产与资源高效协同一致的问题,为土地可持续利用和生产能力持续提升提供了技术支撑。     

保护性耕作研究现状、发展趋势及对策

借鉴国外保护性耕作的概念，根据具体情况，提出了我国保护性耕作的概念。在此基础上，将保护性耕作划分为3种类型，并详细阐述了保护性耕作是通过“少动土”、“少裸露”保持“适度湿润”和“适度粗糙”等土壤状态，达到保土、培肥、节水、增产、增效。系统地总结了国际保护性耕作技术发展的历程，提出了未来国际的发展趋势，并结合我国的实际情况，论述了我国保护性耕作存在的区域匹配差、规范性差、配套技术落后等问题，提出要正确认识保护性耕作，加强联合攻关等发展保护性耕作的对策和建议。     

保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的影响研究进展

作物产量的高低主要取决于土壤肥力,如何保持并提高土壤肥力是确保我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要任务,也是众多学者关注的焦点。土壤有机碳和氮素是评价土壤质量的重要指标,其动态平衡直接影响土壤肥力和作物产量。随着全球气候变化及环境污染问题的愈加突出,农田土壤固碳及提高氮效率成为各界科学家研究的热点。目前,保护性耕作已成为发展可持续农业的重要技术之一,对土壤固碳及氮素的利用具有很大的影响。深入了解保护性耕作对土壤有机碳固持与氮素利用效率提高的影响机制,对于正确评价土壤肥力有着重要意义。但由于气候、土壤及种植制度等条件不一致,关于保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应结论不一。阐述了国际上保护性耕作对农田系统土壤有机碳含量变化及其分解排放(如CO₂和CH₄)、氮素变化及其矿化损失(如NH₃挥发、N₂O排放与氮淋失)和碳氮素相互关系(如C/N层化率)影响的研究进展,并分析了其影响因素和相关机理。尽管国内保护性耕作的研究已进行30 多年,但在土壤有机碳与氮素方面与国外相比依然有较大的差距。保护性耕作对土壤固碳与氮素利用的影响机制,碳素和氮素在土壤-植株-大气系统中的转移变化,及结合农事管理等综合评价其生态效应的研究很少。在此基础上,提出未来我国保护性耕作在土壤有机碳固定和氮素利用方面的重点研究方向:(1)在定位试验基础上进一步探讨保护性耕作对土壤有机碳及氮素利用的影响机制;(2)深入研究土壤有机碳和氮素的相互关系及其对土壤肥力的影响;(3)结合环境保护与土壤可持续管理对保护性耕作农田土壤固碳及氮素高效利用的系统评价研究;(4)加强保护性耕作对农田碳、氮效应的宏观研究,合理评价保护性耕措施下对农田碳、氮综合效应。     

Science and Technology Backyard model: implications for sustainable agriculture in Africa

Sustainable food production to feed the growing population in Africa remains a major challenge. Africa has 64% of the global arable land but produces less than 10% of its food locally due to its inherently low soil nutrient concentrations. Poor soil fertility and a lack of fertilizer use are the major constraints to increasing crop yields in Africa. On average only about 8.8 kg NPK fertilizer is applied per hectare by African smallholder farmers. There is therefore considerable potential for increasing food production through sustainable intensification of the cropping systems. The low crop yields in Africa are also partly due to limited farmer access to modern agronomic techniques, including improved crop varieties, a lack of financial resources, and the absence of mechanisms for dissemination of information to smallholders. This study analyzed the Science and Technology Backyards (STBs) model and investigated its use for the transformation of agriculture in Africa. Some key lessons for sustainable crop intensification in Africa can be found from analysis of the STB model which is well established in China. These include (1) scientist-farmer engagement to develop adaptive and innovative technology for sustainable crop production, (2) dissemination of technology by empowering smallholders, especially leading farmers, and (3) the development of an open platform for multiple resource involvement rather than relying on a single mechanism. This review evaluates the benefits of the STB model used in China for adoption to increase agricultural productivity in Africa, with a perspective on sustainable crop intensification on the continent.     

Genotype×tillage interaction and the performance of winter bread wheat genotypes in temperate and cold dryland conditions

Growing concerns for food security and the alleviation of hunger necessitate knowledge-based crop management technologies for sustainable crop production. In this study, 13 winter bread wheat genotypes (old, relatively old, modern, and breeding lines) were evaluated under three different tillage systems, i.e., conventional tillage (CT, full tillage with residue removed), reduced tillage (RT, chisel tillage with residue retained) and no-tillage (NT, no-tillage with residue retained on the soil surface) in farmer's fields under rainfed conditions using strip-plot arrangements in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the west of Iran (Kamyaran and Hosseinabad locations) over two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020).The main objectives were to investigate the effects of tillage systems and growing conditions on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield and stability performance of rainfed winter bread wheat genotypes.Significant (P<0.01) genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and agronomic traits suggested that the genotypes responded differently to the different tillage systems. The number of grains per spike and plant height were positively (P<0.0) associated with grain yield under the NT system, so they may be considered as targeted traits for future wheat breeding. Using statistical models, the modern cultivars (“Sadra” and “Baran”) were identified as high yielding and showed yield stability across the different tillage systems. As per each tillage system, genotype “Sadra” followed by “Zargana-6//Dari 1-7 Sabalan” exhibited higher adaption to CT; while cultivars “Jam” and “Azar2” showed better performance under the RT system; and cultivars “Varan” and “Baran” tended to have better performance expression in the NT condition.The increased grain yields achieved in combination with lower costs and greater profits from conservation agriculture suggest that adapted cultivar and NT systems should be evaluated and promoted more widely to farmers in the west of Iran as an attractive package of crop management technologies.In conclusion, variations in the performance of genotypes and the significant genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and some agronomic traits assessed in this study suggest that the development and selection of cultivars adapted to the NT system should be considered and included in the strategies and objectives of winter wheat breeding programs for the temperate and cold dryland conditions of Iran.     

百喜草在水土保持坡地农业应用前景初探

百喜草是一种名的多用型水土保持植物,１９８９年引种到大陆后,经多点试种观察和示范推广,证明百喜草通适应广大亚热带地区的气候,土地条件,具有较明显的生态效益,经济和社会效益。     

河南省新乡市土壤养分施入量与作物产量变化的分析

根据1986~2002年逐年无机养分投入量与粮食产量的统计分析表明,随着农田无机养料投入的增加,粮食产量及土壤养分残存量随之提高,探明了无机氮磷钾的直接增产与互作增产的效应,明确了在高产栽培中氮磷兼施,以磷增氮的作用。根据1991~2006年106个点位土壤养分监测结果的聚类分析,将新乡市所辖9县市区的土壤划分为四大土壤养分不同类型区,提出了保持土壤肥力、实行农业可持续发展的建议,从土壤养分平衡状况对新乡市农业生产持续稳定的发展进行了讨论。     

集约农作条件下土壤有机碳动态模拟及其在黄淮海平原区的应用

 集约农田土壤有机碳动态对作物可持续生产有重要意义。本研究基于碳固持CQESTR模型，在国内短期、中长期物料填埋试验资料基础上进行修正，将CQESTR模型按照物料降解与累积积温关系划分4个阶段，确定了不同降解阶段的物料类型因子。通过对黄淮海平原集约化农区7个独立肥料长期定位点1 151组耕层土壤有机质观测值与模拟值进行验证，模型模拟95％置信区间为1.91 g·kg-1，r2＝0.91。修正的CQESTR模型可以预测不同种植和管理措施下作物残体、外源有机物料及土壤有机质的矿化，从而对集约耕作条件下土壤有机碳矿化和固持进行评价。     

山西省秸秆资源对可持续农业建设的作用

秸秆不仅是农业生产的副产品,而且是一项重要的农业可持续发展资源。秸秆覆盖是利用作物秸秆和多种植物残体,通过人工或机械操作,按不同形式覆盖地表,并综合采用少耕、免耕、选用良种、平衡施肥、防治病虫害、模式化栽培等多项配套技术,达到蓄水保墒、改土培肥、减少水土流失、增产增收的目的。山西秸秆资源量每年都在2147.22万t左右,研究合理利用方向和方式,是发展可持续农业的一大课题。     

Simulation and Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Jiangsu Province Based on Model and GIS Techniques

Based on the databases of soils, meteorology, crop production, and agricultural management, changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) of agro-ecosystems in Jiangsu Province were simulated by using a soil organic carbon model with a linkage of GIS. Four data sets of soil organic carbon measured from various field experiments in Jiangsu Province were used to validate the model. It was demonstrated that the model simulation in general agreed with the field measurements. Model simulation indicated that the SOC content in approximately 77% of the agricultural soils in Jiangsu Province has increased since the Second National Soil Survey completed in the early 1980s. Compared with the values in 1985, the SOC content in 2000 was estimated to increase by 1.0-3.0 g kg-1 for the north and the coastal areas of the province, and by 3.5-5.0 g kg-1 for the region of Tai Lake in the south. A slight decrease (about 0.5-1.5 g kg-1 ) was estimated for the central region of Jiangsu Province and the Nanjing-Zhenjiang hilly area. Model prediction for 2010 A.D. under two scena-rios, i.e., with 30 and 50% of the harvested crop straw incorporation, suggested that the SOC in Jiangsu Province would increase, and thus that the agricultural soils would have potential as organic carbon storage. The incorporation of crop straw into soils is of great benefit to increase soil carbon storage, consequently to benefit the control of the rise of atmospheric CO2 concentration and to maintain the sustainable development of agriculture.