Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin

The association between obesity and diabetes supports an endocrine role for the adipocyte in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Here we report that mice lacking the adipocyte hormone resistin exhibit low blood glucose levels after fasting, due to reduced hepatic glucose production. This is partly mediated by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and decreased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver. The data thus support a physiological function for resistin in the maintenance of blood glucose during fasting. Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity.     

Allosteric activators of glucokinase: potential role in diabetes therapy

Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in whole-body glucose homeostasis by catalyzing the phosphorylation of glucose in cells that express this enzyme, such as pancreatic beta cells and hepatocytes. We describe a class of antidiabetic agents that act as nonessential, mixed-type GK activators (GKAs) that increase the glucose affinity and maximum velocity (Vmax) of GK. GKAs augment both hepatic glucose metabolism and glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated rodent pancreatic islets, consistent with the expression and function of GK in both cell types. In several rodent models of type 2 diabetes mellitus, GKAs lowered blood glucose levels, improved the results of glucose tolerance tests, and increased hepatic glucose uptake. These findings may lead to the development of new drug therapies for diabetes.     

TRB3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/PKB activation by insulin in liver

Insulin resistance is a major hallmark in the development of type II diabetes, which is characterized by the failure of insulin to promote glucose uptake in muscle and to suppress glucose production in liver. The serine-threonine kinase Akt (PKB) is a principal target of insulin signaling that inhibits hepatic glucose output when glucose is available from food. Here we show that TRB3, a mammalian homolog of Drosophila tribbles, functions as a negative modulator of Akt. TRB3 expression is induced in liver under fasting conditions, and TRB3 disrupts insulin signaling by binding directly to Akt and blocking activation of the kinase. Amounts of TRB3 RNA and protein were increased in livers of db/db diabetic mice compared with those in wild-type mice. Hepatic overexpression of TRB3 in amounts comparable to those in db/db mice promoted hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Our results suggest that, by interfering with Akt activation, TRB3 contributes to insulin resistance in individuals with susceptibility to type II diabetes.     

定点突变FGF21提高表达量研究

FGF21是一类具有重要糖脂代谢调节功能因子,是治疗2型糖尿病候选药物。但其在大肠杆菌中表达量低且主要以包涵体形式表达,为此根据FGF21与FGF家族同源序列差异,对FGF21进行定点突变以提高其表达量。以pSUMO-FGF21表达载体为模板,在突变位点两端设计引物,采用定点突变方法,将FGF21141位甘氨酸(G)突变为苯丙氨酸(F),构建突变FGF21表达载体pSUMO-mutFGF21;在大肠杆菌中进行表达,纯化mutFGF21蛋白。利用SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定分析突变蛋白,HepG2细胞糖吸收试验检测突变蛋白活性。结果成功对pSUMO-hFGF21进行突变,突变蛋白在大肠杆菌中成功表达,经SDS-PAGE分析,主要以可溶形式表达;与野生型FGF21(hFGF21)相比,表达量提高50%。Western blot表明mutFGF21可与FGF21抗体特异性反应。糖吸收试验显示mutFGF21具有与hFGF21一样生物活性并存在剂量依赖性,相比hFGF21,mutFGF21活性略有提高,说明定点突变FGF21(141位G突变为F)可显著提高FGF21表达量。     

Diabetes, obesity, and the brain

Recent evidence suggests a key role for the brain in the control of both body fat content and glucose metabolism. Neuronal systems that regulate energy intake, energy expenditure, and endogenous glucose production sense and respond to input from hormonal and nutrient-related signals that convey information regarding both body energy stores and current energy availability. In response to this input, adaptive changes occur that promote energy homeostasis and the maintenance of blood glucose levels in the normal range. Defects in this control system are implicated in the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes.     

壳寡糖对试验性糖尿病大鼠餐后血糖及肝肌糖原含量的影响

[目的]研究不同剂量的壳寡糖对链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导的糖尿病大鼠餐后2h血糖及肝、肌糖原水平的影响。[方法]按65mg／kg体重一次性腹腔内注射（ip）STZ制备糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分成糖尿病治疗组和糖尿病对照组。治疗组分别按每日250、500、1500mg／kg灌胃壳寡糖水溶液,正常对照组、阴性对照组按体重灌胃等体积蒸馏水（10ml／k）,阳性对照组按每日200mg／k灌胃二甲双胍水溶液,连续60d,每10d测1次餐后2h血糖值。60d后对肝脏等脏器称重,计算器官系数。蒽酮试剂法测定肝、肌糖原含量。肝脏、骨骼肌PAS染色,做病理组织学检查。[结果]不同剂量的壳寡糖均能不同程度改善糖尿病大鼠的体重减轻、多饮、多食等症状,降低餐后2h血糖值。中、高剂量组的降糖效果优于低剂量组。PAS染色显示,壳寡糖各组肝索排列整齐,脂变程度低,骨骼肌和肝组织糖原比模型组明显增多。[结论]壳寡糖可以减少肝、肌糖原分解,减轻肝脏、肌肉组织的胰岛素抵抗,使血糖浓度下降。     

糖皮质激素及灌注色氨酸对肉仔鸡下丘脑代谢物变化的影响

【目的】利用皮下注射人工合成糖皮质激素的方式模拟应激,通过核磁共振(NMR)技术研究应激及色氨酸对肉仔鸡下丘脑代谢状况的影响,为探明下丘脑食欲调控机制提供依据。【方法】10日龄AA肉仔鸡32只随机分为4组,早6:00禁食3h后,以2.0mg·kg-1BW剂量皮下注射地塞米松,同时灌注色氨酸(生理盐水溶解,500mg·kg-1BW),对照组分别皮下注射、灌服生理盐水,3h后取血浆及下丘脑。下丘脑用高氯酸萃取后进行核磁共振研究。【结果】通过1HNMR谱,发现应激改变了肉鸡下丘脑乳酸,葡萄糖,ATP,肌醇,3-羟基丁酸的相对含量;未检测到色氨酸信号的改变。【结论】NMR技术能够检测到应激状态下下丘脑代谢物的改变;应激状态下,ATP、葡萄糖和其它能量底物信号的改变可能参与了下丘脑对食欲的调控作用。     

四氧嘧啶与链脲佐菌素诱导小鼠糖尿病模型的效果比较

用相同总剂量的四氧嘧啶1次给药和2次给药及较大剂量链脲佐菌素1次给药3种方法诱导小白鼠糖尿病模型,多次测定血糖,体重等糖尿病相关指标,以确定糖尿病模型建立的最佳方法。结果表明,四氧嘧啶建模率为91．94％,高于链脲佐菌素建模率(66．7％)(P<0．05);四氧嘧啶建模组的死亡率为15％及体重下降率为 18．1％,均高于链脲佐菌素建模组(死亡率3．3％,体重下降率12．0％)(P<0．05);四氧嘧啶连续2次小剂量给药的建模效果优于1次性大剂量给药。两种药物比较,虽然四氧嘧啶的建模率高于链脲佐菌素,但其对建模小鼠的损害亦明显大于链脲佐菌素,建模时连续小剂量给药,并于4．5～5 h后灌胃质量分数50％葡萄糖,可以降低死亡率, 提高建模率。     

影响产氢发酵细菌B49产氢的部分因子研究

采用间歇培养实验,研究了部分因子碳源葡萄糖、氮源、菌龄、温度及pH值对产氢发酵细菌新菌种B49(Hydrogen-producingBacterialB49,AF481148inEMBL,简写HPBB49)生物产氢的影响。试验结果表明,以葡萄糖为碳源,其浓度10g.L-1时,HPBB49的葡萄糖利用率为100%,氢气产率为1.69molH2.mol-1葡萄糖;HPBB49不能利用无机氮源,有机氮是HPBB49生长、产氢的适宜氮源;菌龄影响HPBB49的产氢;B49产氢量随细菌生长OD值的增加而增加;HPBB49生长和产氢适宜温度均为35℃;B49最适生长的pH值约为4.5,最适产氢的pH值约为4.0。     

松花苦桑粉对糖尿病小鼠降血糖的作用

[目的]研究松花苦桑粉的降血糖作用,为其作为辅助降血糖的功能食品提供科学依据。[方法]以正常小鼠、四氧嘧啶(ALX)诱导的糖尿病模型小鼠为材料,按体重随机分组,灌胃给药,测定空腹血糖,进行淀粉负荷糖耐量试验(OSTT)。[结果]松花苦桑粉以13.6、6.6、3.3 g/kg 3种剂量灌胃15 d,以13.6 g/kg剂量效果为好,具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。松花苦桑粉以13.6、6.6、3.3 g/kg 3种剂量灌胃35 d,其中13.6 g/kg剂量组ALX性糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖显著降低(P<0.05);高、中和低剂量组均明显降低ALX性糖尿病小鼠血糖水平。[结论]在空腹血糖试验,松花苦桑粉降低正常小鼠空腹血糖试验结果阳性,降低ALX性糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖试验结果阳性。在糖耐量试验,松花苦桑粉对ALX性糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量试验结果阳性。13.6、6.6和3.3 g/kg松花苦桑粉对ALX性糖尿病小鼠的糖耐量试验结果阳性。     

葡萄糖氧化酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

为探讨葡萄糖氧化酶对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响,试验采用单因子试验设计,选择26周龄海兰褐蛋鸡180只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复9只鸡。试验Ⅰ(对照)、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%的葡萄糖氧化酶。预饲期1周,试验期为6周,统计各组产蛋率、料蛋比、平均蛋重、日均采食量、软破畸形蛋率。结果表明:蛋鸡日粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶,可提高生产性能和经济效益。Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组与Ⅰ(对照组)相比,产蛋率分别提高11.01%(P>0.05),12.34%(P>0.05),16.06%(P<0.01)和13.79%(P<0.05);破(软)蛋率分别比对照组降低32.77%(P>0.05),33.45%(P>0.05),49.66%(P<0.05)和33.11%(P>0.05)。0.3%和0.4%葡萄糖氧化酶添加组,显著提高了饲料转化率(P<0.05)。葡萄糖氧化酶添加组,显著降低了死淘率,以0.3%和0.4%添加组效果最明显(P<0.01)。0.2%葡萄糖氧化酶添加组,获得最高经济效益(P<0.05)。各试验组间平均蛋重、只日耗料量和只日产蛋量差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

FGF-21促进HepG2细胞摄取葡萄糖研究

肝脏是代谢的中枢性器官,在糖脂代谢中扮演重要角色。FGF-21是近年来发现的一种治疗糖尿病新型药物,研究其对肝脏糖代谢影响及机制将为FGF-21成药性提供理论依据。以Hep G2细胞为肝细胞模型,探究FGF-21对Hep G2细胞葡萄糖吸收影响及作用机制。FGF-21处理Hep G2细胞,采用葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化物酶(GOD-POD)法检测细胞对葡萄糖摄取情况,并检查胰岛素与FGF-21协同作用,蒽酮法检测细胞内糖原含量,半定量和实时荧光定量PCR检测FGF-21对葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUTs)m RNA表达影响。结果表明,FGF-21可促进Hep G2细胞摄取葡萄糖,与胰岛素具有一定协同作用,增加糖原合成。半定量PCR结果显示在FGF-21作用下,仅GLUT1m RNA表达有所增加。实时荧光定量PCR检测FGF-21作用时间对GLUT1 m RNA表达量影响,发现FGF-21作用6 h时GLUT1 m RNA表达量倍数增加最大。说明FGF-21可通过增加GLUT1 m RNA表达促进Hep G2细胞消耗葡萄糖,参与糖原合成。     

Diabetic hyperglycemia: link to impaired glucose transport in pancreatic beta cells

Glucose uptake into pancreatic beta cells by means of the glucose transporter GLUT-2, which has a high Michaelis constant, is essential for the normal insulin secretory response to hyperglycemia. In both autoimmune and nonautoimmune diabetes, this glucose transport is reduced as a consequence of down-regulation of the normal beta-cell transporter. In autoimmune diabetes, circulating immunoglobulins can further impair this glucose transport by inhibiting functionally intact transporters. Insights into mechanisms of the unresponsiveness of beta cells to hyperglycemia may improve the management and prevention of diabetes.     

不同维持剂量聚乙二醇修饰的FGF-21在Ⅰ型糖尿病小鼠中降糖作用的研究

成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF-21)是一种具有调节血糖功能的蛋白,且FGF-21聚乙二醇化可增加其半衰期、降低其免疫原性,有望成为临床治疗糖尿病新药。为推进聚乙二醇化FGF-21(pFGF-21)临床应用,在I型糖尿病小鼠模型上探索使用剂量。研究以1 mg·kg~(-1)pFGF-21作为启动剂量治疗小鼠15 d;后降低治疗剂量,分别以0.25、0.5 mg·kg~(-1)pFGF-21作为维持剂量持续治疗30 d。试验期间检测小鼠血糖、口服葡萄糖耐受量(OGTT)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血清功能及肝脏糖代谢相关基因mRNA表达水平。结果发现,试验方法对Ⅰ型糖尿病治疗效果显著;此外,通过生化指标对比显示经pFGF-21治疗后,可显著改善肝脏功能和脂代谢紊乱(P0.01)。结果证明,1 mg·kg~(-1)pFGF-21启动后,以0.25和0.5 mg·kg~(-1)作为维持剂量,即高剂量启动,低剂量维持,治疗效果良好,对pFGF-21临床应用具有重要意义。     

仙人掌汁液对糖尿病大鼠的疗效试验

在键脲佐菌素（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｚｏｔｉｎ ＳＴＺ）诱导建立的大鼠糖尿病模型基础上,将仙人掌汁液用于治疗糖尿病鼠,结果显示：饮用仙人掌汁液的糖尿病鼠其葡萄糖耐量及血清胰岛素水平恢复正常;而不饮者水平仍异常。研究提示仙人掌汁液有治疗糖尿病,改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

Rat fighting behavior: serum dopamine- -hydroxylase and hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 4 weeks of daily periods of immobilization stress. One of two experimental groups was allowed 1 month of recovery. After 4 weeks of stress, there was a significant increase in shockinduced fighting, in the activity of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and in the activity of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase. The concentration of hypothalamic norepinephrine was not decreased. After 4 weeks of recovery, only serum dopamine-betahydroxylase activity returned to normal; it therefore appears that longterm stress may increase central catecholamine synthesis. possibly resulting in a persistent increase in aggressive behavior.     

P.syringae pv.glycinea M-18生产冠菌素补料发酵工艺优化研究#br#

【目的】提高丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种高产突变株P. syringae pv. glycinea M-18,发酵生产冠菌素的产量。【方法】研究补料分批发酵过程中初始葡萄糖浓度、葡萄糖补加浓度、补加时间、补加次数、补加三氯化铁的浓度及pH对发酵产生的影响,并在 5 L发酵罐中进行放大试验。【结果】在 5 L发酵罐中,自发酵后84 h起,保持葡萄糖浓度在 5-2 g&#8226;L-1,初始葡萄糖浓度为10 g&#8226;L-1,发酵后84 h每升发酵液补加0.005 mmol三氯化铁,发酵过程中用 40 g&#8226;L-1 的MgCO3来调控pH在 6.7 左右,与对照相比冠菌素的产量显著提高,最高达 31%。【结论】在发酵过程中将葡萄糖控制在一个较合适的范围内可以显著提高P. syringae pv. glycinea M-18发酵生产冠菌素的产量。     

NOD小鼠的遗传学特性和部分生物学特性观察

应用定期测定NOD小鼠的体重、血糖，统计繁殖特性，绘制生长曲线图，检测遗传位点，镜检病理学特征等方法，对NOD小鼠的遗传学特性和部分生物学特性进行了研究。结果显示：4－32周龄♀、♂小鼠有明显统计学差异（P＜0．01）。非糖尿病小鼠的受孕率为86．7％，而糖尿病小鼠的受孕率仅为53．3％，两组也差异显著（P＜0．05）。小鼠发病后体重随周龄的增长而急剧下降，至死亡时平均体重仅为发病前的60％。NOD（14♀）小鼠从发病到死亡的平均存活时间为22d。NOD小鼠只有在所有胰岛完全或近乎完全破坏时才发生糖尿病，若仍存有少量未萎缩的胰岛，其血糖水平维持于正常范围内。NOD小鼠在所检测的生化标志基因位点上，等位基因全部为纯合子，基因型一致，因某些位点不同程度地参与糖的代谢过程，可能导致糖尿病的发生。     

Lesions of the Pancreatic Islets Produced in Cats by Administration of Glucose

Hydropic degeneration of the islands of Langerhans and permanent severe diabetes mellitus have followed the prolonged injection of intraperitoneal glucose-saline solution in normal as well as in partially depancreatized cats. Positive results were associated with prolonged hyperglycemia. These findings add further evidence in support of the hypothesis that a sustained elevation of blood glucose may, under certain conditions, lead to the production of damage to the islands of Langerhans in this species. Besides hyperglycemia, other disturbances which might be responsible wholly or in part for the island lesions are under study.     

P. syringae pv. glycinea M-18生产冠菌素补料发酵工艺优化研究

【目的】提高丁香假单胞菌大豆致病变种高产突变株P. syringae pv. glycinea M-18,发酵生产冠菌素的产量。【方法】研究补料分批发酵过程中初始葡萄糖浓度、葡萄糖补加浓度、补加时间、补加次数、补加三氯化铁的浓度及pH对发酵产生的影响,并在5 L发酵罐中进行放大试验。【结果】在5 L发酵罐中,自发酵后84 h起,保持葡萄糖浓度在5—2 g.L-1,初始葡萄糖浓度为10 g.L-1,发酵后84 h每升发酵液补加0.005 mmol三氯化铁,发酵过程中用40 g.L-1的MgCO3来调控pH在6.7左右,与对照相比冠菌素的产量显著提高,最高达31%。【结论】在发酵过程中将葡萄糖控制在一个较合适的范围内可以显著提高P. syringae pv. glycinea M-18发酵生产冠菌素的产量。