达康灭毒灵消毒性能的试验观察

为了解达康灭毒灵的消毒效果、稳定性、腐蚀性与毒性，进行了悬液法定量杀菌(毒)试验、热稳定性试验、金属腐蚀性试验以及动物毒性试验。结果，在室温(20℃左右)下，以其含有效氯100mg／L溶液对悬液中金黄色葡萄球菌作用20min，对口蹄疫病毒(OY80MFl5鼠化毒)作用20min，杀灭率均达100％；其粉剂于54℃密封存放14d，有效氯含量下降率为2．1％；含有效氯2500mg／L的达康灭毒灵溶液对铝、碳钢、铜、不锈钢的腐蚀速率分别为1．242、1．356、0．464和0mm／a；其水溶液经口服途径对成年小鼠的LD50为2548mg／kg，经皮下途径对乳鼠的LD50为1186mg／kg，对兔皮肤刺激反应积分为0。试验表明，达康灭毒灵具有良好的杀灭微生物效果与稳定性，毒性小，浓度较大时对金属有一定的腐蚀性。     

两种消毒剂对猪瘟病毒的杀灭试验

采用培养的林氏管PK15细胞和荧光抗体染色法对灭毒净（有机酸类消毒剂）和毒菌清（过硫酸盐消毒剂）杀来猪瘟病毒的效能进行了试验，结果600倍稀释的灭毒净和400倍稀释的毒菌清分别为50倍稀释的猪瘟石门系强毒等量混合，室温作用30min可以完全将病毒杀灭。     

灭毒净对鸡新城疫病毒和传染性法氏囊病病毒的杀灭试验

采用鸡胚接种法对灭毒净杀灭鸡新城疫病毒和传染性法氏囊病病毒的效能进行了试验，结果100倍稀释的灭毒净分别与含10^3.0ELD50/0.1ml的IBDVB87毒液和含10^5.0ELD50/0.1ml的NDVI系毒液等量混合，室温作用30min可以完全将病毒杀灭。     

“二氧化氯泡腾片”对家禽主要病原微生物杀灭效果试验

为了观察“二氧化氯泡腾片”对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、禽流感H9亚型病毒及鸡新城疫病毒的杀菌及杀病毒效果,采用悬液定量杀菌试验和通过固定病毒稀释消毒液法进行实验室观察。结果：二氧化氯5mg／L作用5min即可对大肠杆菌临床分离株产生t00％的杀菌效果。二氧化氯5mg／L作用10min或二氧化氯10mg／L作用5min均能对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株产生100％的杀菌效果。2mg／L二氧化氯就能对10砸ID50新城疫病毒有100％的杀灭作用,而1mg／L不能全部杀灭新城疫病毒。禽流感病毒H9亚型对二氧化氯比新城疫病毒敏感,1mg／L二氧化氯即可对10^3EID50禽流感病毒H9有较好的杀灭作用。结论：“二氧化氯泡腾片”是一种方便、高效的消毒剂,在较低的浓度条件下,就能对家禽主要病原微生物有杀灭效果。     

微纳泡三氧(O_3)水对猪流行性腹泻病毒的杀灭作用

为了检验微纳泡三氧(O_3)水(气)农业养殖机产生的臭氧水溶液对猪流行性腹泻病毒的杀灭作用,用该机器制备不同浓度的臭氧水,与一定浓度的病毒混合后作用不同时间,测定臭氧水对病毒的杀灭作用。结果显示,不同浓度的微纳泡臭氧水溶液与猪流行性腹泻病毒混合作用5 min,当臭氧浓度为9.0、4.5 mg/m L时,可100%杀灭猪流行性腹泻病毒;当臭氧浓度为4.5 mg/m L时,作用1~5 min,猪流行性腹泻病毒均100%被杀灭。可见,采用微纳泡三氧(O_3)水(气)农业养殖机制备的臭氧水,对猪流行性腹泻病毒有较好的杀灭作用。     

拜特灭毒威对H5亚型禽流感病毒的杀灭试验

禽流感是由正粘病毒科中的H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)引起的一种烈性传染病,一旦爆发会给养禽业带来毁灭性的危害.近年来,由于国内外时有从活禽市场检出H5亚型禽流感病毒或发生禽流感等情况,故加强对禽流感的防制工作极为重要.本试验采用长沙拜特生物科技研究所生产的拜特灭毒威对H5亚型禽流感病毒进行灭毒试验.结果表明,拜特灭毒威在1∶4000至1∶15000或1∶4000至1∶20000的浓度范围内与AIV作用5min或10min,对AIV的杀灭率可达99.9%以上;稀释度在1∶8000以下作用5min或1∶10000以下作用10min,杀灭率均为100%.     

病毒灭毛剂等四种杀虫剂的室内药效比较试验

用病毒灭毛剂等四种杀虫剂进行室内灭杀草原毛虫药效试验。结果表明 ,病毒灭毛剂稀释 1 0 0倍的灭效为 1 0 0 %、5 0 0倍的灭效为 95 % ;杀灭灵稀释 1 0 0倍时灭效为 91 .5 % ,来福灵稀释 1 0 0倍的灭效为87.5 %。病毒灭毛剂灭效最好 ,敌杀死次之 ,杀灭灵和来福灵均较差。病毒灭毛剂是一种安全、经济、有效的生物药剂 ,充分利用和推广病毒灭毛剂对草地植被和环境保护具有重要意义     

“高热灵”（蓝耳康）对猪肺泡巨噬细胞保护作用研究

中药复方"高热灵"(蓝耳康,含有大量水溶性抗病毒蛋白、杀灭病毒的生物多酚、生物多酮和萜类成份,对猪蓝耳病有很好的临床效果,但对猪蓝耳病毒(PRRSV)诱导的猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)凋亡是否具有保护作用,未见文献报道.本实验用细胞培养方法,观察"高热灵"(蓝耳康)对猪蓝耳病毒诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡时的细胞存活率、凋亡率的变化,探讨了"高热灵"(蓝耳康)对猪蓝耳病毒诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞凋亡的保护作用.     

一九九八年河南县灭虫工作好于往年

根据青海省畜牧厅的安排，由黄南州草原站、河南县草专队协同承担组织的灭虫工作组，于1998年6月13日至8月8日进行了河南县草地灭虫工作，历时57天，灭治面积达20133．33hm2，使用药品700万ml，其中用草原毛虫病毒杀虫剂200万ml，杀灭灵500万ml。灭治效果，草原毛虫病毒杀虫剂达86％，杀灭灵达92％。在灭治前进行了喷雾机流量测试，并选择具有代表性的地段做了杀灭灵与5％高效氯氢菊酯小区对比试验，结果为杀灭灵用药量255ml／hm2，灭效为79，14％；300ml／hm2；灭效为91．98％；375ml／hm2，灭效为89．71％；450ml／hm2，灭效为92．46％。…     

猪场要针对病原选用杀灭力强的消毒剂

1．口蹄疫病毒：2％火碱、0．3％过氧乙酸、1％强力消毒灵、1：800卫康、1：800消毒威、1：400菌毒消等均可在极短的时间内杀灭之。2．猪瘟病毒：2％火碱、5％漂白粉、1：800消毒威、1：800卫康、1：300消杀威、1：600菌毒消等对该病毒有很强的杀灭作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein