亚麻籽双液相多级逆流萃取工艺模拟试验

为了考察双液相技术萃取亚麻籽的工业化效果,应用模拟试验探讨了多级逆流萃取工艺应用于正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相亚麻籽萃油脱氰苷生产的可行性。结果表明,在料烷比1︰5 (m/V),料醇比1︰2 (m/V),温度55℃,时间 30 min,乙醇质量分数85% (m/m),NaOH添加量为乙醇相0.05% (m/V)的条件下,实验室串级模拟四级逆流萃取达到工艺要求,亚麻粕中残油量小于1%,氰苷残余小于0.7 mg/kg,多级逆流接触法萃取流程适宜于亚麻籽双液相萃油脱氰苷生产工艺。     

芝麻叶中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

该文测定了芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量，并对芝麻叶黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。重点探讨了采用乙醇提取法和微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法提取芝麻叶黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量为0.98%；乙醇提取法的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为2.5 h，如此条件可使黄酮提取率达95.6%；微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法的最适工艺参数是微波功率200 W、微波处理时间70s，乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为30 min，这种工艺可使黄酮提取率达95.8%。     

酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖的工艺分析

提出了酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖工艺,并优化提取条件,最终获得到最佳提取工艺条件为,纤维素酶、果胶酶之比(V∶m)为1∶2、超声温度80℃、超声时间60 min、料液比1∶20、乙醇浓度80%、超声功率300 W、超声次数3次。     

柚皮中柚皮苷乙醇提取工艺研究

该文采用乙醇浸提法从柚皮中提取柚皮苷,在单因素试验的基础上用正交试验进行工艺参数的优化,其适合的工艺条件为：提取温度60℃,提取时间90 min,提取液乙醇浓度50%,液料比25∶1(v/w),在此工艺条件下进行试验,柚皮苷提取率为91.784%。     

双频超声协同强化提取黑米黑色素的试验研究

为进一步提高超声辅助提取黑米黑色素的效果,研究探讨了双频超声协同强化提取的方法。通过对pH值、提取时间、提取温度、液料比、乙醇浓度进行单因素试验,考察各因素对黑色素提取效果的影响,利用正交试验,优化其工艺条件。试验结果表明：各因素对黑米黑色素提取的影响大小依次为：pH＞乙醇浓度＞液料比＞温度＞时间。优化后的提取工艺条件为：pH值为2、超声时间为30?min、提取温度为50℃、液料比为30?mL/g、乙醇浓度为70%。在此条件下,得出平均提取率为6.85%。对比浸渍法、加热回流提取法,超声法提取黑米黑色素具有工艺简单、节省提取时间、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、减少黑色素损失的优点。     

黏质物脱除工艺优化及其提高亚麻籽提油率的效果

为了提高水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,该文探究了亚麻籽表面黏质物的存在对水酶法提取亚麻籽油提油率的影响,并对热水浸提法脱除亚麻籽黏质物的工艺进行优化。结果表明,水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率随亚麻籽表面黏质物的减少而升高,未脱黏亚麻籽的提油率为69.20%±1.51%,渣相含油量为26.00%±1.24%。经100℃浸提脱黏后,黏质物的脱除率为94.69%±1.94%,此时亚麻籽的提油率可达84.26%±0.63%,渣相含油量降低至10.45%±0.89%。对热水浸提脱除黏质物的工艺(浸提温度、浸提时间、体系p H值、料水比以及浸提次数)进行了单因素优化,发现在浸提温度85℃、p H值3、料水比1:7 g/m L、浸提2次,每次浸提60 min的条件下,黏质物的脱除效果最好,脱除率为97.88%±0.69%,脱黏后亚麻籽的提油率可达84.47%±0.53%,亚麻籽油和蛋白质的损失率分别为0.70%±0.16%和10.78%±0.41%,且浸提脱黏过程对水酶法提取亚麻籽油的品质(酸值和过氧化值)无显著影响。此外,浸提脱黏过程还可有效去除亚麻籽中的抗营养因子生氰糖苷,使生氰糖苷的含量由浸提前的(242.6±0.8)mg/kg显著降低到浸提后的(7.1±0.6)mg/kg。该研究提供了一种简单高效的热水浸提脱黏工艺,显著提高了后续水酶法提取亚麻籽油的提油率,同时也有利于亚麻籽多糖的回收和亚麻籽粕的进一步利用,为亚麻籽资源的综合利用提供有益参考。     

柞蚕(幼虫)中β-蜕皮激素提取工艺的优化

应用响应面分析法研究温度、乙醇浓度、料液比和时间对柞蚕中β-蜕皮激素提取的影响。以β-蜕皮激素的得率为衡量指标,确定提取的最佳工艺参数为：提取温度80℃、40%乙醇溶液、料液比1∶20、提取时间2.5 h。按此最佳工艺条件提取β-蜕皮激素,用HPD600型大孔树脂分离、纯化,冷冻干燥得β-蜕皮激素的提取物,经紫外分光光度法测定,β-蜕皮激素的得率为0.0842%。     

苦瓜活性成分提取工艺研究

通过单因素实验(提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度)和正交试验探索苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度70℃,提取时间3 h,料液比1∶20,乙醇浓度90%,在此条件下提取的苦瓜活性成分-皂甙粗提物含量最高。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

马兰水溶性粗多糖提取工艺的研究

该文首次报导了马兰水溶性多糖的水提醇沉工艺。采用单因子试验和L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计，研究了料水比、提取时间、提取温度和乙醇浓度对马兰水溶性多糖提取的影响。结果表明，影响多糖得率的主次因素为乙醇浓度、料水比、提取时间及提取温度；马兰水溶性多糖最佳提取工艺条件为：料水比1∶30，提取时间2 h，提取温度100℃，95%乙醇醇析。在此最佳工艺条件下，马兰水溶性多糖的得率为4.12%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.