Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene

We measured the elastic properties and intrinsic breaking strength of free-standing monolayer graphene membranes by nanoindentation in an atomic force microscope. The force-displacement behavior is interpreted within a framework of nonlinear elastic stress-strain response, and yields second- and third-order elastic stiffnesses of 340 newtons per meter (N m(-1)) and -690 Nm(-1), respectively. The breaking strength is 42 N m(-1) and represents the intrinsic strength of a defect-free sheet. These quantities correspond to a Young's modulus of E = 1.0 terapascals, third-order elastic stiffness of D = -2.0 terapascals, and intrinsic strength of sigma(int) = 130 gigapascals for bulk graphite. These experiments establish graphene as the strongest material ever measured, and show that atomically perfect nanoscale materials can be mechanically tested to deformations well beyond the linear regime.     

Bolometric infrared photoresponse of suspended single-walled carbon nanotube films

The photoresponse in the electrical conductivity of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) film is dramatically enhanced when the nanotube film is suspended in vacuum. We show here that the change in conductivity is bolometric (caused by heating of the SWNT network). Electron-phonon interactions lead to ultrafast relaxation of the photoexcited carriers, and the energy of the incident infrared (IR) radiation is efficiently transferred to the crystal lattice. It is not the presence of photoexcited holes and electrons, but a rise in temperature, that results in a change in resistance; thus, photoconductivity experiments cannot be used to support the band picture over the exciton model of excited states in carbon nanotubes. The photoresponse of suspended SWNT films is sufficiently high that they may function as the sensitive element of an IR bolometric detector.     

Dislocation-driven deformations in graphene

The movement of dislocations in a crystal is the key mechanism for plastic deformation in all materials. Studies of dislocations have focused on three-dimensional materials, and there is little experimental evidence regarding the dynamics of dislocations and their impact at the atomic level on the lattice structure of graphene. We studied the dynamics of dislocation pairs in graphene, recorded with single-atom sensitivity. We examined stepwise dislocation movement along the zig-zag lattice direction mediated either by a single bond rotation or through the loss of two carbon atoms. The strain fields were determined, showing how dislocations deform graphene by elongation and compression of C-C bonds, shear, and lattice rotations.     

Gigantic photoresponse in 1/4-filled-band organic salt (EDO-TTF)2PF6

We report that the organic salt (EDO-TTF)2PF6 with 3/4-filled-band (1/4-filled in terms of holes), which forms an organic metal with strong electron and lattice correlation, shows a highly sensitive response to photoexcitation. An ultrafast, photoinduced phase transition from the insulator phase to the metal phase can be induced with very weak excitation intensity at near room temperature. This response makes the material attractive for applications in switching devices with room-temperature operation. The observed photo-induced spectroscopic change shows that this photoinduced phase transition process is caused by the cooperative melting of charge ordering assisted by coherent phonon generation.     

减轻辣椒汁辣味方法的研究

以荆州市鲜销青辣椒为原料，研究了用乙醇溶液、NaOH溶液浸泡脱除辣椒素类物质、加活性炭吸附辣椒素类物质及加β－CD、白砂糖、香精掩盖辣味等方法减轻辣椒汁辣味的效果。结果表明：乙醇溶液浸泡、加入β－CD、白砂糖能较好地减轻辣椒汁辣味，并保留维生素C含量。最佳结果是：在100mL辣椒汁中加入1gβ-CD和6.7g白砂糖可使原汁辣味相当于25％－30％的辣椒汁。     

Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene

Two-dimensional graphene monolayers and bilayers exhibit fascinating electrical transport behaviors. Using infrared spectroscopy, we find that they also have strong interband transitions and that their optical transitions can be substantially modified through electrical gating, much like electrical transport in field-effect transistors. This gate dependence of interband transitions adds a valuable dimension for optically probing graphene band structure. For a graphene monolayer, it yields directly the linear band dispersion of Dirac fermions, whereas in a bilayer, it reveals a dominating van Hove singularity arising from interlayer coupling. The strong and layer-dependent optical transitions of graphene and the tunability by simple electrical gating hold promise for new applications in infrared optics and optoelectronics.     

Scattering and interference in epitaxial graphene

A single sheet of carbon, graphene, exhibits unexpected electronic properties that arise from quantum state symmetries, which restrict the scattering of its charge carriers. Understanding the role of defects in the transport properties of graphene is central to realizing future electronics based on carbon. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy was used to measure quasiparticle interference patterns in epitaxial graphene grown on SiC(0001). Energy-resolved maps of the local density of states reveal modulations on two different length scales, reflecting both intravalley and intervalley scattering. Although such scattering in graphene can be suppressed because of the symmetries of the Dirac quasiparticles, we show that, when its source is atomic-scale lattice defects, wave functions of different symmetries can mix.     

Phase-coherent transport in graphene quantum billiards

As an emergent electronic material and model system for condensed-matter physics, graphene and its electrical transport properties have become a subject of intense focus. By performing low-temperature transport spectroscopy on single-layer and bilayer graphene, we observe ballistic propagation and quantum interference of multiply reflected waves of charges from normal electrodes and multiple Andreev reflections from superconducting electrodes, thereby realizing quantum billiards in which scattering only occurs at the boundaries. In contrast to the conductivity of conventional two-dimensional materials, graphene's conductivity at the Dirac point is geometry-dependent because of conduction via evanescent modes, approaching the theoretical value 4e(2)/pih (where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant) only for short and wide devices. These distinctive transport properties have important implications for understanding chaotic quantum systems and implementing nanoelectronic devices, such as ballistic transistors.     

Interaction-driven spectrum reconstruction in bilayer graphene

The nematic phase transition in electronic liquids, driven by Coulomb interactions, represents a new class of strongly correlated electronic ground states. We studied suspended samples of bilayer graphene, annealed so that it achieves very high quasiparticle mobilities (greater than 10(6) square centimers per volt-second). Bilayer graphene is a truly two-dimensional material with complex chiral electronic spectra, and the high quality of our samples allowed us to observe strong spectrum reconstructions and electron topological transitions that can be attributed to a nematic phase transition and a decrease in rotational symmetry. These results are especially surprising because no interaction effects have been observed so far in bilayer graphene in the absence of an applied magnetic field.     

Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene

The quantum Hall effect (QHE), one example of a quantum phenomenon that occurs on a truly macroscopic scale, has attracted intense interest since its discovery in 1980 and has helped elucidate many important aspects of quantum physics. It has also led to the establishment of a new metrological standard, the resistance quantum. Disappointingly, however, the QHE has been observed only at liquid-helium temperatures. We show that in graphene, in a single atomic layer of carbon, the QHE can be measured reliably even at room temperature, which makes possible QHE resistance standards becoming available to a broader community, outside a few national institutions.     

Ionic basis of the photoresponse of Aplysia giant neuron: K + permeability increase

The giant neuron of the Aplysia abdominal ganglion hyperpolarizes during illumination. The light-initiated potential change is associated with an increase of membrane conductance. It reverses sign at the potassium equilibrium potential (about -83 millivolts), which was determined from direct measurements of internal potassium activity. The membrane hyperpolarization is produced entirely by a light-induced increase in potassium permeability.     

智慧农业

<正>日前,"智慧农业国际学术会议"在京举办。据悉,"智慧农业"就是充分应用现代信息技术成果,集成应用计算机与网络技术、物联网技术、音视频技术、3S技术、无线通信技术及专家智慧,实现农业可视化远程诊断、远程控制、灾变预警等智能管理。     

热词

<正>虫虫特工队草蛉、瓢虫、小花蝽、赤眼蜂……在北京市农林科学院天敌昆虫研究室的实验室内,饲养着一支庞大的"虫虫特工队"。这些"特工"们在专家的精心培育下繁衍生息,承担着消灭农作物虫害重任。作为生物防治的重要手段,天敌昆虫的研究在我国     

Wafer-scale graphene integrated circuit

A wafer-scale graphene circuit was demonstrated in which all circuit components, including graphene field-effect transistor and inductors, were monolithically integrated on a single silicon carbide wafer. The integrated circuit operates as a broadband radio-frequency mixer at frequencies up to 10 gigahertz. These graphene circuits exhibit outstanding thermal stability with little reduction in performance (less than 1 decibel) between 300 and 400 kelvin. These results open up possibilities of achieving practical graphene technology with more complex functionality and performance.     

陕西几种土壤粘粒的表面固有特征

表面络合模式中的恒定容量模式 (CCM)、三层模式 (TL M)均不同程度适应于描述土壤粘粒表面的固有特征。 TL M图解法的单外推法既可求出表面酸度常数 ,同时也可求出介质阳离子的络合常数 ;供试土壤粘粒的表面固有酸度常数 p Kinta2 在 5 .1 1～ 6 .4 4 ,且呈现土娄土 >黄绵土 >黑垆土 >黄褐土。同一土壤粘粒在不同介质中的固有酸度常数也有明显的差异 ,p Kinta2 (Ca2 + )

Kint Na+ ,Kint K+ 。