短短芽孢杆菌JK-2菌株对番茄枯萎病的抑菌作用及其小区防效

对分离自土壤的短短芽孢杆菌JK-2菌株对番茄枯萎病菌的防治效果和抑制作用进行了研究。结果表明：JK-2对番茄枯萎病菌的盆栽防效和田间防效分别为83．82％、74．70％。该菌株能抑制枯萎病菌菌丝的生长，当其无菌滤液终浓度为15％时，对菌丝生长的抑制率达到81．69％。JK-2菌株对病菌孢子萌发也有较强的抑制作用。扫描电镜观察结果：JK-2菌株可造成菌丝消解、产生泡状物、破坏生长点、引起细胞内含物外溢。     

哈茨木霉菌BM6对小麦白粉病的防治研究

研究哈茨木霉菌BM6对小麦白粉病菌的拮抗作用和对温室盆栽苗小麦白粉病的防治效果,以及对小麦叶片中活性氧、木质素和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,哈茨木霉菌BM6发酵液对小麦白粉菌孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用,抑制率为84.26%,对小麦白粉病的防效可达51.59%。在哈茨木霉菌BM6发酵液处理小麦叶片后,提高了活性氧活性、木质素和丙二醛的含量,分别在第1天、5天和第3天出现高峰值。说明哈茨木霉菌BM6发酵液诱导引起小麦叶片活性氧迸发、木质素和丙二醛含量的升高,进而增强了小麦的抗病性。     

一株放线菌次生代谢产物抗菌活性的初步研究

从秦岭山区土样中筛选得到一株放线菌,编号为NO.24,对其产生的次生代谢产物的抑菌活性进行了测定。生测结果表明,离体条件下发酵液浓度2 000 mg／L时对烟草赤星病菌、马铃薯干腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄晚疫病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、小麦根腐病菌菌丝生长或孢子萌发均有较强的抑制作用。对玉米大斑病菌和番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制中浓度为240.1 mg／L和350.5 nag／L;对玉米大斑病菌和马铃薯干腐病菌孢子萌发的抑制中浓度分别为155.0 mg／L和124.1 mg／L。盆栽试验在浓度为6 000 mg／L时对小麦白粉病的保护和治疗作用分别为76.13％和70.78%,对黄瓜霜霉病的保护和治疗作用分别为63.93％和59.66％。对NO.24菌株代谢产物进行了粗分离,其抑菌活性成分主要为水溶性物质。     

土壤拮抗放线菌的分离及其抗菌活性筛选

以常见植物病原真菌和细菌为指示菌,从分离的422株放线菌中筛选出28株可代谢抗细菌活性物质的菌株,其中N331、N393菌株发酵液对供试12种真菌有显著的抑制作用。离体条件下,N331、N393菌株发酵液对供试真菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)均小于15 mL/L;对玉米弯孢病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、小麦根腐病菌、黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子萌发的EC₅₀亦小于15 mL/L。盆栽试验结果表明,N331、N393菌株发酵原液对黄瓜霜霉病的保护效果分别为97.4%和85.6%,治疗效果分别为83.3%和59.3%。     

短小芽胞杆菌AR03对烟草炭疽病的抑制作用

为测定短小芽胞杆菌AR03菌株对烟草炭疽病菌的室内拮抗活性和盆栽防治效果,采用平板拮抗法初步筛选菌株拮抗活性,采用抑制菌丝生长法及抑制孢子萌发法筛选该菌株菌悬液的抑菌浓度,采用喷雾法进行防治效果测定。AR03菌株对烟草炭疽病菌的拮抗活性很强,能显著抑制菌丝生长、孢子萌发和病害发生,浓度为1×107 cfu/mL的AR03发酵液能有效抑制菌丝的生长和孢子萌发,AR03菌悬液(1×108 cfu/mL)对炭疽病的盆栽防治效果为83.03%,与对照药剂25%三唑酮可湿性粉剂的防治效果相当。AR03菌株是一株优良的广谱高效生防菌株。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌筛选及其抑菌活性

为获得对香蕉枯萎病菌具有稳定拮抗作用的微生物菌株,分别从海南省临高县南宝镇新营农场、皇桐村及美台镇美梅村采集感病土壤和健康土壤进行微生物分离,并以香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4)等9种病原菌为靶标菌株,采用平板对峙法和含药介质法对拮抗菌的抑菌活性进行评价,同时根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。结果表明:6个土壤样品中共分离得到具有拮抗作用的细菌93株和放线菌133株,其中T3-G-59菌株对9种病原菌具有广谱抗性,菌丝生长抑制率为43.58%~86.43%,孢子萌发抑制率为42.22%~81.11%,其中对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为86.43%和81.00%,经鉴定该菌株为多产色链霉菌Streptomyces polychromogenes,表明该多产色链霉菌T3-G-59菌株具有应用于香蕉枯萎病生物防治的潜力。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌的筛选及其作用机制研究

通过分离和筛选,从香蕉园或者其他果园的土壤中分离获得13株对香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)具有抑制作用的拮抗菌,并对部分拮抗菌抑制病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发进行了试验。结果表明,拮抗菌株d4、d5、B3和p发酵液对香蕉枯萎病菌生长具有显著的抑制作用,在平板上产生的抑菌圈直径为21.75～34.75 mm,抑菌效果具有持续稳定性,对孢子萌发的抑制率为90.49%～97.18%;拮抗菌对病菌的作用表现为对菌丝的消融、菌丝细胞的泡囊化、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发、孢子芽管的扭曲。     

番茄早疫病菌拮抗放线菌10-4的鉴定

为明确放线菌10-4菌株在植物病害生物防治中的应用潜力,采用琼脂块法、菌丝生长速率法和温室盆栽试验测定其抑菌作用,并通过多相分类法研究其分类地位。结果表明:菌株10-4对20种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,其中对小麦根腐病菌、稻瘟病菌、番茄早疫病菌、立枯丝核病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、苹果炭疽病菌和玉米大斑病菌的抑制作用较强,生长抑制率均达到90%以上;菌株10-4的代谢产物对植物病原真菌菌丝有致畸作用;其发酵原液和5倍稀释液在活体植株上对番茄早疫病具有良好的生防作用,防治效果分别为77.2%和70.9%。根据形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特性、细胞壁化学组分及16SrDNA序列分析结果,将菌株10-4初步鉴定为腐生链霉菌Strepto-myces saprophyticus。     

一株粪生毛壳菌的分离鉴定及其对辣椒枯萎病的防治效果

本文采用平板对峙法和抑菌圈法从76株粪生真菌中筛选出1株辣椒枯萎病生防菌株LJ-S2L1,并利用菌落直径法、纸片扩散法、室内毒力测定和盆栽试验评价了其防病效果。结果表明,菌株LJ-S2L1对辣椒枯萎病菌抑菌率达71.67%,可使辣椒枯萎病菌菌丝发生隘缩或断裂,抑菌圈直径达32 mm;菌株LJ-S2L1发酵液和无菌发酵滤液均对辣椒枯萎病菌菌丝生长有抑制作用,抑制率分别达61.57%和56.48%。毒力测定结果表明,菌株LJ-S2L1发酵液对辣椒枯萎病菌的抑制率在1000μL/m L时达到72.10%,抑制中浓度为300.63μL/m L;盆栽试验防治效果达到71.8%。根据形态学特征结合其分子系统发育树分析,将菌株LJ-S2L1鉴定为球毛壳菌Chaetomium globosum。     

稻瘟病拮抗菌NK413的鉴定及抑菌效果

菌株NK413是从黑龙江省农田土壤中分离得到的一株放线菌,为明确其分类地位及在植物病害生物防治中的应用潜力,采用多相分类法对其进行鉴定,并采用孢子萌发抑制法、菌丝生长速率法、杯碟法考察了NK413菌株及其代谢产物对稻瘟病菌的抑菌效果及作用方式。结果表明:菌株NK413的形态特征、生理生化特征与小白链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus)接近,细胞壁类型为Ⅰ型、磷脂脂肪酸成分符合链霉菌属特征。16S rDNA全长为1 614 bp,与小白链霉菌亲缘关系最近,因此将NK413定名为小白链霉菌(S.albulusNK413)。NK413对稻瘟病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制作用较强,原液对稻瘟病菌的抑菌圈直径达30 mm,无菌发酵滤液稀释1倍对孢子萌发的抑制率为100%,稀释5倍时对菌丝生长的抑制率为100%。抗菌谱广,具有较好的开发前景。     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

棉花黄萎病菌致病型的AFLP分析

 选用41个棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)代表菌系,在温室条件下,对4个棉花品种鄂荆1号(感)、中棉所12(耐)、文-5(抗)和唐棉2号(抗)进行致病性测定,结果可将供试菌系分为落叶型与非落叶型2类。选取8对AFLP引物PCR扩增的结果中,统计带型稳定、清晰且有多态性的条带,共169条作系统聚类分析,将上述菌系分为2大类,第一类为非落叶型菌系,包括10个非落叶型菌系和1个过渡菌系;第二类为30个落叶型菌系。根据聚类分析建立树状图,发现菌系与地理来源存在一定的相关性,而依据菌系致病力强弱分类则相关关系不大。选用25对EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ引物组合,对供试的41个V.dahliae进行AFLP扩增,筛选到2对引物E64(GACTGCGTACCAATTCGAC)、M53(GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACCG)和E49(GACTGCGTACCAATTCCAG)、M65(GAT-GAGTCCTGAGTAAGAG),能分别扩增出433bp和110bp2条仅为V.dahliae非落叶型菌系独有的特异片段,可将落叶型与非落叶型菌系分开,这2条特异片段被命名为EM₄₃₃和EM₁₁₀。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

黑麦草属DNA条形码鉴定技术研究

以毒麦、田毒麦、多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、硬直黑麦草、高羊茅与狗牙根等禾本科的7种植物为材料,拟采用 DNA 测序、特异性位点比对、种间遗传距离测定、建立系统树等分析候选 DNA 条形码 psbA-trnH 鉴别黑麦草属常见植物的能力。实验结果表明,以 psbA-trnH 为 DNA 条形码时,建立的系统发育树能较好区分毒麦和田毒麦与其他几种植物。psbA-trnH 序列可以作为黑麦草属植物的潜在条形码。     

Effects of different temperature treatments on dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum

The variability of dormancy of sclerotia of ten isolates ofSclerotium cepivorum was investigated. Of all isolates tested, the freshly harvested sclerotia were dormant. After drying for 48 hours the sclerotia of six isolates were able to germinate, two isolates stayed dormant and two isolates were infested by hyperparasitic fungi. After storage in soil at 5°C or 20°C, the sclerotia of the different isolates exhibited considerable differences in respect to germination capability, but all isolates showed highest germination after a treatment of 8 weeks at 20°C followed by 8 weeks at 5°C. The sclerotia of all isolates showed an increased capacity to germinate withoutAllium extracts at 10°C after pretreatment at 30°C for 28 days.     

Allelopathy of buckwheat: Assessment of allelopathic potential of extract of aerial parts of buckwheat and identification of fagomine and other related alkaloids as allelochemicals

The allelopathic potential of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) was investigated. Field study showed that living buckwheat reduced weed biomass compared with plots without buckwheat. Laboratory study revealed that root exudates suppressed root and shoot growth of weeds and reduced weed dry weight. Sequential partitioning of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of buckwheat showed that the chloroform extract caused an 80% reduction in radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings at a concentration of less than 100 p.p.m. Fagomine, 4-piperidone and 2-piperidinemethanol were isolated and identified by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance from the chloroform extract. These compounds caused a 50% inhibition of radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings at concentrations of less than 100 p.p.m. These results suggest that compounds 1, 2, and 3 might act as allelochemicals and affect the growth or germination of different plant species.