香蕉枯萎病检测技术和防治措施

香蕉枯萎病4号小种是部分省级补充检疫性对象。对香蕉枯萎病4号小种的检测技术及其综合防治措施进行了探讨。     

香蕉枯萎病的两种症状类型

香蕉枯萎病是蕉类毁灭性病害,60—70年代在两广局部地区已有发生,近几年在广东中山等地为害龙牙蕉(过山香)、粉蕉严重,限制了这些优良蕉种的发展。1983年以来,在对该病的田间调查中,我们发现表现叶片黄化症状的蕉株,有部分表现叶片倒垂、有部分则表现假茎基部开裂。通过病原     

防治香蕉枯萎病胶囊药剂研制与应用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense)引起的维管束系统性的毁灭性病害,给香蕉产业造成巨大损失。为有效控制该病害的发生危害,本实验室研制出一种胶囊杀菌剂绿茵2号,有效成分为噁霉灵。采用香蕉叶鞘内注入胶囊剂,2009年和2010年分别在广州市番禺区和东莞市麻涌镇进行了该药剂防治‘粉蕉’和‘巴西蕉’枯萎病的田间药效试验,防治效果分别达到58.00%和63.77%,获得利润分别为6 005.0元/667m2和1 420.0元/667m2,取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。     

香蕉枯萎病的综合防治技术

香蕉枯萎病又称香蕉巴拿马病、黄叶病 ,是香蕉毁灭性病害 ,也是广东省补充植物检疫对象。 1 998年我站抽取样本 ,经华南农业大学真菌研究室鉴定为香蕉镰刀枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp .cubenseSnyder&Hansed)。该菌因小种不同而危害不同的蕉 ,主要寄主有香蕉、粉蕉、西贡蕉、香芽蕉等。1　香蕉枯萎病的发生情况香蕉是岭南四大佳果之一 ,在水果种植业中占有举足轻重的地位。由于其投入少、产出高 ,成为深受我市果农欢迎的高效益产业之一。自 1 998年以来 ,香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病开始零星发病危害我市的香蕉 ,近两年有进一步蔓延扩展之势 ,倍…     

香蕉枯萎病的发生与防治

香蕉枯萎病又称西贡蕉枯萎病、黄萎病,是一种毁灭性的土传病害。该病最早是在1874年澳大利亚发现,在1910年造成巴拿马香蕉极大的损失,故该病又称巴拿马病。我国香蕉主产区广东、广西、福建、海南、云南和台湾均有发生。香蕉被枯萎病感染后,严重影响香蕉的产量和品质。     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌筛选及其抑菌活性

为获得对香蕉枯萎病菌具有稳定拮抗作用的微生物菌株,分别从海南省临高县南宝镇新营农场、皇桐村及美台镇美梅村采集感病土壤和健康土壤进行微生物分离,并以香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4)等9种病原菌为靶标菌株,采用平板对峙法和含药介质法对拮抗菌的抑菌活性进行评价,同时根据形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定。结果表明:6个土壤样品中共分离得到具有拮抗作用的细菌93株和放线菌133株,其中T3-G-59菌株对9种病原菌具有广谱抗性,菌丝生长抑制率为43.58%~86.43%,孢子萌发抑制率为42.22%~81.11%,其中对香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为86.43%和81.00%,经鉴定该菌株为多产色链霉菌Streptomyces polychromogenes,表明该多产色链霉菌T3-G-59菌株具有应用于香蕉枯萎病生物防治的潜力。     

钾肥与生物有机肥配施防治香蕉枯萎病效果初探

通过盆栽试验研究了生物有机肥与氯化钾和硫酸钾配施防治香蕉枯萎病的效果。试验结果表明,两种肥料配施促进了香蕉苗生长,降低了香蕉枯萎病病情指数,提高了防病效果,生物有机肥与KCl和K2SO4配施防病效果比单施生物有机肥分别高60%和90%。利用T-RFLP分析土壤细菌DNA多样性,生物有机肥与钾肥配施提高了细菌三个遗传多样性指数,增加了土壤中芽胞杆菌种类。FAME分析也发现生物有机肥以及与钾肥配施促进革兰氏阳性细菌和放线菌繁殖,抑制革兰氏阴性细菌和真菌生长。生物有机肥与钾肥配施,优势互补,改善了土壤微生物群落结构,有利于提高防病效果。     

香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病4号生理小种研究进展

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型是引起香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病的病原菌,它有4个生理小种,其中4号生理小种出现最晚,但其危害性最大。本文就近年来香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病4号生理小种的分布与危害、生物学特征、致病机理、分子生物学研究、生物学防治等方面国内外的研究进行综述,并提出展望和设想。     

A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt

The banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW) has threatened the livelihood of millions of farmers in East Africa. Use of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method of managing this bacterial disease. A reliable and rapid screening method is needed to select resistant banana varieties. An in vitro screening method was developed for early evaluation of Xanthomonas wilt resistance using small tissue culture-grown plantlets. Eight cultivars of banana were screened with sixteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum using this method. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars tested, whereas no significant difference (P = 0.92) in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. The cv. Pisang Awak (Kayinja) was found to be highly susceptible and Musa balbisiana resistant. Nakitembe was found to be moderately resistant while cvs Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Sukali Ndiizi, FHIA-17 and FHIA-25 were susceptible. The susceptibility of these cultivars was further tested in vivo by artificial inoculation of potted plants with similar results. This study shows that an in vitro screening test can serve as a convenient, cheap and rapid screening technique to discriminate BXW-resistant from BXW-susceptible banana cultivars.     

青枯病的化学与生物防治研究进展

本文阐述了近年来在植物细菌性青枯病化学和生物防治研究方面所取得的进展。首先介绍了普通化学药剂和抗生素及植物生长调节剂等防治青枯病的新近应用，作用效果和防治特点；然后回顾了应用无致病力青枯菌菌株，拮抗细菌，菌根和基因工程技术进行生物防治的研究情况；最后对化学和生物防治的有关问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

A molecular diagnostic for tropical race 4 of the banana fusarium wilt pathogen

This study analysed genomic variation of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF‐1α) and the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal operon of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) isolates, from different banana production areas, representing strains within the known races, comprising 20 vegetative compatibility groups (VCG). Based on two single nucleotide polymorphisms present in the IGS region, a PCR‐based diagnostic tool was developed to specifically detect isolates from VCG 01213, also called tropical race 4 (TR4), which is currently a major concern in global banana production. Validation involved TR4 isolates, as well as Foc isolates from 19 other VCGs, other fungal plant pathogens and DNA samples from infected tissues of the Cavendish banana cultivar Grand Naine (AAA). Subsequently, a multiplex PCR was developed for fungal or plant samples that also discriminated Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana genotypes. It was concluded that this diagnostic procedure is currently the best option for the rapid and reliable detection and monitoring of TR4 to support eradication and quarantine strategies.     

钾肥防治玉米青枯病应用技术初步研究

通过试验比较不同钾肥施用量和使用方法对玉米青枯病的防治效果和增产效果,初步明确应用氯化钾17.5～20kg/667m2做基肥,对病害的控制作用和增产效果均比较理想。     

Suppression of Fusarium wilt of spinach with compost amendments

The effect of different organic composts on the suppression of wilt disease of spinach caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae was evaluated in a continuous cropping system in both containers and in microplot field trials. Test soils infested with the pathogen were amended with wheatbran, wheatbran and sawdust, coffee grounds, chicken manure, or mixture of different composts with and without 5% (w/w) crab shell powder either once (5%, w/w) or continuously (2.5%) into the test soils infested with the pathogen. In the container trials, the soil amended with composts became suppressive to disease development on the second and third cropping. The suppressive effect was notable in the soil amended with the mixture of compost with and without crab shell powder. The coffee compost lowered soil pH but became suppressive to the disease after modifying the soil pH. In the field trial using the mixture of the different composts containing 5% crab shell powder, a combination of 5% before the first cropping and 2.5% every second cropping gave stable disease control and promoted plant growth. After compost amendment, populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes as measured by dilution plate counting and the total microbial activity as evaluated by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis increased and population of the pathogen gradually decreased. These phenomena were especially notable in soils amended with the mixture of different composts. These results indicate that diversity in the organic materials promotes higher microbial activity and population in the soil thereby enhancing disease suppressiveness.     

Fusarium wilt on sweet basil: Cause and sources in southeastern Spain

This study concerned a new disease detected in 1997 in southeastern Spain — Fusarium wilt in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.basilici. Its importance was evaluated at two locations in the Almería area, where 14% of the plants presented symptoms of the disease after 4 months of cropping. The search for sources of the disease inoculum was centered on the health of the seeds and the polypropylene trays that were reused for plant production. Analysis of four lots of seeds from Germany and Italy showed that two of them harboredF. oxysporum f.sp.basilici. This finding was confirmed by the analysis of seeds collected from diseased plants. Furthermore, analysis of three reused trays revealed the presence of the pathogen on them and it was concluded that the trays acted as the source of dispersion of the mycosis. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2004.     

Two in vitro assays to evaluate resistance in Linum usitatissimum to Fusarium wilt disease

Two types of in vitro seedling tests were developed to evaluate resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini. In the first test a solid medium was used. The second test was based on a liquid medium. Disease severity was assessed after three weeks, using the observed reduction of plant length as a scale. Both methods proved to be useful for screening for resistance, for evaluating race specificity of resistance and for studying symptomatology. The solid medium method proved to be the more accurate for the screening, but the liquid medium method was much less time- and labour-consuming. The results of the tests were significantly correlated with observations under field conditions.     

Extracts of killedPenicillium chrysogenum Induce resistance against Fusarium wilt of melon

Dry fungal biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum (dry mycelium), a waste product of the pharmaceutical industry, was extracted with water and applied to the roots of melon plants before or after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (Font). Seedlings (4–6 days after emergence) treated with either acidic dry mycelium extract (DME) or neutralized dry mycelium extract (NDME) were protected against challenge infection withFom. A single drench with 2–5% DME applied 12–72 h before inoculation provided significant control of the disease compared with water-drenched, challenged seedlings. No protection was seen in plants treated 0–6 h before inoculation or 0–48 h after inoculation. Neither DME nor NDME (0.5–5%) had any effect on fungal growthin vitro, which implied that disease controlin vivo was mediated by induced resistance. The resistance induced by DME protected melon plants not only against race 1,2, but also against the three other races of the pathogen, indicating a race-non-specific resistance againstFom. Both DME and NDME significantly increased peroxidase activity and free L-proline content in seedlings 12 h and 48 h after soil drench, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly associated with elevated levels of peroxidase activity but not with free L-proline content. Thus, peroxidase might be involved in the defense mechanisms activated by DME or NDME. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2001.     

香蕉假茎细胞对枯萎病菌不同小种及其粗毒素的病理反应

 以香蕉枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense)1号小种和4号小种及其粗毒素分别接种香牙蕉和粉蕉的组培苗及离体假茎后,用组织切片法观察香蕉假茎细胞的病理反应,以探明香蕉枯萎病菌不同小种及其粗毒素的致病作用。结果表明,枯萎病菌不同小种人工接种仅能感染相应的香蕉种类,但不同香蕉种类的离体假茎细胞用不同小种接种及其粗毒素处理,均产生褐变等病理反应,且病变程度不存在小种间的差异。表明枯萎病菌不同小种对香蕉不同种类的致病力差异可能与存在其它致病因子或专化性识别的因子有关。同时证实了病菌不同小种的毒素对蕉类不存在着选择毒性