人类活动对河岸带植被氮磷生态化学计量特征的影响——以汾河临汾段为例

[目的]探究自然河岸带和强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷生态化学计量的变化规律,为该区域的河岸带修复和环境保护提供科学依据.[方法]利用相关分析和偏冗余分析等方法,以汾河临汾段典型河岸带为例,探讨自然河岸带及强人工干扰河岸带土壤—植被系统氮、磷含量的时空分布特性及其影响因素.[结果]河岸带植被总氮(TN),总磷(T...     

植被生态建设与生态用水——以西北地区为例

我国西北大部分地区处于干旱、半干旱及干旱亚湿润气候带,由于这一地区降水量较少,植被分布既有地带性特点同时也具有非地带性特征。拿黄土高原来说,就有草原带、森林草原带和森林带等不同地带性水热特征。西北地区植被建设中究竟适生的植被类型应当是什么?在这一地区植被恢复中究竟应当注意什么问题?只有本着实事求是的科学态度,针对具体的立地条件和防护目标,采取合理的乔、灌、草配置,才能收到事半功倍的效果。西北地区水资源状况及其与造林种草的关系是这一地区植被建设首先应当考虑的问题。     

基于GIS的干热河谷植被恢复分区研究——以攀枝花城市视野区为例

以攀枝花视野区为例,研究了基于GIS的干热河谷区植被恢复适宜性评价及分区方法.在干热河谷植被恢复适宜性评价及分区中,主要考虑对植被类型及植物生长影响较大的海拔高度、坡向、坡度、岩土类型、土层厚度等因素,并采用专家评分法给各影响因子权重和适宜性评价赋值.经过GIS的数据处理、空间分析、模型建立及运算,得到植被恢复适应性评价图,再经过分类、合并,将攀枝花市视野区划分为适宜区、较适宜区、较不适宜区、不适宜区、极不适宜区,得到植被恢复分区图.     

水土保持植被恢复与建设工程美景度评价初探 ——以长沟泵站工程管理区为例

采用SBE法对南水北调中线长沟泵站管理区不同功能区景观类型进行美景度评价,并选择植被覆盖度、植物种配置、微地形塑造和硬质化比率4类指标为评价因素,建立多元回归模型,进一步讨论评价指标对水土保持植被恢复与建设工程美景度的影响程度.结果表明:①长沟泵站管理区景观设计中除建筑景观类型外,其余景观类型在景观设计上均存在局部缺陷...     

河岸植被缓冲带完整性及恢复措施——以北京市密云水库上游潮白河流域为例

通过对潮白河流域22个断面的调查分析,根据潮白河河道断面形态、河岸土地利用类型及岸坡坡度等条件,将潮白河河道断面划分为:U形+缓坡、U形+陡坡、U形+陡坎、V形+陡坡和漫滩型,并对潮白河河岸植被缓冲带完整性进行了评价。结果显示,潮河河段内植被缓冲带完整性较差,以次不完整状况为主;白河河段内河岸植被缓冲带状况相对较好,大部分调查断面内植被缓冲带为基本完整及完整状态。针对潮白河河岸植被缓冲带存在的问题,提出了潮白河流域不同河岸带断面类型植被缓冲带的恢复对策。     

城市透水面集水效益评价研究——以大连市为例

透水面是城市雨水利用的重要手段.以大连典型市区--西岗区和中山区为研究区域,根据2005年航摄采集的基础数据统计了当年各类透水面的面积,进而根据当年的降雨量、地表径流的截留系数和地下水的下渗补给系数计算得出研究区域透水面的集雨量,然后根据相应的经济、生态效益指标计算了透水面的集水效益.研究结果表明:(1)透水面的总面积为3 663.30 hm2,占研究区域总面积的51.5%;林地、草地和透水路面的面积比为6.5:1.3:1.0.(2)研究区域林地、草地、透水路面对降雨径流的截流量为1.69×107 m3,其中补充到地下水层的雨水量为5.0×106 m3;合计产生经济效益1.4×104元,生态效益5.52×107元.同时,由于大连市透水面的发展控制了城市水土流失,营造了良好的人居环境,促进了该市的和谐发展,因而产生了显著的社会效益.     

城市绿地系统在城市生态建设中的作用——以西安市为例

通过对城市绿地系统关系与城市生态建设的论述,以西安市为例,指出了绿地系统的生态作用和西安市绿地系统现状对城市生态建设的不利之处,并提出了对西安市绿地系统建设的一些措施。     

建设陕西生态省的城市协同发展研究——以西安市为例

在陕西省建设生态省过程中，制约西安城市发展的城市环境与其发展目标出现“非协同”。从自然与人文环境两方面解构制约西安城市发展因素，认为自然因素是制约其发展的基础影响因素，人文因素是加剧制约其发展的影响因素，并将基础影响层次和加剧影响层次归结为完整序列。提出了从理念、文化、政策、操作、综合层面纵向突破西安城市非协同发展的五维对策。最后总结了突破环境制约的城市协同发展模式，以期为西部地区城市发展提供借鉴。     

城市近郊区土地利用生态风险评价——以西安市长安区为例

分析了西安市长安区土地利用/覆盖时空格局变化,从土地利用视角,基于综合生态风险指标模型和土地生态风险指数模型,采用RS、GIS技术及空间自相关统计方法,对西安市近郊区长安区土地利用生态风险进行评价。研究结果表明长安区土地利用生态风险呈上升的趋势,综合生态风险指数从1985年的0.1952增加到2013年的0.248,土地生态风险指数在空间上呈现不均衡,高值区聚集于研究区北部的韦曲、郭杜及相邻乡镇,形成区域生态高风险区,低值区聚集于南部的东大镇、滦镇、五台乡和杨庄乡等乡镇,空间分布呈现明显的正自相关,1985年、2000年和2013年的全局自相关指数分别为0.4792、0.5007和0.5121。     

基于Mapinfo的城市生态环境质量与影响评价研究--以朝阳市为例

选取相应的城市生态环境指标体系．根据实际监测数据和经验公式判定各因子的作用分值，采用AHP赋以权重，模糊综合比较法计算出生态环境综合分值．GIS作为数据处理的空间分析工具，进行城市生态环境质量影响评价。并以朝阳市为例做具体研究．结果表明此种方法的评价结果能为环境改造和城市合理规划提供科学依据，而且GIS的应用．使得城市生态环境质量评价结果具有直观、形象、动态的特点。     

我国平原林业净化空气与固碳释氧价值核算

运用机会成本法、影子价格法对2001和2005年我国平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧价值进行核算。结果表明:1)2001和2005年我国平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧的总价值分别为14 609.23亿和18 739.27亿元。2005年,东北区、华北区、华东区、中南区、西南区和西北区平原林业的净化空气价值分别为2 574.96亿、2 975.93亿、5 285.94亿、3 172.19亿、316.43亿和1 238.33亿元,固碳释氧价值分别为906.30亿、426.35亿、838.49亿、665.25亿、52.04亿和287.06亿元;2)平原林业净化空气和固碳释氧总价值排序为华东区>中南区>东北区>华北区>西北区>西南区。平原林业在净化空气和固碳释氧方面的生态服务功能价值相当可观,应该大力推进平原地区林业生态工程的建设步伐和管理水平,对改善我国平原地区空气质量,增加林业碳汇功能具有重要意义。     

池塘三维植被网生态坡水质净化调控系统

为研究养殖池塘三维植被网护坡技术及其水质净化调控效果,试验用三维植被网、布水管和水生植物等构建池塘生态坡净化调控系统。研究发现,池塘三维植被网生态坡净化调控系统具有潜流湿地和表流湿地双重特点,空隙率为4%～9%,构建坡度应低于1:2.5,水流速度应高于0.13m/s。在池塘水体日循环量10%情况下,三维植被网生态坡可使池塘水体中氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮、总氮和总磷的浓度下降46%、65%、49.2%、64.4%和39%,使养殖水体中叶绿素a浓度下降8.8%;生态坡对水体中总氮、总磷、COD的净化效率分别为0.27、0.015和0.94g/h.m2。与对照池相比,试验期间,三维植被网生态护坡池塘水体中的绿藻种类比对照池塘增加了10.7%,蓝藻种类减少了2.5%,藻类ShannonWiener多样性指数(H’)增加了38%。同时,试验池塘水体中的藻类密度下降了23%,其中蓝藻密度下降48.4%,隐藻、裸藻密度分别增加了24%和34%,藻类优势种群结构组成更有利于养殖需要。研究表明池塘三维植被网生态坡系统具有保护池埂和净化调控水质效果,是一种"经济、生态、减排"的护坡技术。     

城市降水贮留入渗措施探讨

城市水土流失的特点之一是大量地下水被超量开采,而降水绝大部分被直接排出城区,造成潜水位下降,从而引起矿物质流失,土体收缩,导致地面下陷、开裂,建筑物倾斜、倒塌等危害。防治的主要措施是采取降水贮留入渗措施,如建贮留入渗林草地,高埂贮渗梯田、渗透性铺盖、入渗池、入渗塘、人渗槽、入渗井等入渗工程,在城郊建贮留入渗型小流域,并将贮留入渗纳入城市建设规划。     

中国北方土石山区植被恢复及其生态效应研究进展

植树造林是建设美丽中国、推进生态文明建设、改善民生福祉的具体行动,是实现绿水青山就是金山银山的具体措施。北方土石山区植被稀少、土壤贫瘠、气候干旱、灾害频发,加之人类不合理的生产活动,使得区域内植被破坏严重,导致一系列生态与环境问题,形成大片岩石裸露地,水土流失严重,植被恢复是此区域生态恢复的关键。本文就目前北方土石山区植被恢复的研究现状及当前研究存在的问题进行了总结与评述,包括植被恢复中植被配置模式及造林技术的选择、影响植被恢复的环境因子、植被恢复的生态效应。讨论了不同树种配置及造林技术对造林成活率的影响,指出树种多样化、合理调控树种水分利用是土石山区植被恢复成功与否的关键。通过对土壤肥力、水分、地形及地带性差异对植被恢复的影响,以及植被恢复的水文、水土保持、土壤环境和生物多样性效应的讨论,发现土石山区植被恢复过程中,植被与环境之间相互影响、相互促进,加快了区域生态系统结构与功能的恢复与提升。同时发现土石山区内植被变化的地形效应研究相对缺乏,土壤养分对植被恢复的影响机制也还未明确。最后针对土石山区植被恢复过程中存在的树种选择不合理、研究时间尺度较短及数据资料有限、植被恢复经济效益研究不足等问题,提出筛选优良乡土树种搭配种植、建立植被演替长期定位监测网络、进行植被恢复综合效益监测与评价、明确植被对极端气候的响应机制,是下一步土石山区植被恢复工作中应重视和解决的重要问题。     

A tool for rapid assessment of erosion risk to support decision-making and policy development at the Ngenge watershed in Uganda

This study tests a rapid, user-friendly method for assessing changes in erosion risk, which yields information to aid policy development and decision-making for sustainable natural resources management. There is currently a lack of timely, up-to-date and current information to support policy development on sustainable natural resources management in Uganda. The study was carried out in the Ngenge watershed, a typical catchment in the Ugandan Highlands, characterised by deforestation in favour of subsistence agriculture without adequate soil and water conservation measures. The watershed is experiencing soil erosion, sedimentation and flooding problems which are threatening agricultural productivity and food security. Sustainable management of environmental resources is needed to ensure a livelihood for the rural population which is dependent on the land. Historical erosion risk was evaluated in three steps using multi-temporal satellite data. First, current erosion risk was assessed by combining slope and vegetation cover during periods of high intensity rainfall. The data used for the assessment was obtained from public (free) satellite images. Erosion risk was then linked to land use and finally to the change in vegetation cover over the years 1980-2000. The analysis of erosion risk using rainfall, slope and NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetative Index) as a proxy for vegetation cover gives an indication of the current erosion risk in the area. The results of historical vegetation cover change analysis indicate an overall increase in areas under erosion risk in the study area from 1980 to 2000. This method of erosion risk mapping provides a quick and straightforward means for identifying priority areas for interventions for soil and water resource management. Considering that resources are limited, the interventions to be appropriate have to be focused mainly on areas affected by degradation.     

树脂法精制沙棘籽原花色素的研究

为纯化沙棘原花色素,本文对16种不同类型树脂进行沙棘原花色素静态吸附试验、动态吸附和解吸性能的比较,筛选出对沙棘原花色素有较好分离纯化效果的4种树脂,比较不同洗脱级分中原花色素的含量,最后筛选出D3520大孔树脂为符合提纯要求的最适合的树脂;采用该树脂,用30%乙醇洗脱,原花色素产品纯度达96.5%,得率为30.4%。     

The response of plant and insect assemblages to the loss of Calluna vulgaris from upland vegetation

Across large areas of upland Britain Molinia caerulea and Nardus stricta are replacing Calluna vulgaris as the dominant plant species of the vegetation assemblage. Associated changes in the composition of the whole plant assemblage and a phytophagous insect group, the Hemiptera, were investigated. Vegetation and hemipteran assemblages were sampled at six moorland sites in northern England and Scotland. Sampling at each site was carried out in Calluna vulgaris-dominated areas and grass-dominated areas that had previously been dominated by C. vulgaris. Vegetation assemblages of heath and grass sites differed significantly even when species by which sites were selected for sampling (C. vulgaris, M. caerulea and N. stricta) were removed from the analysis with the highest species richness in dry grassland sites. Hemipteran assemblages differed significantly between heath and grass sites with greater species richness also being in grass sites. Plant species composition was the most important explanatory variable of hemipteran assemblages with temperature, latitude, soil loss on ignition and vegetation height also explaining a significant proportion of the variation. Overall a range of vegetation composition and structural variables explained 40.8% of variation in the Hemiptera species data with ranges of soil and biogeographic variables explaining an additional 8.7%.This research demonstrates that the replacement of one dominant plant species by another is associated with a change in other aspects of moorland biodiversity. In particular the loss of C. vulgaris actually leads to an increase in the species richness of Hemiptera and plants although the number of specialist species declines.     

LFA方法在晋西黄土区植被景观功能评价中的应用

 采用LFA(Landscape Function Analysis)方法,通过调查7种地类35组样本,评价植被类型、人类活动对林地景观功能和土壤性能的影响,并验证LFA方法在黄土区的适用性。结果表明:不同植被类型对林地土壤结构稳定性、渗透性能、养分循环性能的影响显著,其中,天然次生林改良土壤结构稳定性、渗透性和养分循环性能的作用最好,其次是刺槐人工林、油松人工林,荒草坡最差;人类活动对人工林地景观功能和林地土壤结构稳定性有显著影响;LFA方法能够较好地评价植被类型对林地土壤性能的影响,以及人类活动对人工林地景观功能和林地土壤结构稳定性的影响,在黄土残塬沟壑区有较好的适用性。     

The challenge of soil loss control and vegetation restoration in the karst area of southwestern China

Soil loss, both from surface soil loss and subsurface soil leakage, in the karst regions of southwestern China is a serious environmental problem that threatens sustainability in that region. The surface soil loss has been extensively studied, and many studies have been conducted to investigate the causes, impacts and mechanisms involved, but the study of subsurface soil leakage has received little attention due to the difficulties in studying the natural conditions. There is no consensus on the overall proportions between surface soil loss and subsurface soil leakage. To control soil loss, improve ecological restoration, and help locals out of poverty, the Chinese government carried out a series of ecological restoration projects in the karst regions of southwestern China starting in the 1980s. As a result, the intensity and areal extent of soil loss continues to decrease and the ecological situation is steadily improving. However, because of the fragile ecosystem in the karst regions, the soil loss control is a long-term task, and the soil loss in some karst regions continues to be a problem. Subsequently, we put forward some suggestions for the policy makers relative to conservation of soil loss and vegetation restoration. These suggestions include: (1) government, private organizations and individuals are encouraged to raise funds for soil loss control and vegetation restoration; (2) nature reserves should be established to increase biodiversity; (3) engineering projects such as small reservoirs, ponds, and flow diversion channels should be constructed in marginal karst regions.     

黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带植被景观连接度及其网络构建

植被作为河岸缓冲带生态系统服务形成与维持的基础,在维持生物多样性方面,能为多种物种提供栖息地和迁移廊道。因此,本文以黄河中下游典型河岸缓冲带植被为对象,采用遥感解译、景观连接度指标、斑块重要性评价和廊道网络分析相结合的方法,分析2003年、2009年和2015年研究区的植被景观连接度和斑块重要值变化,并构建河岸缓冲带植被廊道网络,以期为黄河中下游河岸缓冲带生物多样性保护提供支持。结果表明,研究区植被斑块的连接度在2003—2015年呈增加趋势,且随距离阈值的增大而增大;不同距离阈值下,斑块重要值随斑块面积增大而增大,且随距离阈值增大的而增大;小型斑块(0~5 hm~2)重要值呈增加趋势,中型斑块(5~10 hm~2)重要值呈先增加后降低趋势,而大型斑块(10 hm~2)重要值呈降低趋势。植被廊道网络分析表明,基于重要生态节点同时考虑沟渠和道路廊道可作为研究区植被廊道网络构建的重要参考。