鸡与鹌鹑生殖道对异种精子运行和存活时间的影响

鸡和鹌鹑同属于鸟纲,鸡形目,雉科,但分别属于鸡属和鹌鹑属,它们形态上有很大差异,且鹌鹑精液在体外的存活时间很短,大约12±4min。本试验通过观察,鸡(♂)×鹌鹑(♀)正交和鹌鹑(♂)×鸡(♀)反交人工授精试验,对输入精液后每隔1、4、7、9h解剖观察其生殖道结构、电导及其内分泌的酸碱度。结果表明,鸡和鹌鹑生殖道分泌物pH、电导、长度都有很大差异。通过显微镜观察,鸡(♂)×鹌鹑(♀)正交及鹌鹑(♂)×鸡(♀)反交后,其精子在体内的存活时间长于1h,鹌鹑精液大大长于在体外的存活时间,精子能在1h后到达漏斗部。     

黄羽鹌鹑与其自别雌雄配套系杂种生产性能比较

通过测定纯系黄羽鹌鹑及其 3种自别雌雄配套系黄羽 (♂ )×栗羽 (♀ ) ,黄羽 (♂ )×白羽 (♀ ) ,白羽 (♂ )×黄羽(♀ )杂种的种蛋孵化成绩、生长发育状况和产蛋性能 ,表明纯系黄羽鹌鹑与其 3种杂交组合的杂种之间受精蛋的孵化率、健雏率、生长发育状况和产蛋性能差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。纯系黄羽鹌鹑及其杂种的产蛋高峰期为 16～ 2 4周龄 ,产蛋率在 90 %以上 ;10～ 36周龄的产蛋率在 80 %以上。     

中国部分地方鸡肌肉肌苷酸含量研究

本文采用高效液相技术测定了肖山鸡、白耳鸡、狼山鸡、泰和鸡、北京油鸡 5个地方鸡种及白耳鸡 (♂ )×肖山鸡 (♀ )和肖山鸡 (♂ )×白耳鸡 (♀ )两种杂交鸡的胸肌中肌苷酸含量。结果表明 :(1)肌肉中肌苷酸含量由高到低依次为泰和鸡、白耳鸡、北京油鸡、肖山鸡 (♂ )×白耳鸡 (♀ )、白耳鸡 (♂ )×肖山鸡 (♀ )、肖山鸡、狼山鸡。其中泰和鸡肌肉中肌苷酸含量显著高于肖山鸡、狼山鸡、白耳鸡 (♂ )×肖山鸡 (♀ )、肖山鸡 (♂ )×白耳鸡 (♀ ) (P <0 0 5) ,而与白耳鸡、北京油鸡无显著差异 (P >0 0 5) ;白耳鸡、北京油鸡肌肉中肌苷酸含量显著高于狼山鸡 (P <0 0 5)。 (2 )肌肉中肌苷酸含量公鸡低于母鸡 (P <0 0 5)。 (3)肌肉中肌苷酸含量与体重呈显著性负相关 (- 0 1538～ -0 5547) ,总相关系数为 - 0 3986 (P <0 0 1)。     

鹌鹑采精方法与精液品质的研究

由于鹌鹑的精液量很少并且精子在体外存活的时间很短 ,仅有 (13± 4 )ｍｉｎ。鹌鹑采精方法的研究较少 ,笔者根据鹌鹑的生理特性摸索了一种鹌鹑按压式采精的方法 ,取得了较好的效果。同时由于未见有鹌鹑专用稀释液的资料 ,因此鉴于鸡与鹌鹑同属于鸟纲的不同属 ,既鸡属和鹌鹑属 ,而鸡的精液稀释液研究日趋完善 ,所以本试验根据鹌鹑精液生理生化指标 ,经查阅大量文献选用著名的鸡精液稀释液 ,ＢＰＳＥ液、Ｌａｋｅ液、ＢＶＰＥ液、5 .7%Ｇ液、5 .7%的葡萄糖液及 0 .9%氯化钠溶液 ,以期获得延长鹌鹑精液存活时间的缓冲稀释液。为此 ,于 2 0 0 2…     

在4℃降温平衡过程中0.2g/L咖啡因与精子共孵育时间对猪颗粒冻精质量的影响

实验旨在探讨在猪精液于4℃平衡2 h过程中0.2 g/L咖啡因与精液共孵育2 h、1 h和0.5 h,对颗粒冻精解冻后精子活率、活力、质膜完整性和顶体完整性以及解冻后精子体外存活时间等指标的影响,以期进一步提高猪颗粒冻精质量。实验结果表明,在精液冷冻之前,咖啡因不同平衡时间组的精子活率和活力都呈现出升高趋势,但与对照组差异不显著;咖啡因与精液共孵育2 h、1 h和0.5 h组的精子顶体完整率和质膜完整率显著低于对照组,前3组之间差异均不显著。而颗粒冻精解冻后,咖啡因与精液共孵育2 h、1 h和0.5 h组精子活率和活力均显著高于对照组,其中共孵育1 h组显著高于其他3组(P0.05),共孵育2 h组和0.5 h组间差异不显著(P0.05);共孵育2 h组精子顶体完整率和质膜完整率显著低于对照组和共孵育0.5 h、1 h组(P0.05),但后3组之间差异不显著;共孵育2 h组精子存活时间显著低于对照组、共孵育1 h和0.5 h组(P0.05),其中共孵育1 h组精子存活时间最长,达7 d以上。总之,在精液4℃降温平衡过程中咖啡因与精液共孵育1 h对冷冻后精子质量最有利,解冻后精子活率和活力显著高于其他各组,且解冻后精子体外存活时间最长。     

肉兔血浆酶活性比较及其与生产性能关系的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ,♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) 10 0日龄血浆碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)活性 ,及其与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重和料重比的相关性进行了研究。结果表明 :齐卡兔 (G系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )血浆AKP活性显著高于新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )(P <0 .0 5 )。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性之间没有显著差异。加利福尼亚兔血浆GPT活性显著高于齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) ,其它 6个品种 (或组合 )兔之间差异不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆AKP活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重均呈正相关 ,总相关系数均达极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1) ,与料重比呈负相关 ,相关不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重、料重比相关趋势不一致 ,总相关系数不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GPT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重基本上呈负相关 ,?     

波尔山羊冷冻精液稀释液及稀释倍数研究

通过研究波尔山羊冷冻精液稀释液和稀释倍数,以筛选最佳稀释液配方、确定适宜的稀释倍数、提高波尔山羊精液冷冻效果。结果表明,4号稀释液解冻后精子活率高于1号、2号、3号稀释液解冻后精子的活率,差异极显著( P<0 .0 1 ) ;4号稀释液解冻后精子存活时间为61 .2 6h,长于1号、2号稀释液精子存活时间( P<0 .0 1 ) ,短于3号稀释液精子存活时间,但差异不显著( P>0 .0 5 ) ,说明4号稀释液冷冻效果最好。精液稀释3倍、4倍、5倍解冻后精子活率分别为0 .5 0 2、0 .5 0 1、0 .495 ( P>0 .0 5 ) ,均高于稀释6倍、7倍、8倍的精子活率( P<0 .0 1 ) ,表明波尔山羊冷冻精液稀释倍数以3～5倍为宜。     

不同精液稀释液对海扬黄鸡配套系亲本精液品质的影响

为探究鸡适宜的精液稀释液配方以及稀释液最佳保存时间,本实验采集50只海扬黄鸡精液,测定比较3种不同的精液稀释液(基础稀释液、BPSE稀释液、自配稀释液)稀释后体外不同存放时间(0.5、1.5 h)以及对自配稀释液在100℃灭菌和加双抗条件下不同存放天数(3、6 d)稀释后的精液品质。结果表明:存放0.5 h后,自配稀释液稀释后的精子活力较BPSE稀释液提高了2.29%(P<0.05),自配稀释液稀释后的精子活率较基础稀释液、BPSE稀释液分别提高0.65%(P<0.05)、0.66%(P<0.05);存放1.5 h后自配稀释液稀释精子活力较基础稀释液提高了4.61%(P<0.05),精子活率较基础稀释液和BPSE稀释液分别提高0.98%(P<0.05)、1.12%(P<0.05);BPSE稀释液稀释后的精子畸形率在存放0.5 h和1.5 h后均为最高;3种稀释液稀释后的精液在体外存放0.5和1.5 h之后,精液死精率均无显著差异,但在1.5 h时自配稀释液死精率最低;100℃煮沸和加双抗的稀释液在4℃冰箱中存放3 d和6 d后稀释的各精液品质指标间均无显著差异。综合上述,自配稀释液稀释后精液品质优于基础稀释液、BPSE稀释液,可作为海扬黄鸡的精液稀释液;煮沸或加入双抗的自配稀释液保存6 d之内对所测精液品质指标没有影响。     

稀释液中添加不同抗氧化剂对鸡精液保存的影响

本次试验采用维生素C、维生素C钠、褪黑素、N-乙酰半胱氨酸四种抗氧化剂对鸡精液稀释液进行保存,维生素C、维生素C钠、褪黑素、N-乙酰半胱氨酸共24组按1∶3比例稀释新鲜鸡精液并低温(2～5℃)保存。每天早中晚3次观测精子活率,分析精子存活时间和生存指数。结果表明:稀释液中添加了维生素C和维生素C钠的试验组与未添加抗氧化剂的对照组的精子存活时间、精子生存指数等没有明显差异;添加褪黑素0.003 mmol/L对精子保存时间有延长作用,浓度升高对鸡精液保存有一定抑制作用;添加0.25 mmol/L、0.5 mmol/L的N-乙酰半胱氨酸可以明显提高精子生存指数及延长精子的存活时间,同时浓度超过1 mmol/L则不利于精子生存指数和存活时间的提高。     

栗、白、黄3种鹌鹑羽色的基因和表型关系及应用的研究

朝鲜龙城系蛋用鹌鹑已分化出 3种毛色 :即龙城栗羽 ,北京白羽和黄羽。试验证明 ,3种羽色白均为伴性遗传并且存在如下关系 :白♂×栗♀→F1 栗♂白♀ ;黄♂×栗♀→F1 栗♂黄♀ ,后代均自别雌雄 ,而黄♂ (♀ )×白♀ (♂ )正反交 ,后代均能自别雌雄 ,黄♂×白♀→F1为栗♂黄♀ ;白♂×黄♀→F1 为栗♂白♀ ,试验进一步表明 :栗 (Y)和黄 (y) 在Z染色体上是一对等位基因 ,栗相对于黄为显性 :白羽是由位于Z染色体上的隐性白化基因b对Y或y上位作用所致。栗和黄两种鹌鹑的Z染色体上均有b的不白化等位基因B ,B相对于b为显性     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in