垂直一维非饱和土壤水分运动代数模型在土石混合介质中的适用性研究

利用一维垂直入渗试验研究垂直一维非饱和土壤水分运动代数模型在土石混合介质中适用性。采用碎石粒径2~5mm和4组不同碎石含量下的土石混合介质,根据实测的土壤水分入渗特征量,推求出模型参数,再依据模型参数模拟水分入渗过程。对模拟入渗过程与实际入渗过程进行对比分析,两者之间的相对误差在6%以内,精度较高。说明垂直一维非饱和土壤水分运动代数模型在土石混合介质中具有一定的适用性。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域坡面土壤水分分布特征

为探明黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域坡面土壤水分分布状况,选取延安市一典型小流域黄土坡面设置定位观测试验,采用Trime-PICO TDR进行土壤水分观测,并分析坡面土壤水分的时空变化特征。结果表明:坡面土壤水分含量随着坡位的下降,呈逐渐增大趋势,且在湿润期增加明显,下坡位土壤水分含量比上坡位大5.33%;在季节上的差异表现为在干旱期土壤表层水分差异较大,湿润期整个土壤剖面上土壤水分含量差异均较大;在植物主要生长期(5-10月),坡面土壤水分含量呈现出增加-减少-增加-减少的循环波动趋势,且其波动程度随着坡位的下降而增大;随着土壤深度的增加,土壤水分含量的变异性减小,其中0~20 cm土层含水量的变异性最大,可达到38.1%,140~160 cm土层含水量的变异性最小,为2.9%。     

花岗片麻岩山区土壤水分特征研究

以河北平山县岗南镇低山丘陵区为研究对象,分析不同土层、坡位及坡向的土壤水分特征。结果表明:土壤水分渗透速率随着时间的延长逐渐降低,最后达到稳渗。土壤质地大部分为多砾质,土壤总孔隙度在37.53%~48.12%之间,阳坡绝大部分是毛管孔隙。不同坡位>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,坡下明显高于坡上,不同坡向>0.25 mm的团聚体呈现:半阴坡>阴坡>阳坡,且随土层加深含量增加。土壤容重,阴坡>阳坡>半阴坡。土壤蓄水能力,阴坡优于阳坡;20~40 cm的中层土壤蓄水能力优于其它土层。     

鄂尔多斯红色砒砂岩干湿循环作用下力学性能试验研究

为了分析鄂尔多斯市准格尔旗不同粒径砒砂岩的力学性能,进行不同干湿循环次数试验,得到了砒砂岩收缩变形和强度特性的变化规律.结果表明:<2.00 mm(原状砒砂岩)试样在3次干湿循环后收缩变化最大;0.50~1.00 mm试样一直缓慢收缩沉积;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样在第3次循环后土体的密实度达到最强.在此基础上,利用直剪仪测定其抗剪强度.在相同的垂直荷载下,发现<2.00 mm试样随着循环次数的增大,1~3次循环的过程中抗剪强度增加最大,之后小幅度增加;0.50~1.00 mm试样随循环次数的增加呈现出缓慢增长的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样随着循环次数的增加而先略有降低,之后稍有增加并逐渐保持稳定.砒砂岩内摩擦角变化,<2.00 mm和0.50~1.00 mm粒径随干湿循环次数增加而递增;而0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm粒径内摩擦角几乎不变化.黏聚力变化,<2.00 mm 和0.50~1.00 mm试样呈现出先增大逐渐平缓的趋势;0.25~0.50 mm和<0.25 mm试样呈现先减小随后小幅度增大的趋势.     

小型红壤坡面土壤含水率时空特性研究

为了探索小型红壤坡面土壤含水率的时空分布规律,在桂林市雁山镇平均坡度14°、坡长12 m、宽度5 m的红壤坡面布设14个观测点,分别对0~60 cm土深的6个土层进行了为期1 a的土壤含水率观测,并用统计学方法及时间稳定性概念进行了分析。结果表明,随着土壤深度的增加,各土层平均土壤含水率总体逐步上升,各土层含水率变异系数的均值总体逐步减小,各土层的含水率更加均匀;随着平均含水率的增加,各土层含水率的波动幅度先增大后减小;不同坡位的土壤含水率在干湿2季表现出不同的特点,湿季0~10 cm土层的含水率为下坡位中坡位上坡位,其余土层均表现为上坡位中坡位下坡位,干季0~10 cm土层含水率沿坡位的变化特点与湿季相同,而其余土层未表现出相同的规律。在时间特性上,红壤坡面土壤含水率与降雨量及降雨频次的关系密切,气温和空气湿度也是影响含水率的重要因素;随着土层的加深,土壤含水率的时间稳定性增强;除0~10、40~50 cm土层外,全序列所得时稳最强点对土壤平均含水率的代表性优于其他序列,干季序列所得各点的时间稳定性指数与全序列更为接近,同时干季序列所得时稳最强点对土壤平均含水率的代表性也明显优于湿季序列;植被根系对含水率的时间稳定性有一定影响,40~50 cm土层植被根系最多,使得全序列所得时稳最强点对所在土层平均含水率的代表性较差。     

枣树间接地下滴灌根区土壤盐分运移规律研究

通过小区试验研究了间接地下滴灌条件下密植枣树根区不同方向(水平及垂直方向)、不同土层盐分质量比的变化特征,及导水装置直径(50、75、90 mm)和灌水量(9、13、17 L/(棵·次))对枣树根区土壤盐分运移的影响。结果表明:经过一段时间后,垂直方向10~40 cm土层盐分质量比较低,0~10 cm土层盐分质量比最高;水平方向10~50 cm各土层盐分质量比随与出水口水平距离的增加而增大。在单次灌水后导水装置直径一定时各土层脱盐率随灌水量的增加而增大。当灌水量一定时,10~40 cm土层脱盐率随导水装置直径的增加呈减小的趋势,0~10 cm、40~50 cm脱盐率随导水装置直径增大呈低-高-低的趋势。在7—9月份,当导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13、17 L/(棵·次)时,0~50 cm土层土壤平均盐分质量比均较低而且变化幅度较小。综合考虑节水、抑盐效果,确定导水装置直径为75 mm,灌水量为13 L/(棵·次)为适宜的间接地下滴灌灌溉模式。     

冻融干湿循环条件下粒径及盐分对土壤粗颗粒风化速率的影响

【目的】探究冻融干湿循环条件下,土壤粒径及盐分对土壤粗颗粒风化速率的影响。【方法】以土壤粗颗粒（灰绿板岩）为研究对象,设置粒径（10、20、30mm）、盐分浓度（3、6、10g/L及蒸馏水作对照）两因素,开展冻融干湿循环随机试验,分析不同循环次数下土壤粗颗粒风化速率的变化规律。【结果】(1)在水盐溶液处理下土壤粗颗粒风化速率均比单纯水处理大,10g/L盐分处理下的土壤粗颗粒风化速率大于其他处理。在20～60次冻融干湿循环之间,10 mm土壤粗颗粒的风化速率随盐分浓度的增加而增大。(2)土壤粗颗粒风化速率随粒径的增大呈减小趋势,且10 mm的土壤粗颗粒风化速率大约是30 mm的2倍。(3)土壤粗颗粒风化速率随冻融干湿循环次数的增大而增大,A1B4(10 mm 10 g/L)组合下的土壤粗颗粒风化速率最大。【结论】在冻融干湿循环影响下,小粒径的土壤粗颗粒风化速率大于大粒径,且水盐作用对土壤粗颗粒风化速率的影响大于单纯水作用。     

土石混合介质水分运动规律研究

通过一维垂直积水入渗试验,研究碎石含量与碎石粒径对土壤累积入渗量与湿润峰的影响,结果表明碎石的存在明显的促进水分的运动,在碎石含量为30%时,累积入渗量与湿润峰均达到最大,碎石粒径在5~10 mm时,累积入渗量与湿润峰均达到最大,碎石含量对水分运动的影响程度要大于碎石粒径的影响程度;累积入渗量随入渗历时的变化过程与湿润峰随入渗历时的推进过程均可以利用Philip入渗模型进行描述。     

不同种植年限对压砂地土壤盐分及西瓜产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了宁夏环香山地区不同种植年限对压砂地土壤盐分以及西瓜产量的影响,以期为压砂地持续利用及西瓜生产力预估提供参考.结果表明:随着种植年限增加,压砂地0~80 cm土层内土壤盐分总值不断降低;在种植6,10,15 a后,盐碱性压砂地0~80 cm土层内盐分含量较3 a的分别降低了70.3%,21.4%和56.4%,非盐碱性压砂地0~80 cm土层内盐分分别降低了50.6%,62.4%和34.8%;随着土层深度增加,盐碱性与非盐碱性压砂地的土壤盐分含量均呈增大趋势;非盐碱性压砂地在0~80 cm土层内,pH值呈先减小后增大趋势;西瓜产量与盐分含量关系密切,盐碱性压砂地的西瓜产量随着盐分降低不断增大,西瓜产量随土壤盐分降低先增大后减小.     

长期免耕对不同土层土壤结构与有机碳分布的影响

为探明长期翻耕与免耕条件下不同土层深度土壤结构稳定性及其有机碳分布特征,在长期定位试验中分层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm)采集免耕和常规耕作处理下混合土样和原状土样进行土壤结构与有机碳的测定,结果表明:(1)随着土层的加深,0.5~2.0 mm和大于2.0 mm粒级团聚体含量表现为逐渐降低的趋势,而其他粒级团聚体含量呈增加趋势。免耕更利于提高大粒级团聚体(0.5 mm)的含量,且土壤结构的稳定性显著提高,其作用深度在50 cm以上。(2)随着土层的加深,土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均表现为先增加后降低再趋于稳定的趋势。免耕处理在0~80 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳均高于常规耕作处理。(3)随着土层的加深,不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量呈降低趋势,大粒级团聚体中含有较高的有机碳。免耕更利于0~40 cm土层不同粒级团聚体总有机碳含量的提高。随着土壤团聚体粒级的降低,土壤活性有机碳含量呈降低趋势。与常规耕作相比,除0.053~0.250 mm粒级团聚体外,免耕提高了0~20 cm土层各粒级团聚体中活性有机碳含量。(4)随着土层的加深,各粒级团聚体中有机碳对土壤总有机碳的贡献率表现为先降低后增加再降低的趋势。不同粒级团聚体中,大于2.0 mm和小于0.053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率在0~100 cm土层均低于其他粒级团聚体。在0~20 cm、30~40 cm和90~100 cm土层,免耕处理各粒级团聚体有机碳累积贡献率均高于常规耕作。     

砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面土壤可蚀性影响试验研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,选取2种坡度(15°,30°),2种降雨强度(92,119 mm/h)和6种砾石覆盖度(0,10%,20%,40%,60%,80%),探究砾石覆盖对海涂围垦区粉砂土坡面侵蚀及土壤可蚀性的影响.结果表明:随累积降雨量增加,土壤可蚀性参数先增大后减小,并趋于稳定.坡度对土壤可蚀性影响显著,坡度越陡,坡面土壤可蚀性越大.砾石覆盖度与土壤可蚀性参数并非呈单调关系.坡度较陡且低覆盖度时,砾石覆盖增加坡面侵蚀;而当高覆盖度时,砾石覆盖可降低坡面径流速率,增加入渗率,减小土壤侵蚀率.适当盖度砾石覆盖能够改变边坡表面粗糙程度,降低坡面土壤可蚀性.砾石覆盖坡面径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数呈显著线性负相关关系.通过径流雷诺数与土壤可蚀性参数线性关系定量分析能够较好反映坡面高钠盐土颗粒输移水动力学过程,对于构建盐碱土边坡泥沙输移预测模型具有重要意义.     

A method to predict changes in hydraulic conductivity caused by drainage plows and backfilling of trenches

A method was developed to predict the reduction in hydraulic conductivity around drainpipes due to the laying technique.For the trenchless technique the flow of soil around the body that is forced through the soil is assumed to be a sequence of steady state situations for which the stream lines are the sliding lines defined by Prandtl (1921). From the stream lines and an assumed displacement of the soil mass, a relation is derived between the deformation of the soil, the friction angle and the distance to the plow body.The relation between hydraulic conductivity and deformation was derived from cores placed in a triaxial apparatus. When the friction angle is known, the reduction in hydraulic conductivity can be determined.For the trenching technique, the change in dry bulk density due to settling of the backfill is derived from the relation between the change in density of loosened soils and the original density of the soil before loosening. Using a relation between density and hydraulic conductivity, the reduction in conductivity is obtained.The predicted hydraulic conductivity in the deformed zone caused by a drainage plow and that in backfilled trenches in a silt loam soil and a silty clay loam soil was compared with the hydraulic conductivity derived from measured drain discharges, heights of water table and known original hydraulic conductivities of the undisturbed soil.     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

Hydraulic properties and water balance of a clay soil cropped with cotton

A field study was carried out in the Cukurova Region, Southern Turkey to investigate the magnitude of the components of water balance, and the water uptake by cotton roots in relation to hydraulic properties of a clay soil. A plot cropped with cotton and with bare soil only were equipped with tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and access tubes for neutron probe to monitor soil water potential and water content.The hydraulic conductivity values, evaporation and drainage rates, and water withdrawal of roots were determined from field data with numerical calculations based on water flow equations.Results showed that the evaporation from bare soil was generally high during the three month period May to July varying between 4.5 and 1.0 mm/day. However, when soil water potential at 10 cm depth had decreased to -0.065 and -0.070 MPa in the drying phase, the evaporation from the soil decreased to 0.4 mm/day. The drainage rates were influenced by rainfall.The highest values of capillary flux toward the surface layer, and drainage rate from the cropped soil, were 2.0 and 1.8 mm/day respectively. Rates of water uptake by roots from the soil profile, not including the 0–10 cm layer, were high when compared with drainage and upward fluxes, changing between 7.7 and 1.4 mm/day during the experimental period. A good agreement between root length densities and water uptake was found; up to 80% of all roots were in the top 50 cm of the soil and 78% of the total water uptake was extracted from the same layer. Evapotranspiration was found to decline as a cubic function of the available water content of the top 120 cm of the soil profile.     

施加生物质炭对盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响

以江苏省沿海围垦区盐渍土为研究对象,基于Micro-CT图像扫描技术,分析施加生物质炭后改良盐渍土土壤孔隙度、土壤水分特征曲线以及非饱和导水率等土壤特性的变化,并建立分形模型预测土壤水力性质,以此揭示施用生物质炭对于海涂围垦区盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响。试验设置0、2%、5%(与表层0～20 cm土壤质量比) 3个生物质炭添加水平,重复3次。结果表明:施加5%生物质炭显著降低盐渍土土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度;大于0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数显著增加,增加土壤孔隙分形维数;提高土壤饱和含水率和饱和导水率;结合Micro-CT图像扫描技术和孔隙分形理论预测改良盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率,预测效果精度高,能够用于实际问题的研究。     

Numerical simulations of steady-state subsurface drainage with vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity

Most subsurface drainage equations assume either homogeneous, two-layer or three-layer soil conditions. Finite difference simulations were performed to quantify the effect of gradually decreasing hydraulic conductivity on watertable depths for steady-state subsurface drainage. For vertically decreasing hydraulic conductivity, and for cases where drain spacing was based on effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 2.0 m layer, mid-spacing watertable depth ranged from 0.282 to 0.900 m. The average value was 0.718 m, which is considerably shallower than the 0.9 m design value used for determining drain spacing. These higher watertables may have detrimental effects on crop yield, especially in arid areas where soil salinity is a problem. The importance of the difference between actual and design watertable depths was mostly related to the type of hydraulic conductivity decrease function, drain depth, and drainage rate. These differences are explained by the position of the drain within the soil profile and the effect of the spacing on the equivalent depth of flow. Using effective hydraulic conductivity of the 0.5 to 3.0 m layer for determining drain spacing reduced the error. For an effective hydraulic conductivity value of 0.3 m/d, the average watertable depth increased from 0.748 m for the 2.0 m auger hole to 0.829 m for the 3.0 m hole. The results presented can be used to estimate the error on watertable depth resulting from ignoring the vertical variations of hydraulic conductivity.     

Determination of the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth in drained lands and the design of drainage installations

For lands drained by ditches dug to a horizontal impermeable floor, the variation of the soil's hydraulic conductivity with depth may be obtained from the relationship between water-table height and drain-outflow rate. Some relationships obtained on an experimental plot on a clay soil, drained by tile drains with gravel backfill, and on another in the same field which was mole-drained, were analysed to give the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth by assuming that their performances approximated to that of ditches. For the tile-drained plot, the hydraulic conductivity value increased by three orders of magnitude near the bottom of the plough layer; this was reduced in a subsequent year when the field was uncultivated under grass with consequent higher water tables. The mole-drained soil was more permeable than the tile-drained soil at a lower depth, and its hydraulic conductivity at this lower depth did not change in the subsequent year when the field was uncultivated. An assumed uniform hydraulic conductivity value, calculated using drainage theory and matching at one water-table height, gave relationships between water-table height and drain outflow which did not agree with observations.A general hydraulic approach to drainage design is suggested whereby the drainage from an investigational area may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and to design the correct drainage scheme for a predicted stress period of rainfall. Even if the drainage rate from an area is not measured, the water-table recession alone in an area drained by ditches may give sufficient information to design a drainage system on a rational physical basis.     

地下水浅埋下层状土壤波涌畦灌间歇入渗模型研究

为进一步揭示地下水浅埋下的层状土波涌畦灌间歇入渗机制,通过试验资料分析与理论研究,建立了波涌灌间歇入渗条件下的层状土Brook-Corey和Green-Ampt（BC-GA）改进入渗模型,推导出层状土间歇入渗湿润锋面水吸力与湿润锋运移深度的函数关系,确定了含砂层内部土壤饱和导水率、进气吸力是层状土间歇入渗运移距离变化的主要影响参数。周期数增大,上层土壤饱和导水率减小,饱和含水率减小,进气吸力增大,夹砂层内部仅进气吸力随周期数增加而增大。根据BC-GA模型计算不同埋深的含砂层土壤间歇入渗特性及湿润锋运移特性,对比分析指出,周期数增加,相同含砂层埋深下的累积入渗量减小,湿润锋运移距离增大;含砂层埋深增加,相同供水周期的累积入渗量增大,湿润锋增大;供水周期达到最大时,含砂层埋深对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离影响减小。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水库调蓄能力分析

重建黄土高原土壤水库的调蓄功能是进行黄土高原生态环境治理的根本,而土壤水库的基本调蓄能力是对黄土高原土壤水库的定量描述.在对坡面果园土壤含水量定位观测的基础上,以含水量长期稳定土层为调节深度,得出阳坡土壤水库调节深度为300 cm,阴坡为450 cm,半阳坡和半阴坡介于二者之间;阳坡、阴坡、半阳坡和半阴坡坡面果园的调蓄能力分别为597.50、896.22、697.06和796.64 mm;土壤水库的调蓄量受调蓄能力及降水量的影响,丰水年主要受土壤水库调蓄能力影响,不同坡向间呈现出较大的差异性,以阴坡最大,阳坡最小,在年际之间也呈现出同样规律;枯水年土壤水库的调蓄能力主要受控于雨季降水量,坡向间差异不明显,其土壤水库蓄水有效性也表现为同样规律.