花生田内蜗牛空间格局及其抽样技术初步研究

本文通过聚集度指标测定,Iwao’s M*,x线性回归和Taylor’s幂的法则分析,结果表明:花生田内蜗牛(Bradybaena Similaris Ferussac)的空间格局里聚集型,其基本成分是个体群,且聚集度随种群密度增减而升降。经方差分析和u测验,表明双对角线五点式、平行跳跃式、棋盘式和“Z”字式等取样方法均适用于花生田内蜗牛的调查,且以棋盘式为最佳.用棋盘式取样法调查的样本数可以少至30穴。     

东北春大豆田间黄蓟马空间分布型及抽样技术

为明确大豆田黄蓟马的空间分布型及理论抽样数,以指导田间取样。采用6种聚集度指标、Iwao回归分析法和Taylor幂法则分析了黄蓟马成虫、若虫和整个种群（成虫和若虫）在大豆田间的空间分布型,并且进行空间分布型适合度卡方检验,确定所属空间分布型,对聚集因素作出分析,根据Iwao的理论抽样数模型确定最适理论抽样数。结果表明,黄蓟马成虫、若虫和整个种群在大豆不同生育期的空间分布型均为聚集分布,Iwao回归分析法显示黄蓟马个体间相互吸引,分布的基本成份是个体群聚集分布。Taylor幂法则分析表明,黄蓟马成虫、若虫和整个种群聚集度依赖密度,且随着平均密度的升高聚集程度越强。卡方检验的结果也为聚集分布。黄蓟马的种群集数λ均大于2,说明黄蓟马种群的聚集原因可能由其生活习性或其本身的聚集行为及环境因素共同作用所致。黄蓟马成虫的理论抽样方程 ,若虫的理论抽样方程 ,黄蓟马整个种群的理论抽样 。本文结果为黄蓟马田间取样提供理论依据。     

茶跗线螨空间分布型及理论抽样技术研究

在田间调查的基础上,运用聚集度指标法、Iwao回归分析法及Talor幂指数法对茶跗线螨在茶园中的空间分布型、理论抽样数技术进行研究,同时根据1wao的理论抽样数模型确定了茶跗线螨的最适理论抽样数。结果表明：茶跗线螨在茶园中的空间分布为聚集分布,基本成分为个体群,个体间相互吸引,个体群在茶园中呈聚集分布。同时其聚集程度随种群密度的增加而增强。根据各项聚集度指标得出茶跗线螨田间调查的理论抽样数公式为：N=t2/D2（12.557/m＋0.340）.本研究结果为茶园茶跗线螨预测预报及防治提供了科学依据。     

茶细蛾幼虫空间分布型研究

茶细蛾幼虫主要分布在芽下一、二叶上(占76.06%～93.46%).本文应用多种聚集度指标测定结果表明,该虫幼虫在一切密度下都呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份为个体群,且聚集程度随种群密度升高而增加.聚集原因由成虫选择嫩叶产卵、幼虫的习性和茶园环境中任一因子引起的.应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了茶细蛾幼虫的田间理论抽样数公式:N=1/D2(1.7958/m+0.3107),给出了不同密度下、不同误差要求的最适抽样数.     

花生花蓟马空间分布型及抽样技术

花蓟马成虫在5块被调查花生田中的分布都是遵循负二项分布的聚集分布,其中Iwao的m*-m回归模型为m*=-0.3859+1.4568m,Taylor幂模型为lg(s2)=0.004220+1.6033lg(m)。对各聚集度指标的分析结果显示:花生花蓟马成虫彼此之间互相排斥,分布的基本成分是个体群,个体群为聚集分布,且在任何密度下都是聚集的,聚集强度随着密度的升高而增强。花生花蓟马成虫呈聚集分布是由于该虫本身的习性和环境因素共同造成的结果。花蓟马虫口密度调查的最适理论抽样数公式为n=t2/D2(0.6141/m+0.4568)。     

甘蓝夜蛾卵的空间分布型与抽样技术研究初报

本文报导了对甘蓝夜蛾卵的空间分布型与抽样技术的研究结果。用扩散系数(C)、扩散指标(I_δ)、Taylor的幂法则(S~2=a(?)~b)及M与(?)的回归关系对调查数据分析表明:甘蓝夜蛾卵在田间随密度的升高,其聚集度增强;利用M—(?)回归式得出的α、β值,按Iwao提出的理论抽样数计算公式得出了甘蓝夜蛾不同虫口密度下的抽样数;得出“Z”字型随机取样方法较为准确.     

茶幼蛾幼虫空间分布型研究

茶细蛾幼虫主要分布在芽下一、二叶上（占76.06%-93.46%)。本文应用多种聚集度指标测定结果表明，该虫幼虫在一切密度下都呈聚集分布，分布的基本成份为个体群，且聚集程度随种群密度升高而增加。聚集原因由成虫选择嫩叶产卵、幼虫的习性和茶园环境中任一因子引起的。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了茶细蛾幼虫的田间理论抽样数公式：N＝1／D^2（1.7958/m 0.3107)，给出了不同密度下、不同误差要求的最适抽样数。     

油菜潜叶蝇幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术的研究

本文应用频次分布X~2检验法、Taylor幂指数法、Iwao回归法以及七种聚集度指标等分析了油菜潜叶蝇幼虫的空间分布型。结果表明:油菜潜叶蝇幼虫的田间分布为聚集分布,分布的基本成分是以个体群形式存在;聚集的原因主要是自身行为的结果;采用Iwao理论抽样数模式,得到了该虫的理论抽样数模式和序贯抽样模式。     

油菜菌核病田间分布型的初步研究

通过对甘蓝型和自菜型油菜田间调查,测定了油菜菌核病株的田间分布型,结果均符合Neyman分布和负二项分布(个别田块同时符合Posson分布)。从聚集度部分指标测定说明,油菜菌核病株在田间呈聚集分布,不同油菜类型、不同发病程度之间没有明显差异,其聚集程度随着病情的发展加重而增大。计算理论抽样数结果表明,在每样方(10株)病株平均数(X)为1左右,允许误差(D)在0.2时,理论抽样数为340株左右。     

海南香蕉根颈象甲卵的空间分布型及理论抽样数确定

香蕉根颈象甲[Cosmopolites sordidus(Gemar)1已在海南香蕉园发生,对香蕉生产造成危害.为了研究香蕉象甲的分布和发生规律、指导田间取样,应用几种聚集度指标的计算公式以及Taylor幂法则、Iwao的m*-m回归分析法,分析和测定了香蕉根颈象甲卵的空间分布格局和田间理论抽样数.结果表明:海南香蕉根颈象甲卵在一定密度下呈聚集分布,空间分布符合负二项分布;聚集度指标,I>0,m*/m>1,C>1,Cα>0;Tavlor幂模型表明香蕉根茎象甲卵在一定密度下的分布为聚集的,而且聚集强度随种群密度的上升而升高:Iwao的m*-m回归模型分析表明,m*和m呈显著相关,香蕉根茎象甲个体间相互吸引,最适抽样数n与卵密度m及相对误差D的关系为:n=1/D2(1.3717/m+0.046 3).     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).