村庄 我热泪长流的地方

谷子熟了，黄了，田野被一次次收拾干净，眼下又葱茏满目了。那条小河，干了，落了底，可是春雷一惊，又涨满水了，许多老人，渐渐不出村口了，但那岗子那坡依然种下了麦子、大豆或棉花芝麻，年年开花，年年结籽，扛着锄头的姿势没有改变过，惟犁手换了一茬又一茬，可是这里的一切似没法改变，种子一回回播进土里，镰刀又一季季出示锋芒。石榴树上的花点种无数的火，它燃烧着人们的激情和梦幻。到了秋天，那压枝的石榴就咧开嘴笑了，那金黄的草垛就在新楼的屋檐下堆起童话的尖屋顶了，那里能听出牛的呼息和田鼠咀嚼的声音，鸭子和鸡将蛋产在…     

在厅直属单位组织人事工作座谈会上的讲话

为期一天的斤直属单位组织人事工作座谈会，现在就要结束了。会上，斤直属单位就近年来的组织人事工作作了汇报，智华同志对人事教育处两年来的工作进行了总结回顾，分析了存在的问题，提出了今后工作的建议和打算，我完全同意。这次会议时间虽短，内容丰富，总结了工作，交流了经验，提出了建议，畅谈了设想，达到了预期的目的。下面，我讲三个问题：     

聆听蝉鸣

阳光洒下，树影斑驳，浓密的枝叶间，蝉安安稳稳地栖息着，开始了生命的歌唱。蝉在歌唱什么呢？寂静的夏日午后，暑热蒸腾，一切都安静了。时光悠长的影子缓缓游移，人们都睡了，鸟也歇了，风也远了。只有蝉，还在鸣唱。你听，“知了一一知了”，无数蝉声汇集，大合唱一般。夏天，便有了声响。     

雪峰泪水何日止？！

雪峰山在流泪莽莽雪峰山，横亘在湘西的版图上。最高峰帽子山海拔1484．２米，平均海拔1150米；南北长40公里，东西宽8公里，堪称世界名山。区域内木本植物90余科700多种，其中省级以上重点保护的珍稀树种50多种，森林覆盖率94．１%。同时，野生动物资源丰富。本来，山青水秀，生态环境十分优美。但是，自从1992年成千上万的采金人进山开采黄金以后，植被、水源、耕地、生态逐渐遭到了破坏。当地农民、政府和有关部门强烈反映：“山上光了，水井干了，稻田荒了，溪水黄了，鱼虾死了，水利设施坏了，电不能发了，疾病多了，妇女不生崽了，山…     

播绿点翠 绿化中原——年飞播造林回顾

昔日童山濯濯，今日郁郁葱葱．不少岩石裸露的地方，如今被绿荫覆盖，光山秃岭上肆虐的洪水也被茂密的松林客留。山上有了林，山区也有了水：有了林，招来了鸟，引来了兽，百草复生，鸟语花香，这就是飞播区的自然面貌。通过飞播造林，绿化荒山，不仅有效地改变了大自然的生态环境，而且使群众看到了兴林致富的希望。     

浅析侵蚀沟的预防和治理

由于对地表植被的破坏，形成大范围的裸地，使坡度大的地表形成纵横交错的大小侵蚀沟，严重地破坏了地质地貌，使大片的土地不能使用机械化耕作，制约了耕作效率，延长了耕作时间，耽误了农时。其次冲刷下了大量泥沙，掩埋了下游大量农田，淤积河床，河水泛滥成灾，给人们的生命财产造成很大的损失。因此，     

用改革精神创出一流的业绩

2002年初，长沙县林业局调整领导班子后，在局长周海林的带动下，与时俱进，开拓创新，打造出一支一流的队伍，创造了一流的业绩，开创了长沙县林业工作新局面。抓队伍建设，提高整体素质去年年初，县林业局本着积极、稳妥、精干、高效的原则，进行了机构改革。通过深入的调查和广泛的征求意见，对内设机构、二级机构和派出机构的干部职工进行了全面的调整和交流，从而调出了团结，调出了干劲，调出了新面貌。同时，局党组充分认识到提高干部职工的文化素质的重要性和紧迫性，在全系统努力营造良好的学习氛围，调动干部职工的学习积极性。为…     

加大分流创收力度 强化部门自身建设──石门县林业系统1997年分流创收见成效

石门县林业局积极响应县委、县政府的召号，于1997年在全系统范围内大办经济实体，加大人员分流创收工作力度，取得了较好的效果。到去年11月底止，全县19个乡镇林业站有！7个创办了经济实体，其中，承包经营乡村林场212个，总面积达26667公顷，自建基地35公顷，联办基地188．7公顷，分流（含停薪留职）人员62个。全年节省开支20多万元，创收80多万元，不仅解决了经费不足的问题，而且19个乡镇林业站，问个解决了站房，15个解决了通讯设备、办公设备，10个还清了内债外帐，添置了交通工具，90％的企事业单位保证了在职干部职工基本工资和福…     

林权改革 渐行渐深

在昆明工作的小卫，发现自己对家乡屋后的那片山林越来越眷恋，每逢周末，都要回家看一看，种种树，清清草，2008年春节南方经历了罕见的雨雪冰冻天气，他还和父亲一道种下了62棵杉树，如今，这些树不仅成活了，而且长势很好，受经济危机影响，他所在的企业也遇到了困难，但一想到家里的那片山林，他就觉得有了底气。     

既造福一方，又造福后人——记“全国绿化劳动模范”冯树义

以前的永兴村是吉林省辉南县的一个偏僻山村．大多数村民是解放前从外地逃荒来的，是出了名的穷村。现如今，永兴村集体净资产达到2000万元，农民人均收入稳定在4500元，村里改造了电路。兴修了水库，办起了学校，成立了卫生所，村民看上了有线电视，装上了程控电话，吃上了自来水，是当地有名的新农村。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.