南京市生产建设项目水土保持方案实施中存在的问题及对策

经过多年的发展,南京市水土保持工作已经步入正轨。随着水土保持方案行政许可数量的日益增加,生产建设项目在水土保持方案实施过程中也呈现出诸多问题,主要体现在水土保持方案内容脱离实际、建设单位落实水土保持措施的主动性不足、水土保持措施施工组织落实不够、水土保持监测工作滞后、水土保持监理工作缺失和水土保持设施验收把控困难,等等。针对现阶段存在的问题,从技术审查、监督管理、补偿机制等方面提出对策和建议,以期为下一个阶段生产建设项目水土保持方案实施提供参考。     

紧抓机遇 科学推进黄河流域甘肃段水土保持工作

甘肃省黄河流域是黄河流域重要的水源涵养补给区,水土流失严重。经过多年的治理,甘肃省黄河流域水土保持综合治理取得了明显成效,但还面临一些困难和挑战。下一步要紧抓机遇,继续推进规划编制完善,做好重点区域水土流失综合治理,深入落实最严格的水土保持管控制度,全力推进水土保持监测和信息化建设,持续深化水土保持改革发展,科学推进黄河流域甘肃段水土保持工作。     

浙江省水土保持补偿费征收对策研究

水土保持补偿费征收是生产建设项目水土保持监督管理的一项重要工作。通过梳理浙江省水土保持补偿费征收情况,发现当前征收工作存在部分项目征收困难、计征标准不统一、缺乏处罚手段等难题与不足,提出加强水土保持宣传、统一水土保持补偿费征收标准、明晰免征范畴、加大行政处罚力度、建立相关部门协作共享机制等对策,以期为全省水土保持补偿费征收工作提供依据,也为全国水土保持补偿费征收工作提供借鉴,全面推动水土保持高质量发展。     

贵州高海拔山地风电场水土保持监测工作现状及发展建议

贵州高海拔山地风电场的建设极易形成山体坡面,加剧水土流失,通过水土保持监测,能及时准确地掌握水土流失状况和防治效果,有效促进水土保持措施的优化落实。结合贵州高海拔山地风电场水土保持监测实践,分析评价了监测工作的现状,指出了存在的问题和不足,并对监测工作面临的主要困难展开了讨论,在此基础上对水土保持监测工作发展方向和思路提出了建议。     

宁武县水土保持监督执法工作存在的问题及对策

随着经济社会的不断发展,宁武县各类开发建设项目引发的水土流失问题日益严重,水土保持监督执法工作压力越来越大。如何进一步加强与推进水土保持监督执法工作,实现依法行政已成为当前和今后一段时期内水保监督执法工作的主要问题。从水土保持监督执法工作的意义,现阶段水保监督执法与经济社会发展的关系以及执法工作面临的困难和问题,总结多年来宁武县水土保持监督执法工作的经验得失,旨在推进水保监督执法、贯彻落实科学发展观,为全县经济社会发展提供及时和必要的对策思路。     

福建省水土保持监测信息系统分析与设计

本文从我省水土保持监测工作的实际需要和信息技术在水土保持监测的应用程度出发,以解决我省水土保持监测工作中出现的现实困难和促进水土保持监测技术信息化为切入点,分析并设计适应我省水土保持监测工作的信息系统方案,为我省水土保持信息系统的实施和部署打好理论基础.     

水土保持进党校的探索与思考

水土保持法明确要求"各级人民政府及其有关部门应当加强水土保持宣传和教育工作",包括党校在内的各有关部门有义务开展水土保持宣传教育工作,以提升全社会的水土保持意识。自全国开展水土保持国策宣传教育行动以来,水土保持进党校活动取得了积极进展。分析了水土保持进党校的形势、主要做法和经验,面临的困难和问题,并就推进水土保持进党校工作进行了思考,提出了建议。     

论建立水土保持生态补偿机制的必要性

水、土壤是生态系统最重要且不可替代的基础要素,水土流失的结果恰恰是水、土资源的破坏与损失,而水土保持能够有效地防治水土流失,保护、开发和合理利用水土资源,对维护生态系统的平衡及其之上人类社会的健康发展具有极为重要和不可替代的战略地位和作用。但是,由于我国水土保持的生态效益在保护者、破坏者、受益者和受害者之间的不公平分配,不仅使得水土保持工作面临很大的困难,而且还威胁着生态系统及人类的生存与发展。因此,借鉴国外的成功经验,建立中国水土保持生态补偿机制,可以提高全民的生态环境意识和对水土资源的基础性、战略性和不可替代性的认识,解决水土保持投入不足等问题,以促进中国水土保持事业的顺利开展和保障人类社会的可持续发展。     

水土保持基本国策刍议

1993年,国务院在关于加强水土保持工作的通知中,确定水土保持是我国必须长期坚持的一项基本国策。20多年来,水土保持基本国策在实施中取得了积极进展和成效,也遇到了一些异议和困境。分析了水土保持基本国策的确定背景和政策实施情况、面临的困难和问题,提出了思考和建议。     

加强水土保持 促进生态省建设

本文通过实地调研,分析福建省水土保持基本状况,特别是存在的困难和问题,有针对性地提出进一步加强水土保持应采取的政策措施,供党政部门决策参考。     

真菌及混合菌对锯木屑类腐殖质形成和转化的影响

采用液体摇瓶培养,在接种单一真菌(木霉、黑曲霉或青霉)和混合菌情况下,研究其对锯木屑类腐殖质组成和转化的影响,旨在揭示微生物利用木质素形成腐殖质的可能性,为土壤腐殖质形成提供理论参考和依据。结论如下:(1)在培养体系中,黑曲霉、青霉和混合菌在培养初期的快速繁殖致使代谢液中可溶性碳数量降低,随菌落繁殖渐趋平衡,降解作用增强,残留物中有机碳组分不断向代谢液中释放有机碳小分子,菌球的吸附作用更加速了这一过程,促使代谢液中有机碳数量急剧增加。木霉对残留物的降解作用显著,随后部分微生物量碳随菌体死亡重新进入残留物中,使得代谢液有机碳数量先增加后减少。整个培养过程中,残留物中碳的数量因降解作用而呈减少趋势。(2)WSS表现为先降低后升高的趋势。(3)接种菌悬液可迅速增大HLA和HLu的含碳量。青霉处理HLA组分一直处于降解阶段,而其他3个处理在培养初期均有利于HLA降解,随微生物自身合成和缩合作用的进一步增强,新的HLA形成。(4)培养初期,FLA的形成速度大于HLA,随后FLA逐渐向HLA转化。(5)培养结束后,各处理FLA分子趋于简单,而HLA分子在整个培养过程中先简单化,而后趋于复杂,新形成的HLA分子结构较复杂。(6)培养初期,木霉和黑曲霉的繁殖促使HLu数量增大,后期HLu逐渐向易溶态有机碳转化,青霉在培养中前期对HLu主要表现为降解,后期随菌体数量扩大,HLu数量再次提高,而混合菌处理HLu的数量一直处于递减状态。培养结束后,各处理HLu的数量均有所增加。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).     

Overview of the structure and the challenges of Japanese wildlife law and policy

Japan has a variety of laws to conserve and manage wildlife and biodiversity. This article reviews Japanese laws from conservation of endangered species to the fish and game code, and indicates the issues and challenges they face. It then discusses the issues and challenges for management in the application of the laws.The Japanese statute for conservation of endangered species corresponds to the US Endangered Species Act in appearance, but is much more limited in application and scope. There is no legal channel, such as lawsuits, to assure citizens’ and experts’ input. With respect to general species, management of fish and animals are divided; the fish code’s scope is limited to fishery purposes. Control of wildlife damage is the biggest emphasis in the wildlife code. Reform to bring principles of scientific management into pest control has begun, but conventional culling is still the norm.Japan’ wildlife and fish management is distinctive in relying upon local resource users, instead of on a strong regulatory agency. This is a consequence of traditional communal management, and is apparent in coastal fisheries. The depopulation and exhaustion of rural communities, however, makes it difficult to rely on the community for management. In particular, wildlife management, which relies on aging hunters, is facing a turning point. To address these changes, agencies must be strengthened and lawmakers must enact a mechanism to assure sound science in wildlife policy, while working to revitalize rural communities.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

优化书库环境加强图书保护

通过分析损害图书的各种自然因素,阐明优化书库环境、加强图书保护的重要性。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

陶寺古城形成与选址的环境与文化背景研究

临汾地区的陶寺遗址是黄河中游地区发现的夏代之前的都邑性古城。通过对临汾地区和陶寺遗址区域自然环境条件的研究和分析,结合区域考古学文化的发展,探讨了陶寺古城的形成原因以及选址影响因素。研究表明:全新世中期至陶寺文化时期,临汾盆地由于较为暖湿的气候条件、良好的土地资源和水资源条件,区域内的新石器文化获得了持续发展。仰韶文化中晚期,我国中原地区及北方地区的新石器文化均获得了快速发展。临汾地区不仅处于这一文化发达区域的中心位置,而且地处我国中原核心地区同北方和东北地区文化交流的重要通道上,同时也是我国东西向文化交流的通道之一,由于这种优越的地理位置,临汾地区的区域文化优势地位逐渐显露出来。相当于龙山文化晚期的陶寺文化时期,相较其他中原核心地区,临汾地区受水患影响较小,区域文化的强势地位进一步凸显,因而成为都邑性古城兴起之地。陶寺文化时期,古城所在的黄土台地冲沟尚未下切,南河和宋村沟均为宽浅的沟谷型河流,高于平原地面的黄土台地既有利于设防又能有效规避水患,在塔儿山上游地区拥有较大汇水面积的南河和宋村沟又可以提供丰富稳定的水源,因而是营建古城的理想场所。     

Glyphosate and the response of the soil microbiota

Limited information on the effect of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) on soil microorganisms justified an inquiry into the response of soil actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi in terms of their respiration, and sensitivity of isolates. Low concentrations of glyphosate had little effect on total populations of these organisms during the 214-day experiment, while high concentrations initially increased actinomycete and bacterial numbers by 2 and 1$\text{case1}\text{2}$ logs, respectively. The stimulation was followed by a decline and fluctuation showing a gradual increase in numbers. The respiration rates of the soil microbiota in soil suspensions, showed some irregular stimulation and retardation with up to 10 μg glyphosate ml^?1. In contrast high doses suppressed O₂ uptake by the microbiota. Fungi were the least affected. Pronounced inhibition of actinomycete and bacterial respiration was in agreement with the results from isolate replication. The results indicated both stimulation and inhibition of O₂ uptake by some organisms within these groups. In contrast to some reports of limited, short-term inquiries these results showed considerable effects of glyphosate on soil microorganisms.