莴苣古今谈

莴苣属菊科一年生草本植物,是人们最喜爱的蔬菜之一,原产地中海地区,汉隋时传入我国,已有一千多年的历史。宋人陶谷的《清异录》写道:“呙国(西域国名)使者来汉,隋人求得菜种,酬之甚厚,故名‘千金菜’,今莴苣也”。莴苣品类甚多,依主要性状不同,可分为叶用莴苣和茎用莴苣两大类。叶用莴苣又名生菜,叶片甚大,生食或熟食均宜;茎用莴苣又称莴笋,其茎肥大如笋,肉质细嫩,     

早秋莴苣高产栽培技术

马桥园艺场1997年种植早秋莴苣4亩,7月20日播种,8月14日定植,9月25日始收,10月2日结束,获得了亩产2010kg,亩值2814元的好收成,总结他们的种植经验,主要技术如下: 一、采用良种 早秋气温高,一般品种的莴苣在高温下易早抽苔,致使茎秆细长,商品价值低,因此需选择特别耐热的品种。马桥园艺场采用种都牌持耐热二白皮莴苣,其特点是耐热性持强,叶片长椭圆形,色浓绿,皮白嫩,肉质茎粗,节间密度适中,节疤平,肉浅绿色,在气温12—38℃条件下长势良好,25-32℃下长势最佳,在高温季节不易抽苔,单茎重0.5kg以上,适合于秋莴苣栽培,特别是早秋栽培。 二、适时早播 秋莴苣最佳播种期在8月5日至20日。这时的气候条件对莴苣生长十分有利,莴苣易长扭,产量     

莴苣新品--无锡香莴苣

无锡香莴苣是无锡市蔬菜研究所从无锡地方莴苣品种中选育的一个莴苣新品种，其叶片卵圆形，叶色微红，且越往心叶叶色越红。株高40 cm左右，单株重350 g左右，茎皮绿中带红，茎肉淡绿色，食用时有淡淡的清香，由此得名。一、播种与育苗无锡地区一般于10月中旬播种，每667 m2用种量100 g左右。由于播种时气候温和，土温适宜，出苗较容易，故不必进行种子处理。苗床应以堆肥和人畜粪尿为底肥，并配合施用适当的磷、钾肥，一般每667 m2施底肥1 000 kg、过磷酸钙5 kg、草木灰15 kg。及时间苗，苗距保持3～4 cm，以使幼苗生长茁壮。苗期适当控制…     

叶用莴苣营养价值和发展前景

莴苣(LactuCa Sativa L.)是菊科的一、二年生蔬菜,原产地中海沿岸,性喜冷凉湿润的气候条件。按食用部分可分为叶用莴苣和茎用莴苣。叶用莴苣又名生菜,国外广为栽培,是大众化蔬菜,国内广东、广西种植较多,上海、南京、北京等广大城市郊区也有栽培。     

第二十讲 莴苣

一、概述 莴苣(Lactuca satival.)为菊科莴苣属,一、二年生草本位物。莴苣可分为叶用和茎用两种。叶用莴苣又称生菜,行结球、花叶、散叶三种类型。茎用莴苣又称莴笋。     

长江流域塑料大棚莴苣栽培技术(上)

莴苣是菊科莴苣属能形成叶球或嫩茎的一、二年生草本植物,原产于地中海沿岸,性喜冷凉湿润的气候条件。按食用部分可分为叶用莴苣和茎用莴苣。叶用莴苣又称生菜,世界各地普遍栽培,主要分布于欧洲、美洲,近年来我国各地也均有栽培;茎用莴苣就是莴笋,适应性强,我国南北各地普遍栽培,是长江流域3~5月春淡季供应的主要蔬菜之一。     

千金菜——莴苣

莴苣原产地中海沿岸、亚洲北部和非洲等一些国家 ,隋唐时引入我国。宋代陶谷在《清异录》中说 :“呙国使者来汉 ,隋人求得采种 ,酬之甚厚。”故名千金菜。现在有些地区仍称莴苣为千金菜。莴苣可分为叶用莴苣和茎用莴苣。叶用莴苣也叫生菜 ,叶片从根部长出 ,有的结成球状 ,称结球莴苣。广州地区的玻璃生菜、青生菜都是其优良品种。茎用莴苣根茎发达 ,除绿色外尚有紫色 ,叶片绿中带有紫色红晕 ,或全紫色 ,云南的紫皮香、重庆的红莴苣都是其优良品种。另有一种台湾莴苣 ,是一种野菜 ,各地均有分布。莴苣的营养价值很高 ,含矿物质、钙、磷、铁较…     

长江流域塑料大棚莴苣 栽培技术(中)

2栽培特性2.1形态特征①根莴苣为直根系,主根强健,移栽后主根切断,能发生较多的侧根,根系主要分布在土壤表层,为浅根性蔬菜。②茎叶用莴苣(生菜)茎短缩,抽薹时开始伸长;茎用莴苣(莴笋)幼苗为短缩茎,但在植株莲座叶形成后,茎伸长肥大成笋状,长卵形或棍棒形,皮色有绿、绿白、紫绿、紫等,肉色有绿、黄绿、绿白等。     

莴苣霜霉病的综合防治技术

<正>莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)为菊科莴苣属一、二年生草本植物,原产亚洲西部和地中海沿岸,在我国广泛栽培。莴苣营养丰富,含有蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质等成分,也可入药,能利五脏、通经脉、清胃热。根据其食用器官不同可分为叶用莴苣和茎用莴苣两种,叶用莴苣又名生菜,茎用莴苣又名莴笋。霜霉病是莴苣的重要病害,分布广泛,在各个生产季节的露地栽培和保护地栽培中几乎都有发生。发病严重时,大量叶片变黄或变褐枯死,影响植株生长和产品质量,给生产造成极大损失。现将莴苣霜霉病的发生特点和综合防治技术介绍如下。     

浦巷莴苣

浦巷莴苣系无锡地区的早熟莴苣,属茎用种,因产于无锡北郊浦巷而得名。一、特征特性株高40～45厘米,开展高40厘米,叶披针形,绿色,叶长28厘米,宽7厘米,叶面平滑。肉质茎圆锥形,外皮绿白色,肉青色,长28厘米,直径5～6厘米。单株重0.4～0.5公斤。抗病、耐寒、早熟、有香味,脆嫩,供生熟食用。4月份采收     

Homeowner perceptions,knowledge, and decision making regarding residential trees and natural areas in a Midwestern U.S. suburb

Residential properties in the United States represent a considerable amount of land area and contain substantial tree cover. Homeowners are important decision makers in the management of city trees because they influence the structure of urban forests, and ultimately, ecosystem service potential. To better understand the perceptions, knowledge, and practices of homeowners regarding residential tree preservation, we surveyed owners of newer versus older homes in a midwestern suburb in the United States. We found that newer homeowners were younger, wealthier, and less knowledgeable about the natural aspects of their property. During the redevelopment process, they relied on professionals to make major decisions regarding tree preservation. In contrast, owners of older homes often identified as retirees and gardeners, had more knowledge of the natural aspects of their property, and were more likely to hire an arborist. Regardless of these differences, both homeowner groups expressed equal appreciation for nature, planted, pruned, and mulched their trees, experienced tree loss, hired landscaping and tree care professionals, and communicated with the City’s Forestry Section. The results of our study further clarify the role that homeowners play in decision-making during development and highlight the important relationships that exist between homeowners and urban forest professionals.     

碳水化合物、矿质元素及活性氧代谢与富士苹果水心发生的关系

以新疆阿克苏地区水心（冰糖心）富士苹果为试材,分析讨论了果实碳水化合物、矿质元素和活性氧代谢与水心发生的关系。结果表明：果实可溶性固形物（SSC）含量越高,水心指数越高,呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）;而单果质量、果实纵横径比及L、b*、h°值与水心果率和水心指数相关不显著;进一步分析发现,与正常果实和组织相比,水心果实和组织中,山梨醇和蔗糖含量均显著升高,尤其是山梨醇含量,分别是正常果实和组织的2.19倍和2.86倍,果糖和葡萄糖含量相对较低;此外,水心组织中K和B含量显著高于正常组织,而Ca、Zn及Fe含量则显著降低;同时,水心果实和组织中超氧阴离子和过氧化氢含量较正常果实和组织显著升高,分别高282.39%、68.17%和12.6%、107.62%;POD、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性显著降低,MDA含量和相对电导率显著升高,膜质过氧化水平严重。     

Establishment and evaluation of a hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus model in neonatal rats

AIM：To establish and evaluate a hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus model in neonatal SD rats. METHODS：Three-day-old SD rats were randomly divided to 7 experimental groups by litter and body weight, and were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline (control group), and 6.25 μg/g (T1), 12.5 μg/g (T2), 25 μg/g (T3), 50 μg/g (T4), 100 μg/g (T5) and 200 μg/g (T6) bilirubin, respectively, twice every day for 3 d. All rats were photographed, weighed and killed 12 h after the last injection. The contents of the stomach were drawn and weighed, and the index was calculated. The liver/body weight ratio was determined, the total and unconjugated bilirubin in the serum and total bilirubin in the brain were calculated, and the contents of ATP and water in the brain were measured. HE and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological changes. RESULTS：Along with the increase in bilirubin, gradual exacerbation of the general performance of the rats, and yellowish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes were observed.The degree of the activity gradually reduced, and the weight gain was suppressed. The weight of T6 group showed negative growth, and the 72 h mortality rate was close to 100%. The mortality rate in T4 and T5 groups continued to rise 1 week after injection. Compared with control group, the weight of stomach contents and stomach content index in T3~T5 groups significantly decreased (P<0.01). The liver/body weight ratio in T5 group was significantly higher (P<0.05). The concentrations of serum total and unconjugated bilirubin and brain bilirubin levels in T1~T5 groups were gradually increased, while the brain water content had no difference among groups. The brain ATP content in T1~T5 groups increased at the beginning and reached its peak in T3 group, but compared with control group, that in T4 group and T5 group significantly reduced (P<0.05). HE results showed that, with the increase in bilirubin concentration, the number of the neurons in the cerebral cortex of the rats decreased. In T4 group and T5 group, the neuronal structural disorder, cell swelling, nuclear pyknosis, fragmentation and dissolution, increase in non-homogeneous structure of the material dyed red, and disappearance of nuclear staining were observed. Nissl staining showed that, compared with control group, in T1 group and T2 group, the cortical neurons became smaller, Nissl bodies decreased, and cytoplasmic staining changed little. The cortical neuronal tigroid body color became light gradually, neuron cells become small, and Nissl bodies decreased obviously in T3, T4 and T5 groups. The T4 and T5 rat ce-rebral cortical neurons dissolved or even disappeared. CONCLUSION：Newborn 3-day-old SD rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of bilirubin at doses of 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/g, 2 times a day, can induce hyperbilirubinemia, and 50 and 100 μg/g can cause bilirubin encephalopathy.     

Impact of grafting and rootstock on nutrient-to-water uptake ratios during the first month after planting of hydroponically grown tomato

Tomato plants (cv. Primadonna F₁), non-grafted, self-grafted, or grafted onto the commercial rootstocks ‘He-man’ and ‘Maxifort’, were grown in recirculating nutrient solution. The uptake concentrations (UCs), i.e. mean nutrient-to-water uptake ratios of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B, were estimated based either on depletion from the nutrient solution or on accumulation in the plant biomass. Grafting onto both commercial rootstocks increased the total plant biomass. Hetero-grafting also increased the leaf N, Ca, and Cu concentrations but decreased those of Mg and Fe in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. The mean UCs of N, Ca, and Cu were higher in plants grafted onto both commercial rootstocks in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. However, hetero-grafting also raised the UCs of P, Fe, Mn, and B, because of an increased deposition of these nutrients to the roots in comparison with self-rooted plants. The method used to estimate the UCs, i.e. nutrient removal from the recirculating nutrient solution vs. nutrient recovery from plant biomass per volume unit of transpired water, resulted in similar values for N, Ca, Zn, and Cu, but had a significant impact on those of P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B.     

药用蒲公英低温和高温胁迫下内参基因筛选与相关基因表达分析

为研究不同温度胁迫下药用蒲公英最适内参基因与温度响应相关基因的表达,分别以低温（4 ℃）和高温（38 ℃）胁迫0、3、6、12、24和48 h共12个处理的叶片为材料,选取10个候选内参基因18S、EF1α、TUB、40S、GAPDH、β-actin、ACT11、TUA、60S和SKIP,利用RT-qPCR技术以及geNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件评价其稳定性。利用筛选出的最适内参基因对药用蒲公英12个温度响应基因（AP2/ERF、Dof、ICE1、MYB、bZIP、NTL6、HSF、Gols、HSP、NAC、XCT和WRKY）的表达水平进行定量分析。结果显示：温度胁迫下药用蒲公英最适内参基因为18S和GAPDH;药用蒲公英AP2/ERF、HSF、Glos、HSP、NAC、XCT基因在低温和高温胁迫下均为先上调后下调表达,bZIP、NTL6在温度胁迫下波动变化,Dof、ICE1、MYB在低温胁迫下先上调后下调表达,高温胁迫下持续下调表达,WRKY在高温胁迫下表达量远远高于低温胁迫。依据基因表达量推测,药用蒲公英低温和高温胁迫的响应机制存在差异,AP2/ERF、Dof主要响应低温胁迫,HSF、XCT、WRKY主要响应高温胁迫。     

中国野生桂花的地理分布和种群特征

桂花（Osmanthus fragrans Lour.）野生资源有非常丰富的性状和遗传变异,但目前被过度开发、破坏,导致分布范围急剧缩小,种群规模和数量锐减,生境片断化严重。以往的文献认为桂花起源于喜马拉雅山脉东段,即中国的西南地区;然而随着野生种群在湖南、浙江和福建等地被陆续发现,关于桂花自然分布的问题需要重新审视。作者在大量野外调研的基础上,结合前人研究结果,对桂花的自然分布和种群特征等进行了总结和概括,分析了野生资源与品种起源的关系,以期为桂花野生资源的有效保护和高效利用提供参考。     

草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机制

为探讨草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机理,以5个常规草莓品种为试材,通过调查、测定大棚内蚜虫自然发生动态和室内人工接虫后种群变化,并对草莓叶片的形态学和生理学特性与抗蚜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明章姬对蚜虫高感,丰香感,卡姆罗莎和吐德拉抗,弗吉尼亚高抗。草莓品种对蚜虫抗性与叶片背面的茸毛密度成正相关,与气孔密度呈显著负相关;与叶片的木质素含量成正比;与酚类物质含量无显著关系,与总游离氨基酸、可溶性固形物含量和水分含量无明显的线性关系。但草莓对蚜虫的抗性程度与叶片中脯氨酸、缬氨酸和胱氨酸的含量有关,特别是缬氨酸和胱氨酸在感蚜品种中的含量是抗蚜品种中的2～3倍。     

双砧木嫁接对温室黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响

采用改善品质的京欣砧5号南瓜和提高抗逆性的云南黑籽南瓜为砧木,以津优35号为接穗,对单砧木嫁接、双砧木嫁接和自根黄瓜在日光温室条件下植株生长、肥水利用率、产量和品质等性状进行了比较分析。结果表明:嫁接均显著提高植株的株高、茎粗、叶片数、最大叶面积、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,水分利用率和对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收量显著高于自根对照;双砧处理的单株产量、瓜数和单果质量均显著高于京欣砧和自根对照,缓和了单砧木嫁接增加果柄长的趋势;双砧木嫁接显著提高果实可溶性糖含量,且果实VC含量和糖酸比高于黑籽南瓜砧和自根对照;嫁接处理对第1雌花节位、根系活力、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数、果实含水量等性状没有显著影响。双砧处理综合了京欣砧5号和黑籽南瓜两个单砧处理的优良特性,促进了对肥水的吸收,提高植株的生长势,既高产又优质。     

西瓜、甜瓜果实品质及调控研究进展

西瓜甜瓜深受消费者喜爱,但是近年来品质呈现下降的趋势.西瓜甜瓜的品质包括外观品质、营养品质和风味品质,而品质的形成又受品种、土壤环境、肥料供应、水分供应、栽培方式、生长调节剂以及采收与贮运等因素的影响,所以要针对以上因素,从改进育种手段和栽培技术2大方面来改良和提高品质.     

Effects of macro and micro-environmental factors on the species richness of terrestrial tardigrade assemblages in an Iberian mountain environment

Tardigrade communities are affected by micro and macro-environmental conditions but only micro-environmental variables, and altitudinal gradients have been studied. We review previous reports of altitudinal effects and evaluate the influence by interacting macro- (climate, soils, biome, and others) and micro-environmental (vegetation, moss and leaf litter) factors on tardigrade assemblages at the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range (Iberian Central System Mountains, Spain). Terrestrial tardigrade assemblages were sampled using standard cores to collect leaf litter and mosses growing on rocks. General Linear Models were used to examine relationships between Tardigrada species richness and abundance, and macro- and micro-environmental variables (altitude, habitat characteristics, local habitat structure and dominant leaf litter type, and two bioclimatic classifications). Variation partitioning techniques were used to separate the effects of altitude and habitat variation, and to quantify the independent influences of climate and soil, vegetation structure and dominant type of leaf litter. Altitude shows a unimodal relationship with tardigrade species richness, although its effect independent of habitat variation is negligible. The best predictors for species richness were bioclimatic classifications. Separate and combined effects of macro-environmental gradients (soil and climate), vegetation structure and leaf litter type are important determinants of richness. A model including both macro- and micro-environmental variables explained nearly 60% of tardigrade species richness in micro-scale plots. Abundance was significantly related only to soil composition and leaf litter type. Tardigrade abundance was not explained by macro-environmental gradients analysed here, despite a significant correlation between abundance and richness.