泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D-loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13.6%、43.2%、4.3%和38.9%,A+T含量高于G+C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0.13,没有观测到插入/缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0.250和0.695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3.750和10.833,核苷酸多样度分别为0.954%和2.757%。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima'sD值为-1.800(P<0.05),不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度(Dxy)为2.847%,核苷酸净遗传距离(Da)为0.991%。序列群体间的方差组分(Va)占总变异的47.31%,Fst=0.473,差异极显著(P<0.01);群体间mtDNAD-loopFst值也差异显著(P=0.035)。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

泰国红色原鸡和中国红色原鸡mtDNA控镀区遗传多态性和分类关系研究

对泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallus gallus亚种和中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种各16个个体mtDNAD-loop序列进行系统分析,测定线粒体D—loop部分序列大小约为560bp,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为13．6％、43．2％、4．3％和38．9％,A＋T含量高于G＋C含量。结果共发现27个变异位点,颠换和转换之比为0．13,没有观测到插入／缺失情况。测定的6种单倍型中,2个红色原鸡亚种没有共享单倍型,单倍型多样度分别为0．250和0．695,平均核苷酸差异数分别为3．750和10．833,核苷酸多样度分别为0．954％和2．757％。泰国红色原鸡中性检验的Tajima＇s D值为-1．800（P〈O．05）,不符合中性突变。2个红色原鸡亚种间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）为2．847％,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．991％。序列群体间的方差组分（Va）占总变异的47．31％,Fst=0．473,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;群体间mtDNAD—loop Rf值也差异显著（P=0．035）。红色原鸡2个亚种具有不同的群体遗传结构,群体之间存在明显的遗传分化,本研究支持这2个亚种并非是同一个亚种的观点。     

原鸡行为特征研究进展

原鸡(Gallus gallus)隶属于鸡形目(Galliformes)雉科(Phasianidae)原鸡属(Gallus),是家鸡的祖先,现为国家二级保护野生动物。介绍了原鸡的地理分布和种群数量,从采食行为、休息行为、繁殖行为、攻击行为、应激行为等方面综述了原鸡的行为谱特征,以期为原鸡的人工饲养和种群保护利用提供技术指导和理论依据。     

中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909&#177;0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。     

笼养原鸡3种饲料的择优试验

笼养条件下 ,分别用 16 1#、72 2 #全价配合颗粒饲料和某鹌鹑饲养场的自配粉状料对 4只成年笼养原鸡 (Gallusgallus)进行消化试验。结果表明 ,成年原鸡对 3种饲料干物质、粗蛋白及碳水化合物的表观消化率 ,自配料均低于 16 1#、72 2 #饲料 ,且与 16 1#、72 2 #饲料差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而 16 1#与 72 2 #之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;3种饲料间粗脂肪的表观消化率均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。并结合饲料的适口性、料增重比等方面评价的结果得知 ,以颗粒状的 72 2 #家鸡饲料作为原鸡的基础日粮就于其它种类饲料 ,蛋白质含量高的饲料 ,原鸡对其的消化率也高 ,日粮中蛋白质的含量以 19%为最佳。     

原鸡线粒体DNA部分序列多态性分析

测定了分布于中国的红原鸡两个亚种(Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种、Gallus gallus jabouillei亚种)5个个体的线粒体细胞色素B(cytb)部分序列(289bp)和控制区(D环)的部分序列(539bp)，并结合GENBANK中已有的原鸡的相应片段进行分析，结果显示分布在中国的两个红原鸡亚种与在泰国等地分布的红原鸡亚种可归为一类，而与爪哇岛上分布的红原鸡亚种差异较大。我们的结果支持红原鸡可以分为陆地型和海岛型亚种，家鸡可能来源于陆地型红原鸡，并经受了多次独立驯化。     

屏边大围山原鸡染色体核型分析

采用直接骨髓法制备云南屏边大围山原鸡染色体,并对其进行核型研究,结果表明,屏边大围山原鸡染色体数目2n=78, 前10对为大染色体,后29对为微小染色体,性染色体为ZZ(♂)／ZW(♀)型;根据前5对染色体相对长度、臂比值及着丝点指数的测量结果,各染色体的形态为：1号、2号和Z染色体为中央着丝粒（m）染色体,3号为端着丝粒（t）染色体,4号为亚中央着丝粒（sm）染色体。     

海南原鸡CDC42 cDNA的克隆及其生物信息学分析

以海南原鸡外周血白细胞总RNA为模板,利用RT-PCR技术,扩增海南原鸡细胞分裂周期蛋白42(Cell division cycle 42,CDC42)编码区,将扩增产物与pMDTM20T载体连接,重组质粒鉴定正确后,进行序列特征、同源性、编码蛋白质理化性质及结构预测等生物信息学分析.结果表明,海南原鸡CDC42的CDS序列长度为576 bp,编码191个氨基酸;与鸡、人、牛、褐家鼠、斑马鱼的核苷酸序列同源性分别为100％、88.54％、88.19％、86.98％、82.12％;该基因编码的蛋白质相对分子质量约为21 259,理论等电点为6.16;编码蛋白为非跨膜蛋白,在其二级结构中,α-螺旋占27.23％,β-折叠占25.65％,无规卷曲占47.12％.     

笼养原鸡行为的初步观察

原鸡(Gallus gallus)属鸡形目,雉科,别名红原鸡,茶花鸡,是国家二级保护野生动物,已被列为中国珍稀濒危野生鸡类,收录到<中国濒危动物红皮书:鸟类>,我国主要分布在云南、广西、广东和海南.有关原鸡的生态生物学问题,主要是在自然环境中观察的结果,而人工饲养原鸡行为的观察未见有详细报道.我们对原鸡的采食、栖息、繁殖、攻击、应激等一系列行为进行了观察.     

Mast cells in the ovary of Gallus gallus domesticus

1. Histamine or mast cells are involved in mammalian ovary function. Their role in the avian ovary is not known. In the present study mast cell distribution in the ovary of the domestic fowl was studied. 2. Mast cells were distributed throughout the ovary, both in the stroma of medullary and cortical regions as well as in the thecae of normal and atretic follicles. In the stroma, mast cells were especially abundant in the area just below the germinal epithelium (GE) and followed the contours of the GE. 3. In the follicles, mast cells were more obvious in the thecae of small non-yolky follicles, whereas they were compressed and scattered in the larger yolky follicles. They were more frequently seen in the theca externa than in the theca interna and in their ultrastructure showed characteristic mast cell granules. 4. Some of the atretic follicles showed increased mast cells in their thecae. Postovulatory follicles had very few mast cells. 5. The possible role of the mast cells in the ovarian activity of domestic fowl is discussed.     

Multiple perineuriomas in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Intraneural perineurioma is an extremely rare condition characterized by perineurial cell proliferation within peripheral nerve (PN) sheaths. In the veterinary field, this entity has been reported only in a dog. We examined multiple enlargements of PNs in 11 chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) (9 Japanese bantams and 2 specific pathogen-free White Leghorn), which were inoculated with an avian leukosis virus (ALV) causing so-called fowl glioma. All chickens clinically exhibited progressive leg paralysis. Lumbosacral plexus, brachial plexus, and/or spinal ganglion were commonly affected, and these nerves contained a diffuse proliferation of spindle cells arranged concentrically in characteristic onion bulb-like structures surrounded by residual axons and myelin sheaths. The spindle cells were immunohistochemically negative for S-100alpha/beta protein. Electron microscopy revealed that these cells were characterized by short bipolar cytoplasmic processes, occasional cytoplasmic pinocytotic vesicles, and discontinuous basal laminae. These features are consistent with those of intraneural perineurioma. Furthermore, the specific sequence of the ALV was detected in the PN lesions of 8/11 (73%) birds by polymerase chain reaction. These results indicate that the multiple intraneural perineuriomas of chicken may be associated with the ALV-A causing fowl glioma.     

Gallus gallus domesticus: Paratenic host of Angiostrongylus vasorum

Angiostrongylus vasorum, a parasite of the cardiorespiratory system in canids, has a heteroxenous biological cycle in which the intermediate hosts are terrestrial and aquatic mollusks. Generally, canids become infected by ingesting the intermediate host or paratenic hosts, such as amphibians, that contain infective larvae (L3). However, there are no reports of birds as paratenic hosts of A. vasorum. To evaluate the susceptibility and viability of Gallus gallus domesticus as a paratenic host of A. vasorum, 17 Cobb chickens were randomly divided into two groups. The animals in group A were inoculated with third stage larvae of A. vasorum, and those in group B ate snails inoculated with A. vasorum L3. At 30 days post-infection, the chickens were killed, and the muscles and organs were placed in a pepsin–HCl solution (1% HCl (37%), 1% pepsin) for 3 h in an oven at 40 °C to recover the L3. In group A, 1863 L3 were recovered per chicken. In group B, 2585 L3 were recovered. A dog that ingested organs and tissues from a chicken from group A released first-stage larvae of A. vasorum in its feces 51 days after infection; the dynamics of this process were monitored for 107 days, when treatment with 25 mg fenbendazole/kg body weight was performed for 21 days. Chickens nourished with infected snails or with infective L3 may be a source of infection for dogs indicate that G. gallus is a potential paratenic host for this parasite.     

Metastatic melanomas in young broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Four young broiler chickens affected by multiple melanotic tumors are described. Grossly, there were multiple tumors composed of melanocytes within the skin, skeletal muscle, and multiple visceral organs. Tumors ranged from flattened macules to masses that extensively replaced viscera. Microscopically, melanocytes were often well pigmented, and while there was moderate nuclear anisokaryosis, mitotic rates were low. Immunohistochemical staining of some melanomas with antibodies to S100 proteins, Melan-A, vimentin, or neuron-specific enolase after bleaching of tumor cells with potassium permanganate revealed lack of immunostaining of tumor cells with antibodies to S100, strong positive staining of tumor cells for neuron-specific enolase, moderate staining with antibodies to vimentin, and faint staining for Melan-A. Only neuron-specific enolase staining was evident in unbleached tumor cells. Attempts to identify exogenous avian leukosis viruses in these tumors were unsuccessful.     

Postnatal development of central corneal thickness in chicks of Gallus gallus domesticus

Objective To investigate the changes in corneal thickness that occur during maturation of the Gallus gallus domesticus chick eye over the first 450 days of life. Animals studied Twenty‐nine chicks, of which 12 were males and 17 were females. Procedures The central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured by ultrasonic pachymetry from hatch until 450 days of age. Segmented regression was applied to capture the two phases observed in the CCT plotted against age. Eye and gender were also included in the model. Results Mean CCT values initially decreased, with the lowest point being reached at around 12 days of age. CCT then gradually increased as the chick matured. At 70 days of age the animals have completed corneal development and reached the plateau value of 0.242 ± 0.0002 mm. CCT differences between gender or between left and right eyes were not statistically significant. Prediction equations for mean CCT according to the bird's age are presented. Conclusions There is an initial decrease in corneal thickness until approximately 12 days of age, which presumably mirrors maturation of corneal endothelial cell function. The pattern of changes in corneal thickness during the first phase of development of the chick CCT was similar to the one reported for dogs and humans. However, a unique feature of the development of CCT in chicks is that after reaching a plateau at 70 days corneal thickness did not significantly change over the remainder of the study period. Additionally, unlike in humans and dogs, there is no gender difference for corneal thickness in chicks.     

Discrimination between individual humans by domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

1. We demonstrate that Barred-Rock and Isa-Brown hens can discriminate between the presence of 2 different humans and use this information as a cue for whether or not to make an operant response. 2. This demonstration in domestic fowl, the first of its kind in any avian subject, is consistent with a growing body of evidence that many species, including agricultural animals, are surprisingly adept at differentiating between humans. 3. Such a discriminative ability carries considerable implications for issues related to husbandry, production and welfare.