Seed dormancy and seedling emergence studies in Avena fatua L

Studies were made of seedling emergence of three phenotypes of Avena fatua L. with dif ferent coloured lemmas (fA, fB, fC) originally collected from one site. Each phenotype was grown under the same conditions in 1975 and the resulting seed buried 25 mm deep in soil im mediately after collection. The soil was either left uncultivated (all phenotypes) or cultivated monthly (phenotype fA only). Seedling emergence was assessed weekly and the number of remaining viable seeds was determined at the end of three years. Seeds of different lines of A. fatua (fA phenotypes) obtained from separate locations were grown under the same conditions in 1983, buried and seedling emergence moni tored for 85 months. Without cultivation, overall emergence (mean of three phenotypes) in successive autumns and springs was 9%, 18%, 9%, 33%, < 1%, 14% and <1%. A further 3% of viable seeds were recovered at the end of the experiment. Periodicity of emergence was the same for all phenotypes. Actual numbers of seedlings emerging in each of the periods varied between phenotypes. Total emergence of seed from the inner zone of panicles was significantly less than that from the outer zone, although there was little difference between the two zones in each of the natural emergence periods. Cultivation increased emergence, particularly from secondary seed in the first spring after burial, but did not changes its periodicity. By the second spring seed numbers had declined, and seedling counts were similar from cultivated and non-cultivated soil. No viable seed remained in the cultivated soil after three years. Emergence from the two lines of fA was very different. Seedling emergence occurred after hot dry con ditions, or in warm periods immediately after periods of chilling, particularly those below 4°C.     

Factors affecting seedling emergence of different strains of Avena fatua L.

Avena fatua L. seed of types fA (brown very hairy lemma) and fB (grey moderately hairy lemma) were collected from six locations in Britain during summer 1974. Primary and secondary seeds were planted separately at 20 and 100 mm depths. Emergence was recorded for 5 years and the number of viable seeds remaining at the end of the experiment was determined. With an increase in planting depth from 20 to 100 mm, there was a decrease in final emergence from secondary seed from 84 to 61% and from primary seed from 93 to 83%. At 20 mm there was no difference in emergence between collections, but at 100 mm there were differences between secondary seeds of some collections. There were also differences in the emergence behaviour of types fA and fB, both between and within collections. More seedlings from primary seeds than from secondary seeds emerged in the early stages, but later the reverse was true. After 5 years secondary seed had produced 16% fewer seedlings than primary seed. Seed unaccounted for at the end of the experiment was 18% for both types, twice as many seeds were unaccounted for at 100 mm than at 20 mm. Likewise, twice as many secondary than primary seeds were unaccounted for. On average the number of viable seeds remaining at the end of the 5 years was less than 1%, although 23% of secondary seeds of type fA from one collection buried at 100 mm remained viable. Flushes of emergence were correlated with prior experience of periods of temperature below 6°C in the soil. Facteurs qui influent sur la levée de plantules de différentes souches d'Avena fatua L. Des semences d'Avena fatua L. de deux sortes, fA (glumelle brune, très velue) et fB (glumelle grise, moyennement velue) ont été collectionnées pendant l'été 1974 à six endroits en Grand Bretagne. Les semences primaires et secondaires ont été plantées séparément à des profondeurs de 20 et de 100 mm. La levée a été signalée au cours de 5 ans et le nombre de semences viables qui restaient à la fin de l'essai a été déterminé. A mesure quàugmentait la profounder du semis de 20 à 100 mm. la levée définitive diminuait de 84 à 61 % pour les semences secondaires et de 93 à 83% pour les primaires. A 20 mm, aucune différence dans la levée n'a été constatée entre les différentes collections mais à 100 mm. centaines différences se sont fait voir entre les semences secondaires de certaines collections. Des différences ont été constatées aussi dans le comportement des sortes fA et fB en ce qui concerne la levée, différences entre les collections et à l'intérieur d'une collection. Au début, les plants provenant des semences primaires étaient plus nombreux que ceux des secondaires, mais plus tard on a constaté le contraire. Au bout de 5 ans, les semences secondaires avaient produit 16% moins de jeunes plants que les primaires. A la fin de l'essai, 18% des semences des deux sortes avaient disparu, deux fois plus à 100 mm qu'a 20 mm. De même deux fois plus de semences secondaires avait disparu que de semences primaires. En moyenne, moins de 1% des semences restaient aptes à germer au bout des 5 ans; néanmoions, 23% de semences secondaires de la sorte fA dans une des collections, enfouies à 100 mm, étaient toujours viables. Des levées sporadiques se trouvaient correlées à des périodes préalables où la température du sol ne dépassait pas 6°C. Ueber Faktoren, welche das Auflaufen verschiedener Linien von Avena fatua L. beeinflussen Im Laufe des Sommers 1974 wurden an sechs verschiedenen Orten in England Spelzfrüchte der Formen fA (braune, sehr stark behaarte Deckspelzen) und fB (graue, mässig behaarte Deckspelzen) von Avena fatua L. gesammelt. 1. und 2.Spelzfrüchte wurden getrennt in 20 und 100 mm Tiefe ausgesät und während 5 Jahren ihr Auflaufen beobachtet; am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode erfolgte eine Bestandesaufnahme der noch lebensfähigen Samen. Mit zunehmender Saattiefe nahm die Auflaurate für die 2.Spelzfrüchte von 84 auf 61% und für die 1. von 93 auf 83% ab. Bei 20 mm Saattiefe bestanden keine Differenzen im Auflaufen zwischen den an den verschiedenen Standorten gesammelten Mustern; bei 100 mm Tiefe wurden jedoch lokale Unterschiede bei den 2.Spclzfrüchten festgestellt. Es bestanden auch Unterschiede im Auflaufverhalten der Formen fA und fB, sowohl zwischen als auch innerhalb der verschiedenen Standortmuster. In der Anfangsphase der Beobachtungsperiode erschienen mehr Keimlinge aus 1. als aus 2. Spelzfrüchten; später war das Gegenteil der Fall. Im Vergleich zwischen 1. und 2.Spelzfrüchten hatten letztere nach 5 Jahren 16% weniger Pflanzen hervorgebracht als die 1. Für beide Formen (fA und fB) wurden am Ende der Versuchsperiode 18% nicht gekeimte, resp. nicht mehr lebensfähige Samen registriert; in 100 mm Tiefe waren es doppelt so viel als bei 20 mm. Ebenfalls doppelt so viele 2.Spelzfrüchte als 1. waren nicht keimfähig. Im Mittel waren nach 5 Jahren weniger als 1% lebensfähig, obwohl bei einem Standortmuster 23% der 2.Spelzfrüchte in 100 mm Tiefe noch lebensfähig waren. Vorange-gangene Perioden mit Bodentemperaturen unter 6°C waren für gehäuftes Auflaufen verantwortlich.     

Breaking dormancy of Avena fatua L. seed by treatment with ammonia

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed dormancy was broken by treating the air-dry seed with ammonia. Loss of dormancy was proportional to the concentration and/or time of exposure to the gas. The dormancy of several other grass weed species was also broken by ammonia but the gas had no effect on the dormancy of dicotyledonous weed seeds. The dormancy-breaking effect of ammonia was irrevocable and treated seeds could be stored for months without any decrease in germination. Germination of seed treated with sub-optimal concentrations of ammonia increased with after-ripening. Ammonia caused an increase in leakage of electrolytes from treated seeds, indicating an increase in permeability of the seed coat. The increase in permeability cannot, however, explain the loss of dormancy in deeply dormant wild oat where dormancy resides in the embryo. Des traitements à l'ammoniaque pour lever la dormance de graines de Avena fatua L. La dormance de graines de la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) a pu être levée en traitant à l'ammoniaque les graines séchées à l'air. La perte de dormance s'est révélée fonction de la concentration et/ou du temps d'exposition au gaz. La dormance de plusieurs autres graminées a pu être levée par l'ammoniaque mais le gaz n'a pas eu d'effet sur les graines d'adventices dicotylédonées. L'effet de l'ammoniaque en levant la dormance était irréversible; le stockage des graines traitées pendant plusieurs mois n'a amené aucune diminution de la germination. La germination de graines traitées avec des concentrations d'ammoniaque sous-optimales a augmenté suite à une maturation après la récolte. L'ammoniaque a amené une fuite d'électrolytes plus importante chez les graines traitées, ce qui indique une plus grande perméabilité du tégument. La plus forte perméabilité, cependant, n'explique pas la perte de dormance chez des folles avoines profondément dormantes, car chez cette espèce la dormance réside dans l'embryon. Abbruch der Ruheperiode von Avena fatua L.-Samen durch Behandlung mit Ammoniak Die Behandlung lufttrockener Samen von Avena fatua L. mit Ammoniak führte zu einem Abbruch ihrer Ruhezeit. Der Verlust der Ruheperiode war proportional zu Konzentration und/oder Expositionszeit. Ammoniak brach ebenfalls die Samenruhe verschiedener anderer Ungrasarten, zeigte aber keine Wirkung bei zweikeimblättrigen Unkräutern. Die Beendigung der Samenruhe durch Ammoniak war unwiderruflich und behandelte Samen konnten während Monaten ohne Abnahme ihrer Keimfähigkeit gelagert werden. Mit zunehmender Dauer einer Nachreifung nahm die Keimung der Samen zu, die mit unteroptimalen Konzentrationen von Ammoniak behandelt worden waren. Ammoniak verursachte ein verstärktes Austreten von Elektrolyten aus den Samen, was auf eine erhöhte Permeabilität der Samenschale hinweist. Dieser Permeabilitätsanstieg kann jedoch den Verlust der Samenruhe bei Wildhafer nicht erklären, da die Ursache der Ruheperiode im Embryo zu suchen ist.     

Fatty acid and wax biosynthesis in susceptible and triallate-resistant Avena fatua L.

The recent characterization of triallate-resistant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) deficient in triallate sulfoxidation provides an experimental system to investigate and differentiate the effects of triallate and triallate sulfoxide on wax and lipid biosynthesis. Greenhouse applications of triallate dramatically reduced epicuticular wax deposition in susceptible (S) but not resistant (R) wild oats. Triallate treatment had no effect on in-vivo concentrations of C₁₂ to C₂₆ fatty acids and fatty alcohols in R plants, while elongated fatty acid fractions (C>18) were significantly reduced in S plants. In contrast, treatment with triallate sulfoxide reduced in-vivo concentrations of elongated fatty acids equally in R and S, supporting the hypothesis that triallate sulfoxide is more inhibitory than triallate towards fatty acid elongases. Although de-novo synthesis of short-chain fatty acids was not affected by triallate or triallate sulfoxide in R or S plants, synthesis of elongated fatty acid fractions was dramatically reduced in S plants by triallate. Fatty acid biosynthesis in R and S plants was equally sensitive to triallate sulfoxide. The results support the idea that in-vivo triallate sulfoxidation is necessary for herbicidal activity, and confirm that reduced rates of triallate sulfoxidation confer resistance in R wild oats. © 1997 SCI.     

Abscisic acid as a protectant of Avena fatua L. against diclofop-methyl activity

The imposition of water stress before or al the time of spraying diclofop-methyl reduced efficacy against wild oat (Avena fatua L.). Similar reductions in herbicide performance were obtained by application of 20 μg of the methyl ester of abscisic acid (ABA) to plants with three to four leaves before spraying with I kg ha^?1 diclofop-methyl. Application of 40–100 μg ABA per plant effectively protected plants against damage from diclofop-methyl applied at 1 5–2 0 kg ha ^?1. The application of 20 μg ABA induced rapid stomatal closure and a reduction in leaf extension rate, which were sustained for 7–8 days after treatment. These changes were associated with an overall reduction in shoot growth. ABA-treated plants that were additionally sprayed with diclofop-methyl sustained ABA symptoms, but no additional weight loss or leaf chlorosis. The mechanism of the protective action of ABA on diclofop-methyl has not been determined.     

野生稻、野燕麦、枸杞DNA的提取方法

采用CTAB法和2种经改进SDS法提取野生稻、野燕麦、枸杞总DNA。提取结果表明植物的种类不同,所适用的提取方法也有所不同。野生稻和野燕麦DNA提取较合适的方法为SDS-和CTAB法,枸杞DNA提取较合适的方法为SDS-法。     

甲基二磺隆等防除麦田野燕麦和看麦娘的效果

防除以看麦娘和野燕麦为主的禾本科杂草,春季使用15%炔草酸WP 450 g/hm2、3%甲基二磺隆OF300~450 mL/hm2、3.6%二磺.甲碘隆WG 300~375 g/hm2、6.9%精唑禾草灵EW 1 500~2 250 mL/hm2和5%唑啉·炔草酸EC 1 350~1 500 mL/hm2均有较理想的防效,鲜重防效均在90%以上,高于株防效。     

Competitive effects of Avena fatua L. plants derived from seeds of different weights

A study was made of the caryopsis weights of Avena fatua grown in the field and in pots and of the competitive ability of A. fatua from heavy seed (≥18 mg) and light reed (≤11 mg) grown at a depth of either 25 or 75 mm with spring barley sown at 25 mm. The weight of field- and pot-grown caryopses of A. fatua types fA, fB and fC ranged from 3 to 25, 5 to 23, and 5 to 25 mg respectively. With one exception, both the field- and pot-grown samples showed a double normal distribution pattern. The mean weights of pot-grown primary and secondary caryopses of fA, fB and fC were 15 and 9, 19 and 11, and 18 and 11 mg respectively. In a competition experiment, A. fatua grown from heavy seeds sown at 75 mm depth with an equal number of barley produced 47% more panicles, 54% more seed and 56% more dry weight per plant than plants from light seeds. When barley and both seed weights of A. fatua were sown at 25 mm depth these differences were smaller, being 21, 28 and 34% respectively. When the barley was at Zadoks stage 87, and when the barley and A. fatua were grown at equal densities at 25 mm depth, the dry weight of barley was reduced from 10·4 to 7·7, and to 5·8 g per plant by light- and heavy-seeded A. fatua, respectively. When the barley was grown at 25 mm and the A. fatua at 75 mm, the weight per barley plant was reduced to 9·5 and 7·2 g by A. fatua plants grown from light and heavy seeds respectively. Reductions in numbers of grain were caused mainly by a reduction in the number of fertile heads.     

Physicochemical and herbicidal properties of emulsions of essential oils against Avena fatua L. and Chenopodium album L.

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Essential oils have herbicidal effects, which can potentially be improved by the addition of adjuvants. The present study evaluated (1) the stability and...     

A comparison of root and shoot competition between spring cereals and Avena fatua L.

Two cultivars of each of three spring cereals (wheat, barley and oats) were grown with Avena fatua in a box experiment, where the effects of root and shoot competition were separated using soil and aerial partitions. Measures of resource complementarity (RYT) and of the relative severity of competition indicated that competition for soil resources, particularly nitrogen, was more severe than competition for aerial resources, i.e. light. When both root and shoot competition occurred, oats and barley were generally more competitive than wheat, but there were significant differences in competitive ability between cultivars of all three cereals. Although competition between cereals and A. fatua occurred predominantly below-ground, the various cultivars only differed slightly in root competitive ability against weeds. Nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly change the ranking of competitive abilities of the cultivars. Although shoot competition had less effect than root competition, the various cereals differed markedly in shoot competitive ability. The two oat cultivars, and the barley cultivar Egmont, had higher shoot competitive abilities than the two wheat cultivars or the barley cultivar Goldmarker. There was little evidence that differences in shoot competitive ability were due to differences in plant height. Une comparaison de la competition racinaire et aerienne entre les cereales de printemps et Avena fatua L. Deux cultivars de chacune des 3 céréales de printemps (blé, orge et avoine) ont été cultivés avec de l'Avena fatua dans des boites expérimentales ou les effets de la compétition aérienne et ceux de la compétition racinaire étaient séparées en utilisant des partitions de sol et d'air. Des mesures de complémentarité de ressources (RYT) et de la sévérité relative de la competition ont montré que la compétition pour les ressources du sol, en particulier l'azote, était plus forte que la compétition pour les ressources aériennes comme la lumière. Quand à fois on avait une compétition aérienne et racinaire, l'avoine et l'orge étaient généralement plus compétitives que le blé, mais il y avait des différences significatives dans l'aptitude à la compétition entre les cullivars des 3 céréales. Bien que la compétition enlre céréales et A. fatua soit apparue pour la majeure partie sous le sol, les différents cultivars ont seulement légèrement différé dans leur aptitude à la competition contre les adventices. Les engrais azotés n'ont pas changé de façon significative le niveau de la competitivité des cullivars. Bien que la compétition aérienne soit moins forte que la racinaire, les différentes céréales ont exprimé des différences nettes dans leur aptitude à la compétition aérienne. Les 2 avoines et l'orge ‘Egmont’ ont une plus grande capacité de compétition que les 2 blés et l'orge ‘Goldmaker’. II n'est pas ressorti que les différences dans la compétitivé aérienne soient liées à des différences de hauleur de plantes. Konkurrenz im Wurzel- und im Sproßbereich zwischen Sommergetreide und Avena fatua L. Je 2 Sorten von Sommerweizen, Sommergerste und Hafer wuchsen mit Avena fatua in einem Topfversuch, wo durch Trennwände die Wirkung der Wurzel- und der Sproßkonkurrenz unterschieden werden konnte. Messungen der Nährstoffaufnahme und der relativen Stärke der Konkurrenz zeigten, daß die Konkurrenz um Nährstoffe im Boden, besonders Stickstoff, heftiger war als die Konkurrenz im Sproßbereich, z. B. um Licht. Lag sowohl Wurzel- wie Sproßkonkurrenz vor, waren Hafer und Gerste allgemein konkurrenzstärker als Weizen, aber es gab bei allen 3 Getreidearten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Sorten. Obwohl die Konkurrenz zwischen den Getreiden und A. fatua vor allem im Wurzelbereich lag, unterschieden sich die verschiedenen Sorten da in ihrer Konkurrenzkraft nur wenig, was auch durch Stickstoffdüngung nicht signifikant geändert werden konnte. Trotz der geringeren Bedeutung der Konkurrenz im Sproßbereich unterschieden sich die Getreidearten hier in ihrer Konkurrenzkraft deutlich: Die beiden Hafersorten und die Gerstensorte ‘Egmont’übertrafen hierin die beiden Weizensorten oder die Gerstensorte ‘Goldmaker’. Es gab keine Hinweise darauf, daß die Unterschiede der Konkurrenzkraft im Sproßbereich auf die Halmlänge zurückzuführen sei.     

Some studies of competition between Avena fatua L. and spring barley I. The influence of A. fatua on yield of barley

A. fauta reduced yields of spring barley in the majority of 51 experiments carried out during 1971 and 1972. Infestations ranging from 8 to 662 seedlings/m² in the spring resulted in yield reductions varying from nothing to 72%; in 11 experiments these exceeded 1–2 t/ha. Reductions in yield were poorly correlated with numbers of seedlings, panicles or wild oat seeds produced. However, there was a good correlation between yield loss and the dry weight of wild oats at harvest. Growth and competitive effects of wild oats differed between the two years. Grain losses were due mainly to reductions in the numbers of ear bearing barley tillers. The influence and significance of the effect of competition on the size of barley grains is discussed.     

Control of Avena fatua L. and Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. with mixtures of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and four herbicides for control of A. fatua

Control of Avena fatua (L.) (wild oat) with diclofop methyl applied at 0·7 kg ha^?1 at the two-leaf stage and difenzoquat at 0·84 kg ha^?1 at the four-leaf stage in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions was good and not affected when either of these herbicides was mixed with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid as the monoethanolamine salt at 0·14, 0·20 or 0·30 kg ha^?1. In the glasshouse, mixtures containing 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at rates as high as 0·6 kg ha^?1 also did not affect control of A. fatua. When barban at 0·35 kg ha^?1, or flamprop methyl at 0·56 kg ha^?1 was mixed with similar rates of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and applied at the two-leaf and four-leaf stage of A. fatua respectively, a reduction in control of A. fatua (antagonism) occurred under both field and glasshouse conditions. The herbicides for control of A. fatua did not influence the fresh weight suppression of C. arvense shoots obtained in the glasshouse with 3,6-dichloropico-colinic acid at 0·3 kg ha^?1. Early tolerance of wheat (cv. Neepawa) was acceptable with all mixtures. Wheat yields with diclofop methyl or difenzoquat alone or in mixture with 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid were increased over the yields from the A. fatua-infested control.     

81.5%乙草胺乳油防除春油菜田野燕麦效果

81.5％乙草胺乳油993.87 g/hm2,在春油菜播种前兑水300 L/hm2进行土壤喷雾处理,对野燕麦防效达73.63％,对作物安全,油菜增产8.06％.     

Dynamics of competition between wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and winter cereals

This study examined the effects of competition on the growth of Avena fatua, winter wheat and winter barley. Plants were sampled at frequent intervals from replacement series experiments at two contrasting sites in the U.K. A. fatua was much slower to establish than the two cereals, but thereafter exhibited a faster rate of growth. In monoculture, it took a considerable time for A. fatua to reach a size equal to that of the cereals, but by the end of the experiments it was the largest of the three species. The change-over from cereal dominance in mixtures to A. fatua tiominance was rapid, and in three cases coincided with cereal flag leaf emergence. In the fourth case, it appeared to coincide with the art of canopy height extension. At one site the rder of competitiveness at anthesis was A. fatua= barley>wheat, and at the other site the order was A. fatua>wheat>barley. In order to explain and predict differences between years and sites, more studies are required on morphological development in relation to abiotic variables.     

Postemergence effects of different distribution patterns of tri-allate granules on Avena fatua L. and wheat plants

The phytotoxicity of 10% w/w tri-allate granules to emerged plants of Avena fatua L. and wheat was investigated in the glasshouse, and to A. fatua alone under outdoor conditions. Tri-allate was applied at 1.68 and 3.36 kg a.i./ha using two patterns of granule distribution (1) the granules uniformly distributed over the soil surface and (2) the same weight of granules as in (1) but applied only to a central area of the soil surface. Wheat was very tolerant of high concentrations of tri-allate. Under optimum conditions of temperature and soil moisture in the glasshouse phytotoxic effects on wild oats were visible within 6 h and coleoptile or primary leaf entrapment was observed within 3 to 4 days of treatment. Phytotoxic effects of tri-allate were detectable at distances up to 12 cm from the site of restricted-granule application, although beyond 8 cm the effect was sub-lethal. On a sloping soil surface (1:8 gradient) the dispersal of tri-allate was approximately the same upwards or downwards from the site of herbicide application. Under outside conditions where the mean temperature was about 5 C tri-allate dispersal was sub-lethal beyond 3 cm although it evidently occurred primarily as vapour.     

Influence of temperature on the activity of AC 222,293 against Avena fatua L. and Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.

Foliage applications of AC 222,293 were more active against Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. plants growing at high (26/16°C day/night) compared to either medium (16/10°C) or low (11/7°C) temperatures. Soil activity was unaffected by temperature. Enhanced activity against A. myosuroides required exposure to the high temperatures for only 24 h immediately post spraying and correlated with the accumulation of greater levels of the biologically active acid in the apical meristem region during this period. Both foliage and soil activity of AC 222,293 were greatest against Avena fatua L. plants growing at medium (16/10°C) compared to either high (26/16°C) or low (11/7°C) temperatures. Foliar activity decreased slowly with increasing periods of high temperatures post spraying and then only at doses lower than those recommended for field use. Reduced performance at the high temperatures correlated with lower levels of the biologically active acid in the meristem region, despite greater uptake and translocation. This was due to increased metabolism of the parent herbicide and formation of metabolites other than the free acid.     

Modelling the economics of controlling Avena fatua in winter wheat

A simple mathematical model of the life-cycle of Avena fatua L. is described and used to consider the financial consequences to the farmer of controlling A. fatua infestations in winter wheat. The likely economic benefits of applying herbicides in different cultivation regimes are investigated. The sensitivity of the model to variations in herbicide performance, straw burning, initial weed infestation and the value of the wheat crop is tested. The model predicts that the highest long-term benefits will be obtained when a herbicide is applied every time wild oats exceed a density of between 2 and 3 seedlings m^?2. Whether or not this results in a significant financial saving over spraying every year depends on the initial level of infestation and on the cultivation method. Whether straw is burnt or not is likely to be of little economic significance.     

Antagonism of tralkoxydim activity in Avena fatua by metsulfuron methyl

In growth chamber experiments, tralkoxydim activity against Avena fatua was significantly reduced by addition of metsulfuron methyl to the spray solution. This was apparent particularly at low rates of tralkoxydim (e.g., 125 g a.i.ha^?1) and at high rates of metsulfuron methyl (8 or 12 g a.i. ha^?1). Metsulfuron methyl alone reduced A. fatua growth significantly, Chlorsul-furon, which did not reduce A. fatua growth at rates of up to 33 g a.i. ha^?1, caused only a slight loss in tralkoxydim activity. When applied in combination, metsulfuron methyl reduced the uptake of foliar-applied ¹⁴C-tralkoxydim 6 h after application, but did not affect uptake or translocation of ¹⁴C-tralkoxydim at subsequent sampling times. In in vitro assays, metsulfuron methyl at 10 or 100 nM in the assay medium had no effect on acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) activity in A.fatua, nor did it interfere with the inhibition of ACCase by tralkoxydim. In addition, treatment of A. fatua plants with metsulfuron methyl at 4, 8 or 12 g ha^?1 did not reduce the level of extractable ACCase activity when the plants were harvested 24–96 h after spraying. Thus, no apparent physiological or biochemical basis for the antagonism of tralkoxydim was identified. The temporary growth inhibition induced by metsulfuron methyl may be of sufficient duration for most of the tralkoxydim to be metabolized to inactive products, thereby reducing tralkoxydim-induced injury. Antagonisme entre le metsulfuron-methyl et l'activité de la tralkoxydime sur Avena fatua Dans des essais en chambres climatiques, l'activité de la tralkoxydime contre Avena fatua a été significativement réduite par l'adjonction de metsulfuron-methyl dans la bouillie de pulvérisation. Ceci est particulièrement apparent à de faibles doses de tralkoxydime (ex. 125 g. m.a. ha^?1) et à de faibles doses de metsulfuron-methyl (8 à 12 g m.a. ha^?1). Le metsulfuron-methyl seul réduit la croissance d'Avena fatua. Le chlorsulfuron qui ne réduit pas la croissance d'Avena fatuaà des doses jusqu'à 33 g m.a. ha^?1 cause seulement une faible perte d'efficacité chez la tralkoxydime. Quand il est appliqué en mélange, le metsulfuron-méthyl a réduit l'absorption de la C14 tralkoxydime appliquée sur les feuilles 6 h après l'application, mais n'a pas affecté l'absorption et le transport de la C14 tralkoxydime aux autres temps d'échantillonage ultérieurs. Dans les essais in vitro, le metsulfuron-methyl à 10 ou 100 nm dans le milieu d'essai n'a pas eu d'effet sur l'activité de l'acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase), ni n'a interféré avec l'inhibition de l'ACCase par la tralkoxydime. En outre, le traitement d'Avena fatua avec du metsulfuron-methyl a 4, 8 ou 12 g ha^?1 n'a pas réduit le niveau d'activité d'ACCase quand les plantes étaient récoltées de 24 à 96 h après l'application. Ainsi aucune base apparente physiologique ou biochimique pour l'antagonisme de la tralkoxydime n'a été identifiée. L'inhibition temporaire de la croissance induite par le metsulfuron-methyl peut être d'une durée suffisante pour que la plus grande partie de la tralkoxydime soit métabolisée en produits inactifs, et de ce fait réduit les effets induits par la tralkoxydime. Antagonismus von Metsulfuron-methyl auf die Wirkung von Tralkoxydim auf Avenua fatua In Phytotron-Versuchen wurde die Wirkung von Tralkoxydim auf Avena fatua durch Zugabe von Metsulfuron-methyl in die Spritzbrühe signifikant herabgesetzt, besonders bei niedrigen Tralkoxydim-Dosen (z. B. 125 g AS ha^?1) und bei hohen Metsulfuron-methyl-Dosen (8 oder 12 g AS ha^?1). Metsulfuron-methyl allein setzte das Wachstum von Avena fatua signifikant herab. Mit Chlorsulfuron, das das Wachstum von Avena fatua bis 33 g AS ha^?1 nicht verminderte, ließ sich die Wirkung von Tralkoxydim nur wenig beeinträchtigen. In Kombination reduzierte Metsulfuron-methyl die Blattaufnahme von ¹⁴C-Tralkoxydim 6 h nach der Applikation, aber bei späteren Probennahmen waren Aufnahme und Translokation von ¹⁴C- Tralkoxydim nicht beeinträchtigt. In In-vitro-Versuchen blieben 10 oder 100 mm Metsulfuron in der Versuchslösung ohne Wirkung auf die Aktivität der Acetyl-Coenzym-A-Carboxylase (ACCase) in Avena fatua, es wirkte auch nicht auf die Hemmung der ACCase durch Tralkoxydim. Auch eine Behandlung von Avena-fatua-Pflanzen mit 4, 8 oder 12 g AS ha^?1 Metsulfuron-methyl setzte nach 24 bis 96 h die ACCase-Aktivität nicht herab. So konnte keine offensichtliche physiologische oder biochemische Basis für den Antagonismus von Tralkoxydim gefunden werden. Die durch Metsulfuron-methyl induzierte zeitweilige Wuchshemmung kann lang genug sein, daß das meiste Tralkoxydim zu inaktiven Produkten abgebaut wird, so daß seine Wirksamkeit reduziert wird.     

Effect of the form of a deposit on the activity of barban applied to Avena fatua L.

Experiments are described where different forms of deposit of barban were applied lo wild oats (Avena fatua L.) by varying drop size (110. 220 or 440 μm diameter) and application rate. Plants were grown in trays in a glasshouse and sprayed in the laboratory using a spinning disc in a cabinet. The results showed that the form of a deposit can have a significant effect on herbicidal activity, deposits produced with the smallest drop size being the most effective. Effect de la forme du depot sur l'activite du barbane appliqué sur Avena fatua (L.) Des expériences sont décrites au cours desquelles différentes formes de dépöts de barbane ont ete appliquées sur de la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) en faisant varier la taille des gouttes (110, 220 ou 440 μ de diamétre) et la dose d'application. Les plantes ont été cultivées sur tablettes en serre et traitées au laboratoire en utilisant un disque tournant dans une enceinte. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la forme du dépót pouvait avoir un effet significatif sur I'activité de I'herbicide, les dépôts formes par les gouttes les plus petites étant les plus efficaces. Einfluss der Art des Spritzbelages auf die Wirksamkeit von Barban gegenüber Avena fatua L. Es werden Versuche über die unterschiedliche Applikation von Barban auf Flughafer (Avena fatua L.) beschrieben. Variiert wurden die Tröpfchengrösse (110, 220 oder 440 μm Durchmesser) und die Aufwandmenge. Die Pflanzen wurden im Gewflchshausangezogen und mit einem ZentrifugalzcrstSuber behandelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Art der Applikation einen gesicherten Einfluss auf die herbizide Wirkung haben kann, wobei die Applikation mit der kleinstcn Tröpfchengrösse am wirkungsvollsten war.     

Effect of seed age and cultivation on seedling emergence and seed decline of Avena fatua L. in winter barley

Avena fatua was sown in a cultivation experiment in the autumn of 3 successive years. For each population seedling emergence and viable seeds in the soil were recorded for 4 years in crops of winter barley in which new seed production was prevented. About half of the seeds sown were recovered after 1 year. In subsequent years viable seeds in the soil declined more rapidly with tine cultivation than with ploughing. After 4 years up to 5% of the original seeds were still viable. One population exhibited greater seed dormancy than the other two populations, due it is thought to higher summer rainfall and the greater availability of moisture during seed maturation. Most seedlings emerged in the autumn and spring, between 12 and 18 months after sowing. A total of 950 seedlings emerged from 12 000 seeds sown; 21% of these seedlings came from new seeds (< 1 year old), 57% from seeds 1–2 years old, 14% from seeds 2–3 years old and 8% from seeds 3–4 years old. Autumn seedlings arose fairly evenly from all age groups while spring seedlings mostly came from the 1–2-year-old seeds. With tine cultivation total seedlings over 4 years represented 9–7% and with ploughing 6–2% of the original seeds sown. A. fatua was more persistent than in previous experiments in spring barley, which suggests that control measures would have to be applied for longer in a succession of winter cereals than spring-sown crops to reduce A. fatua to low populations.