互花米草入侵对闽东滨海湿地红树林土壤物理性质的影响分析

以互花米草入侵下的闽东滨海湿地为研究对象,通过对其土壤含水量、土壤孔隙度及土壤容重进行对比分析,运用IBM SPSS Statistics 19进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)检验数据差异显著性。结果显示:在溪南镇秋茄红树林单优势群落,互花米草单优势群落,50%秋茄红树林、50%互花米草混合群落,75%秋茄红树林、25%互花米草混合群落,25%秋茄红树林、75%互花米草混合群落这5个群落中,秋茄红树林单优势群落和互花米草单优势群落0~20cm土层深度与40~60cm土层深度的土壤含水量呈显著差异,但土壤孔隙度、土壤容重未呈显著差异;在50%秋茄、50%互花米草混合群落,40~60cm土层深度与0~20cm土层深度、20~40cm土层深度的土壤含水量、土壤孔隙度与土壤容重均呈显著差异;互花米草的入侵导致闽东滨海湿地土壤容重增加,土壤孔隙度减小,而土壤含水量变化趋势在不同秋茄-互花米草混合群落中呈现不同规律。     

覆盖对互花米草生理特性和生长的影响

以福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区内红树林边缘的互花米草为对象,开展不同覆盖处理(不透光、遮荫率70%、遮荫率30%,以不覆盖为对照)对互花米草生理特性和生长的影响。结果表明:不同的遮光度对互花米草的各项光合特性指标以及叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量等有显著影响。与对照相比,不透光的纤维布覆盖处理对互花米草的光合特性有着明显的抑制作用(P0.05),并显著降低互花米草的可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量(P0.05);不透光的纤维布处理对互花米草的防效显著高于其他处理(P0.05),75 d后对互花米草的抑制率达到100%。说明全暗覆盖处理对互花米草的防治效果显著,可在沿海互花米草入侵区域推广应用。     

互花米草切割迹地红树林恢复效果试验

通过对互花米草切割试验,以及在互花米草切割迹地上进行红树恢复试验研究,结果表明:切割对互花米草的萌生株数影响不明显;腋芽数随活根生物量的增加而增加;在互花米草迹地立地条件下造林,1年生木榄裸根苗比1年生的秋茄、桐花树裸根苗更适合;秋茄1年生裸根苗造林最适密度为100 cm×100 cm;秋茄胚轴造林最佳密度为50 cm×50 cm,其次为75 cm×75 cm。     

互花米草对红树植物秋茄幼苗更新的影响

以裸露的光滩为对照,在福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区互花米草入侵地进行秋茄胚轴插植试验,探究互花米草入侵对秋茄幼苗更新的影响。结果表明:由于互花米草遮荫的影响,秋茄幼苗生长缓慢,茎杆纤细且叶片出现脱落现象,最终由于互花米草的倒伏覆盖使得秋茄幼苗完全失去光照而全部死亡。     

茅埏岛滩涂红树植物引种栽培与成本分析

开展了浙江省玉环县茅埏岛东升塘滩涂秋茄红树林的引种栽培试验,从福建省龙海市引种秋茄到茅埏岛东升塘滩涂栽培种植,并调查其生长及保存率,结果表明,秋茄在茅埏岛东升塘滩涂引种成功,保存率逐年下降,3a保存率为61%,8a保存率52%;割除互花米草是互花米草滩涂引种秋茄红树的关键技术之一,不割除互花米草试验地秋茄保存率为0;在红树林非天然分布区成功营建红树林,每667m2投入的人工18.5²1.5工。     

遮荫对互花米草生长影响的初步研究

2000—2008年在珠海市淇澳岛利用速生红树植物—无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.成功控制互花米草Spartina alterniflora Loisel。为了探明其控制机理,通过遮荫网模拟植被遮荫,研究遮荫对入侵种互花米草生长的影响。结果发现:遮荫对互花米草的生长具有很大影响,不同遮荫强度下互花米草的生长状况、光合能力及生物量等均存在显著差别;在2层遮荫网遮荫条件下,互花米草植株瘦弱,单株幼苗的茎叶干重和总干重显著降低,幼苗的12周相对生长率显著降低,死亡率明显大于1层遮荫网遮荫和无遮荫的处理;3层遮荫网遮荫处理则在遮荫开始1个月后全部死亡。试验证明遮荫对互花米草的生长具有显著的抑制作用,由此推断无瓣海桑成功控制互花米草主要是林冠的遮蔽起关键作用。     

不同杨树抗寒性生理指标评价

通过对低温条件下不同杨树枝条的渗透调节物质含量、酶活性等生理指标的测试,研究了其对低温的适应性以及抗寒能力的强弱。结果表明,在相同立地条件下不同杨树的8个抗寒生理指标,均表现出显著性差异水平,说明在低温条件下杨树抗寒力的形成与膜保护系统和渗透调节物的积累密切相关。经模糊数学隶属函数值法对其抗寒性进行综合评价,得出抗寒性以银×新抗寒最强。     

滩涂互花米草除治技术研究

针对福建沿海滩涂外来物种互花米草疯长成灾问题,通过使用滩涂米草除控剂、种植秋茄等方法对互花米草进行除治技术研究,结果表明:在4-7月退潮后,用滩涂米草除控剂300-400 g稀水10 kg液均匀喷湿互花米草茎叶,2个月后叶枯根烂,次年4月下旬在除草迹地插植秋茄胚轴,幼树长势良好,为建设海峡西岸滩涂绿色屏障提供技术支撑.     

干旱及外源低聚壳聚糖对1年生苹果幼树渗透调节能力的影响

采用盆栽控水的方法研究干旱和外源低聚壳聚糖处理对1年生苹果幼树渗透调节能力的影响。结果表明:苹果幼树具有一定的渗透调节能力,且受土壤干旱的速度和程度影响,在缓慢干旱条件下,苹果幼树叶片的ψw,π100均明显降低。△π100值也表明缓慢干旱条件下苹果幼树渗透调节能力明显高于快速干旱。在缓慢干旱条件下,由轻度到中度干旱时其渗透调节能力显著增强;由中度到严重干旱时,增加不明显。从3种有机渗透调节物质含量与△π100值的动态变化可知:可溶性糖含量增加对渗透调节能力的贡献是第1位,其次是脯氨酸(Pro)、游离氨基酸。在缓慢和快速干旱条件下、外源低聚壳聚糖处理均能提高苹果幼树的渗透调节能力,增强抗旱性,外源低聚壳聚糖处理主要是通过增加渗透调节物质的含量提高渗透调节能力。     

互花米草化学性质和纤维形态分析

对不同生长时期的互花米草的化学性质和纤维形态进行测定与分析,结果表明:随生长期的增长,互花米草综纤维素与木质素含量逐渐增加,而各种抽出物含量呈减少趋势,成熟的互花米草综纤维素含量与马尾松木材相近.秆部位的综纤维素和木质素含量最高;互花米草原料pH值呈中性或弱碱性,秆部位酸碱缓冲容量最低,梢部位则较高;互花米草秆部位的表皮和叶部位二氧化硅含量较高.互花米草纤维属于中等长度纤维,纤维大小等级为细.     

浙江不同河口滩涂秋茄树幼苗生长适应性试验

2019年5-6月,采用浙江龙港种质和福建泉州种质的1年生秋茄树Kandelia obovata容器苗和胚轴在浙江省沿海的宁波钱塘江河口、台州椒江河口和温州瓯江河口滩涂进行种植试验,2020年4月,调查了幼苗生长及土壤化学性质,对比分析秋茄树幼苗生长指标、叶片参数和生物积累量的差异.结果表明,瓯江河口土壤含盐量、有机质...     

盐分胁迫对公路护坡植物紫穗槐适应性的影响

本实验通过对公路两侧路肩及护坡回填土中的盐分程度和处理组不同浓度盐分的生长环境设定,对3年生紫穗槐的植物生理生化特性的数据分析,研究紫穗槐耐盐碱实际的应用效果。研究结果证实,盐分胁迫浓度的升高,对紫穗槐表现的蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)、K+含量等技术指标呈现下降趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、游离脯氨酸(Free Pro)、可溶性糖、Na+等多种物质含量呈明显升高。叶绿素总量、叶绿素a和b等含量随种植土中盐分浓度减小而呈对应减少。从分析各项指标数据得出紫穗槐3年生苗木对盐渍环境具有很强的适应性和良好的自我调节功能。     

广东湛江红树林自然保护区及附近海岸 互花米草入侵与红树林保护*

对广东湛江红树林自然保护区范围内和周边区域的外来植物互花米草（Spartina alterniflora） 的生长分布进行了实地调查。结果显示,雷州半岛东、西海岸均有互花米草的分布,总面积达 12.6 hm2 , 徐闻海安新港码头是互花米草在中国大陆分布的最南端。调查发现,互花米草和乡土红树植物的生态位 重叠,虽然致密的红树林内未见互花米草的生长分布,但互花米草比乡土红树植物更耐淹水,表现为在 光滩前沿低潮位仅有互花米草的分布。鉴于互花米草在雷州半岛分布范围广、生境类型多样、扩散增长 迅速的现状,建议对互花米草应采取“早发现,早清除”的治理措施,并开展跟踪监测,及时掌握互花 米草的扩散动态。     

7种园林地被植物耐盐性研究

应用不同NaCI水溶液处理法,比较研究了华南地区栽培的7种常见地被植物幼苗在盐胁迫条件下的存活率、盐害指数、叶绿素荧光参数、根和叶的K＋浓度、Na＋浓度、K＋／Na＋值、叶片相对电导率和相对含水量等指标,并运用隶属函数值对其植物耐盐性进行综合评定。结果表明：在7种参试植物中,小蚌兰Rhoeospathacea和鸢尾Ir...     

Overexpression of AtNHX5 improves tolerance to both salt and drought stress in Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L. Vent) is well known for its bark fibers, which are used for making paper, cloth, rope, etc. It was found that, in addition to its well-documented role in the enhancement of plant salt tolerance, overexpression of the Na+/H+ antiporter (AtNHX5) gene in paper mulberry plants showed high drought tolerance. After exposure to water deficiency and salt stress, the wild-type (WT) plants all died, while the AtNHX5-overexpressing plants remained alive under high salt stress, and had a higher survival rate (>66%) under drought stress. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na+ and K+ contents were all higher in AtNHX5-overexpressing leaves than in WT leaves in high saline conditions. The AtNHX5 plants had higher leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline and soluble sugars, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants under water deficiency and high saline conditions. Taken together, the results indicate that the AtNHX5 gene could enhance the tolerance of paper mulberry plants to multiple environmental stresses by promoting the accumulation of more effective osmolytes (ions, soluble sugars, proline) to counter the osmotic stress caused by abiotic factors.     

木荷种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG(6000)溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究木荷种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:木荷种子的萌发率、幼苗生长及累积吸水率与PEG溶液的渗透势之间呈显著的负相关关系,但渗透势为-0.3~-0.6 MPa时,种子的萌发率比对照要高一些。在渗透势达到-1.8 MPa时,仍有少量种子(5.2%)能萌发,说明木荷种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫能力。另外,经PEG处理后复水,种子的萌发率均高于对照的32.4%,提示PEG处理可以打破木荷种子的休眠现象。     

Gas exchange, water relations and osmotic adjustment in Phillyrea latifolia grown at various salinity concentrations

Leaf gas exchange, water relations and osmotic adjustment were studied in hydroponically grown Phillyrea latifolia L. plants exposed to 5 weeks of salinity stress (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mM NaCl) followed by 5 weeks of treatment with half-strength Hoagland solution. Whole-plant relative growth rate and root/shoot and lateral/structural root ratios were also evaluated. Net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were markedly decreased by all of the salt treatments. Growth was also strongly depressed by all salt treatments, especially lateral root growth. Leaf water potential decreased soon after salinity stress was imposed, whereas there was a lag of several weeks before leaf osmotic potential decreased in response to the salt treatments. After 5 weeks of salinization, leaf turgor of salt-treated plants was similar to that of controls. Although Na+ + Cl- contributed little to the salt-induced changes in osmotic potential at full turgor (Psi(piFT)), the contributions of K+, mannitol (Man) and glucose (Glc) to Psi(piFT) markedly increased as external salinity increased. Salt accumulation was negligible in the youngest leaves, which mostly accumulated soluble carbohydrates and K+; in contrast, old leaves served as storage sinks for Na+ and Cl-. Photosynthetic performance of salt-treated plants fully recovered once salt was leached from the root zone, with the recovery rate depending on the severity of the salt stress previously experienced by the plants. Recovery of gas exchange occurred even though the leaves still had a salt load similar to that detected in leaves at the end of the 5-week salinity period, and had markedly lower concentrations of K+ and soluble carbohydrates than control leaves. We conclude that salt-induced water stress primarily controlled gas exchange of salt-treated P. latifolia leaves, whereas the salt load in the leaves did not cause irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.     

Growth and water relations of three geographically separate origins of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) under saline conditions

Water relations and growth of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) were investigated in 2-year-old seedlings of French ('Landes'), Iberian ('Iberian') and Moroccan ('Tamjoute') origin raised for 67 days in a flowing solution culture system containing 0, 50, 150 or 250 mM NaCl. Height growth, and stem, needle and root dry matter were reduced by salinity with minor differences among geographic origins. Predawn needle water potential was decreased by salinity and corresponded approximately to the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution. Stomatal conductance was reduced according to the amount of salinity applied. Whole-plant hydraulic conductance was also reduced, even when expressed on a root dry weight basis. The osmotic potential of xylem sap was five- to sixfold lower than that of the nutrient solution. Seedlings of the most southerly origin (Tamjoute) exhibited a greater ability to decrease osmotic potential under saline conditions than seedlings of more northerly origin (Landes and Iberian) as a result of higher mineral cation transport to the shoot.     

3个与杉木混植木荷种源幼苗对光照响应的差异

目的]探寻不同木荷种源混交林生产力差异的光合机制。[方法]以福建建瓯、江西信丰和浙江龙泉3个木荷代表性种源1年生和2年生幼苗为试验材料,在与杉木混植条件下,设置100%(L0)、50%(L1)和25%(L2)3种光照的光环境,研究3个木荷种源幼苗的生长性状、光合生理及叶绿素荧光特性等对不同光照响应的差异。[结果]1年生和2年生木荷幼苗的苗高、地径和干质量均表现出显著的种源差异,福建建瓯种源幼苗生长优于浙江龙泉种源和江西信丰种源。随着遮阳强度的提高,1年生和2年生2个发育阶段,福建建瓯种源幼苗比叶面积和叶绿素含量等明显增加,叶绿素a/b值、光饱和点、暗呼吸速率和Fo值等均显著降低,表现出较高的形态和生理塑性;相同遮阳处理下福建建瓯种源幼苗总叶面积、叶绿素含量和Fv/Fm值等指标显著高于浙江龙泉种源和江西信丰种源,而叶绿素a/b值、光饱和点、光补偿点和暗呼吸速率则明显低于两种源;长期遮阳和混植状态下福建建瓯种源幼苗可通过较高的生物量分配塑性,增加根系在土壤中分布来响应邻株竞争,进而促进整株干物质的积累;各光环境下,3个木荷种源2年生幼苗Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo等叶绿素荧光参数均较1年生幼苗明显升高,但各光环境间差异不显著。[结论]不同木荷种源混交林生产力差异与其对光照的塑性反应能力有关,并随幼苗年龄而变化。     

淹水胁迫对3种丁香生理指标的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了淹水胁迫对紫丁香、暴马丁香和小叶丁香生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,淹水胁迫使3种丁香的SOD、POD活性均有一定的增加,MDA含量和相对电导率大幅增长,叶绿素含量降低。通过各项指标的对比,发现紫丁香的抗淹水能力最弱,相对抗淹水能力较强的为小叶丁香。