梨衰退植原体Cycleave 实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

 根据植原体16S rDNA 保守区设计Cycling 探针LST2probe及引物,建立了梨衰退植原体Cycleave实时荧光PCR检测方法。结果表明,探针LST2probe 能特异的检测梨衰退植原体,供试同一组内不同亚组植原体及参试病原细菌均为阴性,检测灵敏度可达0.5 pg/μL。该Cycleave实时荧光PCR检测方法可用于梨衰退植原体的快速检测,并为其他有害生物鉴定提供借鉴依据。     

Frequency and seasonal distribution of pear psylla infected with the pear decline phytoplasma in california pear orchards

ABSTRACT Pear decline (PD) is an important disease of Pyrus communis fruiting cultivars in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. PD is caused by a phloem-limited phytoplasma that, in California, is transmitted from diseased to healthy trees by pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola. The percentage of phytoplasma-infected pear psylla has never been assessed in the United States in field-collected insects. Pear psylla were collected monthly from PD-infected trees from three orchards in northern California. Individual psylla were tested for the presence of PD phytoplasma, using both a quantitative DNA hybridization and PD phytoplasma-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The percentage of infected psylla ranged from 0 to 45% depending on the orchard, the month and year collected, and the method of detection. The PD phytoplasma was detected in both the winterform and summerform pear psylla. Significantly more infected psylla were detected with PCR than with DNA hybridization analysis in two of the three orchards. The number of PD phytoplasma per pear psylla was estimated to range from 1 x 10(6) to 8.2 x 10(7). The percentage of PD-infected pear psylla found in the three northern California pear orchards suggests that both winterform and summerform pear psylla could be important in the transmission of PD.     

紫花苜蓿丛枝病植原体的分子检测及鉴定

 利用植原体16S rRNA基因通用引物对云南昆明发生的苜蓿丛枝病感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增,得到1.2kb的特异片段,从分子水平证实了苜蓿丛枝病的病原是植原体。从PCR产物的RFLP酶切图谱可看出,该植原体株系的酶切图谱与马里兰翠菊黄化植原体(AY1)相同。对扩增片段进行克隆及序列测定后,利用最小进化法做Bootstrap验证的系统进化树,表明苜蓿丛枝病植原体为Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris成员之一,与植原体16SrI-B亚组成员关系密切。     

Detection and identification of the phytoplasma associated with pear decline in Taiwan

Pear decline (PD) is an important phytoplasmal disease that occurs mainly in Europe and North America. In 1994, pear trees exhibiting symptoms typical of PD disease were observed in orchards of central Taiwan. The sequence of 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) of the causative agent of pear decline in Taiwan (PDTW) were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a DNA template prepared from the diseased leaves. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that the PDTW agent was closely related to the phytoplasmas of the apple proliferation group that cause diseases in stone fruits, pear and apple. Consistent with the result of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, sequence analysis of the 16S–23S rDNA ISR and putative restriction site analyses of 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA ISR sequences provided further support for the view that the PDTW phytoplasma causing pear decline in Taiwan may represent a new subgroup of the apple proliferation group. According to the rDNA sequence of PDTW phytoplasma, two specific PCR primer pairs, APf2/L1n and fPD1/rPDS1, were designed in this study for the detection of the etiological agent in pear trees and insect vectors. Based on the sequence analyses of the PCR-amplified fragments, two species of pear psyllas, Cacopsylla qianli and Cacopsylla chinensis, were found to carry PDTW phytoplasma.     

梨褪绿叶斑伴随病毒的RT-PCR和巢式RT-PCR检测技术建立

 梨褪绿叶斑伴随病毒(Pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus,PCLSaV)是新近发现的为害梨树的欧洲花楸环斑病毒属(Emaravirus)病毒,该病毒基因组由5条负义单链RNA组成。本研究比较分析了反转录引物pd(N)6、3C和5H及基于该病毒基因组RNA3和RNA5链序列设计的4对引物用于RT-PCR检测梨样品中PCLSaV的效果,结果显示,采用与该病毒基因组RNA链3′末端互补的引物3C用于cDNA合成及基于该病毒RNA5链序列的引物5-F/R用于PCR扩增时,检测PCLSaV的灵敏度相较采用引物pd(N)6和5H合成cDNA为模板时高10~100倍;不同部位和不同发病状况的梨树组织中PCLSaV检测结果差异明显。进一步建立了具有高灵敏度的巢式RT-PCR技术,采用外侧引物5-F/R和内巢引物5-IF/IR结合可用于梨不同组织样品中PCLSaV的检测。本研究为系统分析PCLSaV在我国栽培梨树上的危害状况及无病毒梨种质培育奠定了技术基础。     

梨泡状溃疡类病毒的RT-PCR检测及序列分析

正梨泡状溃疡类病毒(Pear blister canker viroid,PBCVd)为马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒科(Pospiviroidae)苹果锈果类病毒属(Apscaviroid)成员~([1])。该类病毒在自然条件下主要侵染野生和栽培的梨和苹果~([2~4]),梨和榅桲多数品种感染PBCVd后无明显症状,通过嫁接传染该类病毒可诱导梨指示植物     

榆树黄化病植原体的分子检测与鉴定

 利用植原体16SrRNA基因的通用引物R16rrLF2/R16mR1和R16F2n/R16R2对山东泰山上发生的榆树(Ulmus parvifolia)黄化病感病植株总DNA进行巢式PCR扩增,得到了约1.2kb的特异性片段,从分子水平证实了榆树黄化病的病原(EY-China)为植原体。将扩增到的片段测序,并进行一致性和系统进化树分析。结果表明,该分离物属于植原体榆树黄化组(Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi),与该组成员16SrRNA序列的一致性均在98.2%以上,其中与16SrV-B亚组中的纸桑丛枝(Paper mulberry wiches'-broom)和枣疯病(Jujube witches'-broom)植原体一致性最高,达到99.4%,在系统进化树中与该亚组成员聚类到同一个分支,说明该分离物属于植原体16SrV-B亚组。本研究首次对在中国引致榆树黄化病的植原体进行了分子检测,并通过核酸序列分析将其鉴定到亚组水平。     

Potential and limits of acylcyclohexanediones for the control of blossom blight in apple and pear caused by Erwinia amylovora

Growth-regulating acylcyclohexanediones such as prohexadione-calcium and trinexapac-ethyl have been shown to be effective in controlling fire blight infections on shoots. Since blossoms represent the primary site of infection for the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora , trinexapac-ethyl and prohexadione-calcium were evaluated for their ability to reduce fire blight infection on apple and pear flowers. Field experiments and experiments under controlled conditions were conducted on apple flowers for 4 years. A reduction of up to 50% of blossom blight was observed in treated plants. In addition, treatment with trinexapac-ethyl reduced up to the 77% the percentage of fireblight-affected flowers from which disease progressed into shoots. On pear, numbers of flower infections were reduced by a quarter and flower infections leading to diseased shoots was reduced by up to 50%. Mechanisms underlying diseased reduction following treatment with the two acylcyclohexanediones was studied using a confocal laser scanning microscope combined with a gpf -labelled strain of E. amylovora . These non-invasive techniques demonstrated bacterial migration was reduced by up to 60 and 66% in apple and pear xylem, respectively.     

黑麦草腥黑粉菌分子检测方法的研究

寄生于黑麦草属植物有4种腥黑粉菌,分别是小麦矮化腥黑穗病菌(Tilletia.Controversa(TCK))、黑麦草腥黑粉菌(T.lolli)、黑麦草粒腥黑粉菌(T.walkeri)和新种(T.vankyi)。其中TCK、T.lolli和T.vankyi冬孢子形态非常相似,难以区分。本研究以寄生于黑麦草上的这3种腥黑粉菌为研究对象,设计T.lolli的特异引物,成功建立了T.lolli冬孢子的套式特异PCR检测方法。     

安徽桑黄花型萎缩病植原体16S rDNA序列分析及分子检测

 Mulberry yellow dwarf(MYD)disease is an quarantine disease and the causal agent is a phytoplasma.Two pairs of published universal primer, P1/P7 and Rm16F2/Rm16R1, based on the 16S-23S rDNA sequence of phytoplasma and total DNA extracted from infected mulberry tissues were employed for PCR and nested-PCR detection.The results revealed that a phytoplasma-specific 1 830 bp fragment with a G+C content of 46.01% was sequenced(GenBank accession No.GQ249410).The sequence shared 99.7% and 99.8% identity with aster yellows, the representatiive phytoplasma in 16SrI group, and mulberry dwarf phytoplasma classified into subgroup B in 16SrI group and named as the MYD phytoplasma strain Anhui(MYD-Anh).A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequences was constructed and showed that MYD-Anh was clustered into 16SrI group.Identity of 16S rDNA sequence between MYD-Anh and mulberry yellow dwarf phytoplasma strain Zhenjiang(MD-zj) was nearly 100%, and they might belong to the same strain.Nested-PCR was used to detect the pathogenic phytoplasma from the differential tissues of mulberry infected with MYD-Anh.The results showed that a phytoplasma-specific 1.4 kb fragment was amplified with total DNA extracted from bark and vein.Nested-PCR was more sensitive than PCR for detecting MYD phytoplasma.     

云南蔗区发现由植原体引起的检疫性病害甘蔗白叶病

By used of nested-PCR, the 16S rDNA sequence of phytoplasma associated with sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) in 48 suspected SCWL samples from Baoshan and Lincang of Yunnan were amplified with two primer pairs MLOX/ MLOY and P1/P2. The sequencing showed that the fragment size of 17 Baoshan suspected SCWL samples were all 210 bp and their sequences were all identical (GenBank: KC662509); the fragment size of 10 Lincang suspected SCWL samples were all 202 bp and their sequences were all identical (GenBank: KF431837). The Blast result indicated that the sequences obtained in this study were derived from the 16S-23S ISR intergenic spacer region of phytoplasma that causes SCWL and were highly homologous (99.05%-100% similarity) to the corresponding genome region registered in GenBank. Plant height, stalk diameter, millable stalk rate and single stalk weight were significantly reduced by infection of SCWL,which caused destructive damage to sugarcane.     

库尔勒香梨主要病毒多重RT-PCR检测技术研究

 利用nad5基因作为内标系统,研究建立了库尔勒香梨上苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)、苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(ACLSV)和苹果茎沟病毒(ASGV)等的RT-PCR检测技术,在此基础上研究建立了库尔勒香梨多重RT-PCR内标检测系统。并对回收的特异片段进行了克隆、鉴定和测序。测序结果表明:库尔勒香梨上的ACLSV与GenBank中D14996序列(日本苹果上的ACLSV分离物)中的6860~7536bp片段有116个碱基的差异,序列相似性为83.75%;库尔勒香梨上的ASPV与GenBank中D21828序列(德国梨脉黄病毒相关分离物)中的8869~9238bp片段有72个碱基的差异,序列相似性为79.5%;库尔勒香梨上的ASGV与GenBank中AB004063序列(日本ASGV分离物)中的6039~6311bp片段有21个碱基的差异,序列相似性为92.3%。     

橡胶树白粉病菌分子检测技术的建立

根据橡胶树白粉菌(Oidium heveae Steinm.)基因组中的特有保守序列OHS,设计两对特异性引物OHF1/OHR1和OHF2/OHR2。以不同地区收集的6份O.heveae(OH1~OH6)和橡胶树胶孢炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)等5种非靶标病原菌及健康橡胶树叶片基因组DNA为模板,建立了橡胶树白粉菌PCR及nested-PCR分子检测技术,并验证了检测体系的特异性和灵敏度。结果表明,引物OHF1/OHR1和OHF2/OHR2对橡胶树白粉菌均具有较高的特异性和灵敏度。其中引物OHF2/OHR2能检测到10pg/μL的橡胶树白粉菌DNA,而以OHF1/OHR1和OHF2/OHR2组合进行nested-PCR,其最低DNA检测浓度达到0.01fg/μL。人工接种试验中,当孢子接种量为2×10~3个/叶时,PCR和nested-PCR检测体系可分别在接种4d和24h后检测到目的条带。表明nested-PCR对在叶片组织中处于潜育期的橡胶树白粉菌的检测更有效,可为橡胶树白粉菌的检测提供一种简便而准确的检测方法。     

不同引物对植原体的检测灵敏度比较研究

用常规PCR和巢式PCR对目前常用的各种植原体引物(fPl/rP7、fU5/rP7、fU5／rU3、fAY/rEY和fFD9/rFD9)的检测灵敏度进行了比较研究。研究发现，它们的检测灵敏度并不相同。最灵敏的引物(fAY/rEY)要比最不灵敏的引物(fFD9/rFD9)的灵敏度至少高出数千倍。因此，按照不同的检测目的选择所用的检测引物是明智的，特别是当待测样品中的植原体浓度极低时，比如葡萄组织样品中植原体的检测。据此提出了用于不同检测目的时的最佳引物。     

天津市混栽梨园中不同品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱的发生规律

为明确梨木虱在不同品种梨树上的发生规律,于2015-2016年对天津市混栽梨园中3个品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱Cacopsylla chinensis的周年发生情况进行调查。结果表明,中国梨喀木虱冬型成虫在早酥梨树上的出现日期为2月底,在黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的出现日期为3月上旬至中旬。3月中下旬始见第1代卵,4月上旬达高峰期,4月下旬孵化为若虫并达到高峰期,4月底至5月初始见第1代夏型成虫,5月上旬至下旬达高峰期;5月下旬第2代若虫孵化,6月初达高峰期,中旬成虫羽化,下旬成虫达高峰期;6月底至7月初第3代若虫陆续出现,7月上旬至下旬达高峰期,下旬成虫羽化;8月上旬第4代若虫出现,中下旬达高峰期;9月中旬第5代若虫出现,月底达高峰期。早酥梨树上中国梨喀木虱发生高峰期的数量显著高于黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的数量,晚秋黄梨树上1、2代的发生量显著高于黄冠梨树上的发生量。     

不同PCR引物对柑桔黄龙病菌的特异性检测

本文对国内外研究者设计的11对PCR引物检测柑桔黄龙病菌的特异性进行了比较。其中包括5对一步法PCR引物(A2/J5、GB1/GB3、MP1/MP2、CQULA03F/CQULA03R和CLA-F2/CLA-R2)和6对巢式PCR引物(P1/P2、P3/P4、LP1/LP2、LP3/LP4、DP1/DP2和DP3/DP4)。结果发现,MP1/MP2和CLA-F2/CLA-R2 2对引物具有非特异性,不能区分亚洲柑桔黄龙病菌和非洲柑桔黄龙病菌,其余的9对引物特异性较好。本文旨在为研究者选择柑桔黄龙病菌扩增引物提供参考。     

介体条沙叶蝉传播小麦蓝矮病植原体特性研究

小麦蓝矮病植原体(wheat blue dwarf,WBD)属于翠菊黄化组三叶草绿变亚组植原体(16SrⅠ-C),由介体条沙叶蝉(Psammotettix striatus L.)专化性传播。通过电镜超微结构观察,在接种小麦、长春花和带毒条沙叶蝉体内有大量植原体,而在健康植物组织、无毒条沙叶蝉和带毒条沙叶蝉所产卵中未见植原体的存在。通过介体传毒试验和PCR检测发现,条沙叶蝉最适获毒期为7 d,植原体在虫体内的潜育期为1 5～1 7 d,接毒期为2～3 d。条沙叶蝉一旦获毒可终生持毒和传毒。不同虫态的条沙叶蝉带毒率没有明显的差异,但寄生植物的种类影响其带毒率。     

梨园气溶胶中梨火疫病菌的定量检测

为系统研究梨园气溶胶中梨火疫病菌的含量, 本研究于2019年－2021年在新疆库尔勒市人和农场梨园, 利用病原菌孢子捕捉器在每年春季(4月下旬)、夏季(6月中旬)、秋季(9月中旬)收集梨园气溶胶, 检测梨火疫病菌。结果显示, 健康梨园气溶胶中未检测到梨火疫病菌, 不同发病程度的梨园气溶胶中均能检测到梨火疫病菌, 携菌量均值在102 cfu/(24cm2·h)以上, 其中, 气溶胶中梨火疫病菌含量最高值为2.81×104 cfu/(24cm2·h), 最低值为8.50×102 cfu/(24cm2·h); 重度、中度、轻度发病果园收集的气溶胶中含梨火疫病菌总菌落数均值分别为8.74×103、4.55×103、2.36×103 cfu/(24cm2·h)。此外, 在同一高度收集的气溶胶中, 梨火疫病菌菌落数随收集时间的延长而增加。不同季节气溶胶携菌量检测结果表明, 秋季发病梨园中气溶胶携菌量明显高于夏季和春季, 与梨园梨火疫病发病规律相符。致病性测定结果表明, 气溶胶中分离的梨火疫病菌具有致病性。     

利用RT-PCR检测库尔勒香梨苹果茎痘病毒的研究

 以库尔勒香梨新鲜、冷藏、冷冻叶片和皮层为材料,对提取双链RNA (dsRNA)的2种方法和提取总RNA的3种方法进行了分析比较,并对总RNA的提取方法进行了改进,获得了纯度较高、完整性较好的dsRNA和总RNA,在此基础上进行了反转录(RT)和PCR扩增。在国内首次完成了对苹果茎痘病毒(ASPV)的RT-PCR检测,建立了ASPV有效RT-PCR反应体系。用此体系扩增到ASPV一个长约316 bp的片段。实验表明以dsRNA和总RNA为模板均能成功进行RT-PCR检测,且dsRNA优于总RNA。     

介体传播的草莓病毒研究进展

草莓病毒在世界各草莓栽培区广泛分布,可随无性繁殖材料和传毒介体传播扩散,严重影响草莓的产量和品质。目前已知传播草莓病毒的介体主要有蚜虫、蓟马、粉虱、线虫和真菌等,总共可传播19种病毒,其中2个为病毒暂定种。本文综述了不同介体传播的草莓病毒的分类地位、分子生物学和生物学特性等方面的研究进展,同时总结并展望了介体传播草莓病毒的检测技术和防治方法的新策略。