咪鲜胺及其代谢物在水稻中的残留检测方法及残留动态

采用气相色谱电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)研究了杀菌剂咪鲜胺及其代谢物在水稻中的总残留量检测方法。经简单净化后将咪鲜胺及其代谢物在高温下与吡啶盐酸盐反应,转化为2,4,6-三氯苯酚进行测定。咪鲜胺在各样品中的添加回收率为72.9％ ~103.4％,变异系数在1.46％ ~9.38％之间。残留动态研究表明,咪鲜胺在水稻苗中消解较快,半衰期仅为3.4 d;到水稻收获时,在用166.6 mg/L浸种处理后的稻米和稻秆中分别检出了0.025和0.056 mg/kg的残留量,其他样本中均未检出咪鲜胺的残留。     

咪鲜胺及其代谢产物在橙汁中的残留检测方法研究

采用气相色谱电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)研究了咪鲜胺及其代谢产物在橙汁中的残留检测方法,使用石油醚:丙酮(8∶2,V/V)提取,石油醚萃取净化,将咪鲜胺及其代谢产物在高温下与吡啶盐酸盐反应,待全部转化成其代谢产物2,4,6-三氯苯酚后进行测定。其在橙汁中的最小检出量为10-11 g,最低检测浓度为0.01mg/kg,咪鲜胺在橙汁中的平均添加回收率为72.5~109.1%,变异系数在5.7~9.7%之间,符合农药残留分析的要求。研究结果表明,咪鲜胺在常温和冷冻条件下的消解半衰期分别为:56.3d和105.0d。表明咪鲜胺在冷冻条件下降解缓慢。本实验优化了咪鲜胺衍生化过程与净化方法,具有快速准确、毒性小、灵敏度高、可同时检测多个样品等特点。     

45％咪鲜胺微乳剂在葱中的残留行为研究

为评价45%咪鲜胺微乳剂在葱中使用的安全性,开展咪鲜胺在葱中的残留量及残留消解研究。消解动态试验按照506.25 g a.i/ha 1次施药,药后2h、1、3、5、7、14、21、28、35d采集葱;最终残留试验按照337.5和506.25 g a.i/ha施药,施药3～4次,施药间隔7d,施药后7、10、14d采样葱样品。气相色谱对咪鲜胺进行定量分析。消解动态试验表明:咪鲜胺在葱中消解较快,在山东和广西半衰期分别为5.3 d和6.3 d。最终10d葱样品中咪鲜胺的残留量在0.027～0.64 mg/kg,低于韩国制定的葱中咪鲜胺最大残留限量(1mg/kg)。推荐该药在葱上的安全间隔期为10d。     

咪鲜胺在冬枣中的残留及消解动态

为评价咪鲜胺在冬枣上使用的安全性,开展了咪鲜胺在冬枣中的残留量及消解动态研究,进行了1年4地田间试验。消解动态试验按咪鲜胺667倍液(675mg/kg,1.5倍推荐最高制剂量)施药;最终残留试验按咪鲜胺1 000倍液(450mg/kg),高剂量按制剂量667倍液(675mg/kg,1.5倍推荐最高制剂量)施药,施药3~4次,施药间隔7d,施药后7、14、21、28d采集冬枣样品。利用GC-ECD定量分析检测。检测结果表明:咪鲜胺在冬枣中的半衰期为5.7d,咪鲜胺在距离最后施药28d采样时冬枣中残留量为0.16?4.57mg/kg。     

咪鲜胺原药中微量2,4,6-三氯苯酚测定方法的研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定咪鲜胺原药中微量2,4,6-三氯苯酚含量的方法。采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱,以甲醇/水(72/28 V/V)为流动相(每500mL流动相中含0.5g四丁基溴化铵),检测波长为296nm,2,4,6-三氯苯酚的质量浓度在0～871.2μg/L范围内线性关系良好,其线性相关系数为0.999 8;加标回收率为99.71%～102.02%,变异系数为1.14%,检出限为0.88μg/L。     

不同基质和覆土栽培条件下双孢蘑菇中吡虫啉和咪鲜胺残留差异影响

为了明确吡虫啉和咪鲜胺在双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus不同栽培基质中的消解规律,采用在工厂化双孢蘑菇栽培覆土中拌料施药、培养料中喷药两种施药方式开展田间试验,运用QuEChERS净化前处理技术结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析,检测了吡虫啉和咪鲜胺在双孢蘑菇栽培基质和子实体中的残留.结...     

防治火龙果炭疽病安全用药技术初探

本文研究了咪鲜胺和嘧菌酯2种杀菌剂对火龙果炭疽病的田间药效及其在火龙果中的残留。结果表明,咪鲜胺和嘧菌酯对火龙果炭疽病防效较好,防效在61.9%～88.3%之间。其防治效果随用药量增加而递增,且对火龙果安全。咪鲜胺在上海、广西试验点火龙果叶片中消解半衰期分别为6.54、4.20d。嘧菌酯在火龙果叶片中消解速度较快。火龙果中咪鲜胺的最终残留量为0.1～0.319mg/kg,嘧菌酯的最终残留量0.1～0.248mg/kg,结合我国农药登记情况和我国居民的人均膳食结构,普通人群咪鲜胺的国家估算每日摄入量是0.5813mg,占日允许摄入量的92.3%,嘧菌酯的国家估算每日摄入量是0.708 5mg,占日允许摄入量的5.6%,对一般人群健康不会产生不可接受的风险。     

HPLC-MS/MS法快速测定氟啶胺在马铃薯和土壤中残留

建立了马铃薯和土壤中氟啶胺残留的分析方法,研究氟啶胺在马铃薯和土壤中的残留量及残留降解规律。进行2年2地田间试验。消解动态试验剂量1 125g/ha;最终残留试验剂量1 125和750g/ha,喷雾施药3～4次,施药间隔7d,距末次施药后间隔7、10、14、21d采样。高效液相色谱串联质谱法对氟啶胺进行定量分析。田间消解动态试验表明:氟啶胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为3.0～7.4d、6.7～10.0d。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留量在0.005～0.026 5mg/kg之间,土壤中氟啶胺的残留量在0.030 1～1.02mg/kg。该方法快速简便,准确可靠。马铃薯最终样品中氟啶胺残留低于欧盟(0.05mg/kg)和日本(0.1mg/kg)残留限量标准。     

啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态

通过两年两地的田间试验,采用分散固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用的分析方法,研究了50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态,并探讨了不同农作物品种、环境气候条件对农药消解速率的可能影响。结果表明:在草莓中添加0.05、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺标准品时,其平均回收率为91%~121%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为5.8%~9.9%;在土壤中分别添加0.1、0.3和3 mg/kg的啶酰菌胺时,其平均回收率为91%~100%,RSD为5.4%~6.5%。草莓和土壤中啶酰菌胺的定量限分别为0.05和0.1 mg/kg。啶酰菌胺在草莓中的消解动态符合准一级动力学方程,半衰期为6.2~11.8 d,但在山东和北京土壤中的消解试验均未拟合出指数方程。试验表明,50%啶酰菌胺水分散粒剂以有效成分337.5 g/hm2的推荐高剂量分别施药3次,采收安全间隔期为3 d时,啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的最大残留量分别为1.97及0.38 mg/kg,最终残留量符合残留要求,可以安全使用。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测马铃薯及土壤中吲唑磺菌胺的残留及消解动态。样品经乙腈提取、净化后高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在0.01~1.0mg/kg添加水平范围内,吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株、薯块和土壤中平均添加回收率分别为82.9%~86.4%、84.3%~91.1%、84.3%~86.7%,相对标准偏差分别为2.3%~6.4%、1.9%~5.2%、2.8%~7.0%;吲唑磺菌胺在马铃薯植株和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.7~8.5d和8.6~12.7d,距最后1次施药7、10、14d采样时在马铃薯中的残留量为0.01~0.023mg/kg,土壤中的残留量为0.01~0.551mg/kg。     

A mini-bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compost

An in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T. harzianum (Th2), T. harzianum (Th1), T. koningii (Tk) and T. viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini-bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1-litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un-spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 degrees C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re-isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re-isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un-spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1-litre and 5-litre mini-bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre(-1), or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg(-1), reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz+carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz+carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5-litre compost bags as in the 1-litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5-litre bags. The in vivo mini-bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re-isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn.     

The control of bubble diseases and cobweb disease of mushrooms with prochloraz

Fungicides were compared for the control of the mushroom pathogens Verticillium fungicola (dry bubble disease), Mycogone perniciosa (wet bubble disease) and Hypomyces rosellus (cobweb disease). Prochloraz, applied as a manganese complex, consistently gave significantly greater control of a benomyl-resistant strain of V. fungicola. Captafol gave some reduction in disease. Benomyl, thiabendazole and prochloraz all gave significant control of M. perniciosa and H. rosellus. Prochloraz residues in mushrooms were measured by gas chromatography after extraction in acetone and purification by means of solvent partition, When pure prochloraz was added to homogenized mushroom tissue, 77–98% was recovered by this procedure. The residue levels in sporophores from crops treated with prochloraz were low, Prochloraz appears to be an effective fungicide for the control of the major fungal pathogens of the mushroom crop, particularly where benzimidazole-resistant strains of V. fungicola occur.     

Control of dry bubble disease (Lecanicillium fungicola) in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by spent mushroom substrate tea

Dry bubble (caused by Lecanicillium fungicola) is a widespread disease of button mushroom. The objective of the experiments was to determine the efficacy of compost teas made from spent mushroom substrate (SMS) as a biocontrol method against the disease. All SMS teas produced in this study significantly inhibited (100 %) the in vitro mycelial growth of L. fungicola, whereas the fungicide prochloraz at 50 ppm inhibited growth by 91 %. The in vivo effectiveness of two SMS aerated teas, one with mineral soil (MS) and the other with peat (TPT), was evaluated in two mushroom cropping trials inoculated with L. fungicola. The results demonstrated that the most effective treatments were those with TPT applied close to harvest and/or those with the greatest number of applications. The most efficacious treatments were TPT treatments (reducing disease by 34 to 73 % in the two trials, compared to the inoculated control). In contrast, prochloraz reduced disease by 7 % and 4 % in the two trials, compared to the control. These results suggest that dry bubble disease can be controlled by the use of spent mushroom substrate teas.     

Oxidative metabolism of lindane and its isomers with microsomes from rat liver and house fly abdomen

Lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers produced 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as the major oxidative metabolite when incubated in the presence of NADPH under aerobic condition. A mechanism for the formation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is proposed, which includes direct oxygenation of the cyclohexane ring. The proposed mechanism is supported by data from studies of model chemical reactions of the pentachlorocyclohexanol isomers. Pathways leading to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, tetrachlorobenzene isomers, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, and tetrachlorophenol isomers are discussed, and are considered to include the route through pentachlorocyclohexene and hexachlorocyclohexene. Reductive dechlorination of lindane under anaerobic condition was observed using microsomes and NADPH.     

Investigations on the metabolic fate of prochloraz in soil under field and laboratory conditions

The degradation of prochloraz in different soils was investigated in field and laboratory experiments. In laboratory degradation experiments in the dark, initial prochloraz concentrations decreased to 30–64% within 56 days, depending on temperature and soil pH. In neutral to basic soils, formation of up to 3.7% of the metabolite prochloraz-urea was observed. The rate of mineralization was strongly pH-dependent, not exceeding 3.2% in the acidic and 18.3% in the neutral to basic soils. Amounts of non-extractable residues ranged from 14 to 31%. Under field conditions, prochloraz disappeared much more rapidly with DT₅₀ values of 11–43 days. The metabolites prochloraz-formylurea and prochloraz-urea were found in significant concentrations. Laboratory experiments with fresh and sterilized soils under UV irradiation confirmed the enhancing effect of light on the formation of the primary metabolite, prochloraz-formylurea. The latter is hydrolysed to prochloraz-urea predominantly by microbial degradation. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

咪鲜胺及其制剂在六种水稻土中的吸附

研究了咪鲜胺(prochloraz)及其制剂施保克(Sportak,25%咪鲜胺乳油)在6种水稻土中的吸附行为和吸附机理。结果表明:咪鲜胺和施保克在水稻土中的吸附平衡时间为5~10 h,其吸附过程符合Freundlich吸附等温式;咪鲜胺和施保克在6种水稻土中有机质吸附常数(KOM)的平均值分别为 2 439和2 111,表明它们易被水稻土吸附,属难移动的物质,且吸附反应自由能的变化量均小于40 kJ/mol, 表现为物理吸附过程;吸附常数(Kf值)与土壤理化性质的相关性分析结果表明,咪鲜胺和施保克在土壤中的吸附主要受土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量和粘粒含量的影响,并呈正相关;咪鲜胺在加工成制剂后,不但在土壤中的吸附量减少了,而且Kf值也下降了近1/3。     

Translocation of benomyl,prochloraz and procymidone in relation to control of Botrytis cinerea in strawberries

Benomyl, prochloraz or procymidone, applied as an overall plant spray at the openflower stage, effectively suppressed Botrytis cinerea fruit rot, whereas no control was achieved by foliar application only. Fruit rot was prevented using procymidone applied to the soil 12 days before inoculation of the flowers, whereas benomyl or prochloraz gave little or no control, respectively when applied in the same manner. Bioassays, using Penicillium expansum on leaf and flower extracts of strawberry plants growing in soil treated with procymidone, showed the presence of an inhibitory compound with the same R_F value on thin-layer chromatography as that of procymidone. Analysis by gas chromatography and identification by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry established that the fungicide procymidone was translocated from the root system of strawberry plants to the leaves and flowers.