同耐低磷基因型玉米磷营养特性研究

 采用盆栽试验系统研究了不同耐低磷特性的5个玉米自交系在生长过程中苗期、拔节期、孕穗期和吐丝期的磷营养特性。结果表明，在玉米苗期和拔节期，磷吸收效率是决定耐低磷特性的主要变异来源，低磷胁迫下，耐低磷自交系99180和99239植株相对吸磷量均显著高于敏感自交系99152。孕穗期，玉米自交系耐低磷特性主要体现在上部叶磷累积量较高，能保证玉米后期正常生长发育。吐丝期，耐低磷自交系99180和99239即使在低磷胁迫下，磷吸收效率和再分配效率仍明显高于敏感自交系99152。不同耐低磷自交系的磷营养特征也存在差异，99239主要表现为吸收效率较高，而99180则表现出更强的再分配能力。     

玉米耐低磷基因型的筛选

试验以生物量、磷积累量、根冠比以及磷的利用效率为指标,采用液体培养试验,研究了36个玉米自交系苗期对低磷胁迫的反应。结果表明,不同自交系对低磷胁迫的反应不同,对磷的吸收和利用能力存在差异,大部分自交系属磷低效不敏感材料;初步筛选出3个典型的玉米磷高效基因型材料478、太系113和丹340,2个玉米磷低效基因型材料P138和F349。     

不同基因型甜糯玉米耐低磷能力的评价

采用盆栽试验,在不施磷和施磷条件下,对广东省广泛种植的18个甜糯玉米品种进行比较研究,旨在筛选耐低磷的甜糯玉米品种,合理布局甜糯玉米种植,提高土壤中磷利用效率。结果表明:不同基因型甜糯玉米耐低磷能力存在明显的差异,根冠比、根干重、冠干重和植物磷积累量可作为甜糯玉米耐低磷筛选的重要指标。初步筛选出3个耐低磷甜糯玉米品种花糯一号、孺子牛269号和红帅。     

玉米自交系磷效率基因型差异的筛选

从全国各地收集玉米自交系400份,在大田条件下初步进行了玉米耐低磷种质资源的筛选,研究了玉米自交系磷效率基因型差异。结果表明:①在低磷条件下,不同基因型玉米各性状间的差异大于高磷条件,而且耐低磷胁迫的能力具有较大的差异。②在两个供磷水平下,不同玉米自交系之间的产量都存在显著差异。中宗2号,太411,KH12耐低磷能力最强。从对磷的反应度来看,中宗2号,太411,187,58对供磷反应最大,而忻9005,KH12,XL12,冀257,冀35反应相对较小。     

低磷胁迫下玉米自交系磷高效基因型筛选

采用小区试验,在不施磷(P0)和施磷(P1)条件下,研究了26个玉米自交系的磷营养效率.结果表明:供试材料按对磷的吸收效率可划分为高效吸收型、中效吸收型和低效吸收型;按对磷的利用效率可划分为高效利用型、中效利用型和低效利用型.研究中发现供试材料中只有极少数属于磷高效型,耐低磷条件,绝大多数属于磷中、低效型.植株相对磷浓度可作为玉米吸磷效率的指标,相对产量可作为其磷利用效率指标.     

玉米耐低氮基因型筛选时期的初步探讨

采用溶液培养法研究了贵州省喀斯特高原生态型玉米品种贵毕303不同时期氮素营养对玉米缺氮症状、形态特征、生物学产量及氮素营养状况的影响及其差异。结果表明,不同时期供氮对贵毕303的缺素症状、地上部和地下部的生物学产量、生物学形态特征及植株氮素营养状况产生不同程度的影响,其中以玉米的生物产量、根系体积、植株总吸氮量及缺素症状表现更为突出,可明显地反映贵毕303氮素营养特征的阶段性或时期性。根据植物营养临界期定义,该玉米品种的三叶期后完全营养液培养供应时期或近4叶期是玉米氮素营养基因型材料筛选的关键时期。     

两种基因型玉米磷效率的差异

通过田间试验，研究了两种基因型玉米磷营养效率差异的表现。结果表明，在缺磷胁迫或供磷水平下，农大６０所摄取的磷量、相对生长量、经济产量与经济效益等都明显高于中单２号。用上述特征所组成的表现型指标衡量，农大６０的磷营养效率高于中单２号，决定玉米磷效率高低的主要因素有玉米对磷的吸收能力和运输、转化能力等。     

两种基因型玉米磷效率的差异

通过田间试验,研究了两种基因型玉米磷营养效率差异的表现。结果表明,在缺磷胁迫或同等供磷水平下,农大60所摄取的磷量、相对生长量、经济产量与经济效率等都明显高于中单2号。用上述特征所组成的表现型指标衡量,农大60的磷营养效率高于中单2号。决定五米磷效率高低的主要因素有玉米对磷的吸收能力和运输、转化能力等。     

甘蔗耐低磷基因型的筛选及其部分生理特征的研究

通过贫栽砂培试验,浇灌含有不同磷浓度（１．０、２．０、１．０、０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的Ｈｏａｇｌａｎｄ培养液,以地上部生物量的相对变化为指标,判别不同甘蔗基因型对低磷和缺磷的忍耐能力;并研究了不同甘蔗基因型在低磷和缺磷条件下的光合能力,无机磷含量,酸性磷酸酯酶活性的变化。结果表明：粤糖５７－４２３,热带种忍耐低磷和缺磷的能力较差,粤糖７１－２１０,粤糖８５－１７７,粤糖８１－３４５４、桂糖１号忍耐低糖和     

耐低磷水稻基因型筛选评价指标

以14个不同基因型水稻为供试材料,对低磷和正常供磷两个处理下水稻分蘖期相对生物性状、相对磷吸收和利用效率以及成熟期相对产量进行研究。结果表明,相对地上部干质量可以作为分蘖期筛选水稻耐低磷能力的首选形态指标,其次是相对干物质量。筛选耐低磷水稻基因型时,在早期筛选的基础上,还要考虑成熟期的籽粒产量。     

不同玉米基因型幼苗缺锌敏感性评价

采用砂培试验方法,在缺锌条件下对35个玉米基因型的缺锌敏感性及相关影响因子进行了比较和评价。根据培养试验中玉米幼苗叶片缺锌症状出现的严重程度和时间早晚,将供试玉米基因型划分为缺锌敏感型、中等敏感型和非敏感型3种类型。对10个缺锌敏感型和非敏感型玉米基因型进行比较发现,外界缺锌对玉米幼苗期的生物量影响不大,敏感型玉米基因型仅仅从外观上显示出缺锌症状。缺锌能显著降低缺锌敏感型玉米基因型叶片的叶绿素含量,而对非敏感型玉米基因型的叶绿素含量影响较小。缺锌敏感型玉米基因型的根冠比普遍较大,其根冠比均大于1,而非敏感型玉米基因型的根冠比却等于或小于1。缺锌敏感型玉米基因型种子中P/Zn较高,非敏感型玉米基因型的P/Zn较低。在缺锌条件下,缺锌敏感型玉米基因型锌从种子向地上部转移的转移率更高。总的来看,玉米种子中的P/Zn可以作为判断玉米生长期内缺锌敏感性的一个重要指标,玉米幼苗的根冠比可以作为鉴别缺锌敏感性的另一指标。     

Screening of diverse cassava genotypes based on nitrogen uptake efficiency and yield

As one of the top three tuber crops of the world, cassava is a staple food and feed crop for tropical and subtropical regions. Because of its high drought resistance and tolerance to nutrient deficiency, cassava is usually cultivated on hilly areas that are nutrient-poor. Nitrogen(N) is one of the significant factors affecting cassava yield. A double factorial(N level×genotypes) split-plot field experiment was conducted to analyze differences in yield and N accumulation of 25 cassava genotypes under low-N conditions to screen for cassava genotypes with high-N efficiency. The two-year field experiment showed that cassava yield and N accumulation are determined by specific genotypes, soil N levels, and year. Among these factors, soil N levels are the main factors that are responsible for differences in cassava yield. When yield and relative N accumulation under low-N conditions were used as screening markers, we identified an efficient and responsive genotype(SC10), and two inefficient and non-responsive genotypes(SC205 and GR5). The efficient and responsive genotype and the inefficient and non-responsive genotype can be used as study materials to further reveal the mechanisms for high-N efficiency in cassava.     

黑龙江玉米主产区不同基因型玉米氮素利用效率分析

为选育氮高效品种,减少氮肥施用量,试验以黑龙江省24个不同基因型玉米品种为材料,采用盆栽方式,在N200 kg·hm~(-2)氮水平下研究抽雄期玉米品种干物质积累、总氮含量、氮素干物质生产效率、氮吸收速率、氮肥利用效率,分析各玉米品种干物质积累及氮利用率特性,为黑龙江省氮高效玉米品种选育和栽培提供理论依据。根据聚类分析结果,将24个不同基因型品种分为低氮高效型(Ⅰ)、低氮中效型(Ⅱ)和低氮低效型(Ⅲ),分别占12.5%,37.5%和50.0%。Ⅰ型品种各项指标均显著高于其他品种。相关分析表明,氮素干物质生产效率与总干重、总氮含量、氮吸收速率呈极显著正相关,与氮肥利用效率呈显著正相关;通径分析表明,氮素干物质生产效率与总干重呈显著相关,总干重对氮素干物质生产效率贡献较大。     

Genetic study and molecular breeding for high phosphorus use efficiency in maize

Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient after nitrogen and it has many vital functions in the life of plants. Most soils have a low available P content, which has become a key limiting factor for increasing crop production. Also, low P use efficiency (PUE) of crops in conjunction with excessive application of P fertilizers has resulted in serious environmental problems. Thus, dissecting the genetic architecture of crop PUE, mining related quantitative trait loci (QTL) and using molecular breeding methods to improve high PUE germplasm are of great significance and serve as an efficient approach for the development of sustainable agriculture. In this review, molecular and phenotypic characteristics of maize inbred lines with high PUE, related QTL and genes as well as low-P responses are summarized. Based on this, a breeding strategy applying genomic selection as the core, and integrating the existing genetic information and molecular breeding techniques is proposed for breeding high PUE maize inbred lines and hybrids.     

Cultivar selection can increase yield potential and resource use efficiency of spring maize to adapt to climate change in Northeast China

Northeast China (NEC) is one of the major maize production areas in China.Agro-climatic resources have obviously changed,which will seriously affect crop growth and development in this region.It is important to investigate the contribution of climate change adaptation measures to the yield and resource use efficiency to improve our understanding of how we can effectively ensure high yield and high efficiency in the future.In this study,we divided the study area into five accumulated temperature zones (ATZs) based on growing degree days (GDD).Based on the meteorological data,maize data (from agrometeorological stations) and the validated APSIM-Maize Model,we first investigated the spatial distributions and temporal trends of maize potential yield of actual planted cultivars,and revealed the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and heat resource use efficiency (HUE) from 1981 to 2017.Then according to the potential growing seasons and actual growing seasons,we identified the utilization percentages of radiation (P_R) resource and heat resource (P_H) for each ATZ under potential production from 1981 to 2017.Finally,we quantified the contributions of cultivar changings to yield,P_R and P_H of maize.The results showed that during the past 37 years,the estimated mean potential yield of actual planted cultivars was 13 649 kg ha~(–1),ranged from 11 205 to 15 257 kg ha~(–1),and increased by 140 kg ha~(–1) per decade.For potential production,the mean values of RUE and HUE for the actual planted maize cultivars were 1.22 g MJ~(–1) and 8.58 kg (℃ d)~(–1) ha~(–1).RUE showed an increasing tendency,while HUE showed a decreasing tendency.The lengths of the potential growing season and actual growing season were 158 and 123 d,and increased by 2 and 1 d per decade.P_R and P_H under potential production were 82 and 86%,respectively and showed a decreasing tendency during the past 37 years.This indicates that actual planted cultivars failed to make full use of climate resources.However,results from the adaptation assessments indicate that,adoption of cultivars with growing season increased by 2–11 d among ATZs caused increase in yield,P_R and P_H of 0.6–1.7%,1.1–7.6% and 1.5–8.9%,respectively.Therefore,introduction of cultivars with longer growing season can effectively increase the radiation and heat utilization percentages and potential yield.     

不同基因型水稻磷营养的差异性研究

为了筛选磷高效基因型水稻种质,以14个不同基因型水稻为供试材料,对低磷和正常供磷处理下水稻分蘖期的生物学性状、磷的吸收利用效率、成熟期产量及其产量构成因素的差异进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫明显影响水稻的生长,分蘖期的株高、分蘖数、干物质量、磷吸收效率、单株产量分别低于正常供磷处理5.9~14.5cm,4.5~14.8,2.15~7.53 g/株,5.35~14.46 mg/株,0.5~13.4 g,而根冠比和磷利用效率分别高于正常供磷处理0.01~0.08,133.8~416.4 g/g,且不同基因型水稻间差异显著。说明筛选具有较高磷吸收利用效率和较高产量的水稻种质是可行的。     

渭北旱塬保护性耕作对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】研究渭北旱塬免耕和传统耕作条件下不同覆盖方式对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,为渭北旱塬春玉米的高产栽培提供参考。【方法】在渭北旱塬以春玉米"沈单10号"为供试材料,以传统耕作不覆盖为对照,研究了传统耕作+秸秆覆盖、传统耕作+地膜覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆地膜双覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕+秸秆覆盖、免耕+地膜覆盖、免耕+秸秆地膜双覆盖时春玉米产量和水分利用效率的变化。【结果】免耕秸秆地膜双覆盖对春玉米的农艺性状有明显改善作用,与传统耕作不覆盖相比,其株高增长19.82%,穗位高增长47.55%;免耕和覆盖均可提高春玉米的产量,其中免耕秸秆地膜双覆盖的产量最高,达9 219kg/hm2,比传统耕作不覆盖增产28.89%;秸秆地膜双覆盖可以显著提高春玉米的水分利用效率,与传统耕作不覆盖相比,免耕秸秆地膜双覆盖的水分利用效率提高了40.28%,传统耕作秸秆地膜双覆盖的水分利用效率提高了46.81%。【结论】免耕秸秆地膜双覆盖可以明显提高春玉米的产量和水分利用效率,且对春玉米的农艺性状有一定改善作用。     

不同磷效率水稻基因型根系形态和生理特性的研究

以磷高效水稻基因型连珍11和磷低效水稻基因型嘉948为材料,通过溶液培养试验研究了正常供磷(10 mg P·L-1)和低磷胁迫(0.5 mg P·L-1)条件下的根系形态,根系磷吸收动力学参数和根系分泌酸性磷酸酶特性.结果表明,在两种供磷条件下,连珍11的吸磷量均显著高于嘉948.与嘉948相比,连珍11具有较大的根干重,根长,根表面积和侧根数量.低磷胁迫下连珍11的根系磷吸收动力学参数Imax,Km和Cmin均显著低于嘉948;而在正常供磷条件下两个水稻基因型的Imax和 Km没有显著差异.低磷处理显著增加两个水稻基因型的Imax,却显著降低Km.正常供磷条件下两个基因型根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性没有显著差异,而在低磷处理条件下连珍11的根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于嘉948.研究表明连珍11的磷效率显著高于嘉948的原因是其具有较庞大的根系以及在磷缺乏条件下具有较高的根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性和较低的Km和Cmin值.