松材线虫效应因子基因筛选及Bx-Hh-grl功能研究

[目的]通过对松材线虫效应因子基因的克隆和功能研究,揭示Bx-Hh-grl对松材线虫致病性的作用,为防治松材线虫提供理论依据.[方法]用松材线虫Bx1022株系接种黑松,20 d后提取线虫总RNA进行转录组测序,将该转录组设为松材线虫植食阶段转录组.提取由灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)培养的Bx1022的...     

Study on PCR rapid molecular detection technique of Meloidogyne vitis

Meloidogyne vitis is a new root-knot nematode parasitic on grape root in Yunnan Province, China.  In order to establish a rapid, reliable and specific molecular detection method for M. vitis, the species-specific primers were designed with rDNA-ITS (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) gene fragment as the target.  The reaction system was optimized and the reliability, specificity and sensitivity of primer were testified, therefore, a rapid PCR detection method for M. vitis was established.  The result showed that the optimal annealing temperature of the primers was 53°C, which was suitable for the detection of different life stages of M. vitis.  Specificity test showed that the specific fragment size of 174 bp was obtained from M. vitis, but other five non-target nematodes did not have any amplification bands, thus effectively distinguish M. vitis and the other five species, and could specifically detect the M. vitis from mixed populations.  Sensitivity test showed that this PCR technique could detect the DNA of a single second-stage juvenile (J₂) and 10^–4 female.  Futhermore, this PCR technique could be used to detect directly M. vitis from soil samples.  The rapid, sensitive and specific PCR molecular detection technique could be used for the direct identification of a single J₂ of M. vitis and the detection of M. vitis in mixed nematode populations and the detection of two J₂s or one male in 0.5 g soil samples, which will provide technical support for the investigation of the occurrence and damage of M. vitis and the formulation of efficient green control strategies.     

Halloween genes AhCYP307A2 and AhCYP314A1 modulate last instar larva–pupa–adult transition,ovarian development and oogenesis in Agasicles hygrophila(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Ininsects,ecdysteroidsaresynthesizedbygenesoftheHalloweenfamilyandplayimportantrolesinseveralkey developmentalevents,includingmoltingandmetamorphosis.However,therolesofthesegenesinAgasicles hygrophila are still largely unknown.In this study, the expression patterns of the two Halloween genesAhCYP307A2andAhCYP314A1weredeterminedbyquantitativePCR(qPCR)atdifferentdevelopmentalstages.Moreover,the functions of these two genes were explored using RNA interference (RNAi), and ovarian development was ob...     

Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its attractiveness to the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Artemisia annua is an important preferred host of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum in autumn.Volatiles emitted from A.annua attract A.Iucorum.Volatile artemisinic acid of A.annua is a precursor of artemisinin that has been widely investigated in the Chinese herbal medicine field.However,little is known at this point about the biological roles of artemisinic acid in regulating the behavioral trends of A.lucorum.In this study,we collected volatiles from A.annua at the seedling stage by using headspa...     

小麦条锈菌效应蛋白Hasp83在条锈菌致病性中的功能分析

【背景】条锈病是小麦上的重大病害,由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst）侵染引起。条锈菌是活体营养型寄生真菌,在侵染过程中形成吸器,通过吸器从寄主植物汲取营养。同时,吸器分泌效应蛋白调控寄主免疫,促进侵染过程。【目的】明确条锈菌效应蛋白的功能及其作用机理,为揭示条锈菌的致病机制打下基础。【方法】比较分析条锈菌夏孢子、芽管和吸器转录组,获得在吸器诱导表达的分泌蛋白基因Hasp83,在本氏烟叶片细胞中瞬时表达观察是否能抑制由BAX引起的细胞坏死;利用qRT-PCR分析该基因在条锈菌侵染小麦不同阶段的表达水平。借助荧光假单胞菌Ⅲ型分泌系统和寄主诱导的基因沉默（host-induced gene silencing,HIGS）分析Hasp83在条锈菌侵染过程中的功能。利用酵母双杂交系统筛选小麦中与Hasp83互作的蛋白,免疫共沉淀技术进一步在烟草细胞中共表达验证Hasp83及其候选靶标蛋白的互作。【结果】Hasp83开放阅读框全长522 bp,编码173个氨基酸,蛋白N端1—29位氨基酸为信号肽,无保守结构域,在本氏烟叶片细胞中...     

Functional analysis of MdSUT2.1, a plasma membrane sucrose transporter from apple

Sugar content is a determinant of apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.) sweetness. However, the molecular mechanism underlying sucrose accumulation in apple fruit remains elusive. Herein, this study reported the role of the sucrose transporter MdSUT2.1 in the regulation of sucrose accumulation in apples. The MdSUT2.1 gene encoded a protein with 612 amino acid residues that could be localized at the plasma membrane when expressed in tobacco leaf protoplasts.MdSUT2.1 was highly expressed in fruit and was ...     

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small molecule glycerophospholipid, which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.  In this study, sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.  At first, the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) were optimized for sheep IVF, and then the effects of LPA were investigated.  From 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1, LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate (P>0.05), but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration (P<0.05), and the blastocyst morphology was normal.  When the LPA concentration was 15 μmol L^–1, the maturation rate, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into high-quality blastocyst.  Besides, the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, TE-related gene CDX-2 and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1.  The expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1 μmol L^–1 to LPA-10 μmol L^–1 groups in early embryos were extremely significant (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  The inner cell mass in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed, and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.  Secondly, the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.  The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.  They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10 μmol L^–1, while 15 μmol L^–1 LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.  The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1 μmol L^–1 group and LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was significant decrease in LPA-15 μmol L^–1 group compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  Meanwhile, the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10 μmol L^–1 concentration.  This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.      

TIMP2 promotes intramuscular fat deposition by regulating the extracellular matrix in chicken

The interaction between myocytes and intramuscular adipocytes is a hot scientific topic.  Using a co-culture system, this study aims to investigate the regulation of intramuscular fat deposition in chicken muscle tissue through the interaction between myocyte and adipocyte and identify important intermediary regulatory factors.  Our proteomics data showed that the protein expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) increased significantly in the culture medium of the co-culture system, and the content of lipid droplets was more in the co-culture intramuscular adipocytes.  In addition, TIMP2 was significantly upregulated (P<0.01) in muscle tissue of individuals with high intramuscular fat content.  Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that TIMP2 was mainly involved in the extracellular matrix receptor interaction signaling pathway and its expression was significantly correlated with triglyceride, intramuscular fat, C14:0, C14:1, C16:0, C16:1, and C18:1n9C levels.  Additionally, TIMP2 was co-expressed with various representative genes related to lipid metabolism (such as ADIPOQ, SCD, ELOVL5, ELOVL7, and LPL), as well as certain genes involved in extracellular matrix receptor interaction (such as COL1A2, COL4A2, COL5A1, COL6A1, and COL6A3), which are also significantly upregulated (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in muscle tissue of individuals with high intramuscular fat content.  Our findings reveal that TIMP2 promotes intramuscular fat deposition in muscle tissue through the extracellular matrix receptor interaction signaling pathway.     

MicroRNA-370-5p inhibits pigmentation and cell proliferation by downregulating mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 8 expression in sheep melanocytes

In mammals, microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in multiple biological processes by regulating the expression of target genes.  Studies have found that the levels of miR-370-5p expression differ significantly in the skins of sheep with different hair colors; however, its function remains unclear.  In this study, we investigated the roles of miR-370-5p in sheep melanocytes and found that the overexpression of miR-370-5p significantly inhibited cell proliferation (P<0.01), tyrosinase activity (P=0.001) and significantly reduced (P<0.001) melanin production.  Functional prediction revealed that the 3´-untranslated region (UTR) of MAP3K8 has a putative miR-370-5p binding site, and the interaction between these two molecules was confirmed using luciferase reporter assays.  In situ hybridization assays revealed that MAP3K8 is expressed in the cytoplasm of melanocytes.  The results of quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses revealed that overexpression of miR-370-5p in melanocytes significantly inhibits (P<0.01) MAP3K8 expression via direct targeting of its 3´ UTR.  Inhibition of MAP3K8 expression by siRNA-MAP3K8 transfection induced a significant inhibition (P<0.01) of melanocyte proliferation and significant reduction (P<0.001) in melanin production, which is consistent with our observations for miR-370-5p.  Target gene rescue experiments indicated that the expression of MAP3K8 in melanocytes co-transfected with miR-370-5p and MAP3K8-cDNA (containing sites for the targeted binding to miR-370-5p) was significantly rescued (P≤0.001), which subsequently promoted significant increases in cell proliferation (P<0.001) and melanin production (P<0.01).  Collectively, these findings indicate that miR-370-5p plays a functional role in inhibiting sheep melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis by downregulating the expression of MAP3K8.       

三七病害研究进展

目的明确云南省澜沧县林下有机三七种植基地及育苗基地三七根结线虫病病原种类及来源,为该地区三七根结线虫病的防治奠定基础。方法采用系统调查法对澜沧县林下三七种植基地、育苗基地的三七及其周边相同生境下的杂草进行根结线虫病害发生情况调查和病原线虫种类鉴定。结果3个基地中大塘子三七育苗基地的根结线虫危害最严重,发病率高达66.82%;其次是林下基地,而哈果马育苗基地危害相对较轻。经收集鉴定,危害林下和育苗基地三七和杂草的病原根结线虫为北方根结线虫(Meloidogyne hapla);在思茅松林下分布杂草97种,其中发生根结线虫病的杂草有紫茎泽兰和积雪草2种,根据杂草的分布丰度和根结线虫寄生的程度可以判断紫茎泽兰是林下三七根结线虫病的主要中间寄主。两育苗基地的杂草类型基本一致,分布杂草124种,其中发生根结线虫病的杂草有溪黄草、紫茎泽兰、鬼针草、六棱菊、豆茶决明、野茼蒿、香薷、一点红、积雪草、草玉梅和豨莶等11种,根据杂草的分布丰度和根结线虫寄生的程度可以判断鬼针草、野茼蒿和紫茎泽兰是三七育苗基地三七根结线虫病的主要中间寄主。结论云南省澜沧县林下及育苗基地危害三七及杂草的病原线虫均为北方根结线虫(M. hapla),种苗带病是林下三七根结线虫病发生的主要原因,而苗圃地土壤中的病原线虫来自易感病杂草的富集作用。因此,三七育苗地的选择、育苗和移栽过程中杂草的清除是病害防控的关键。     

Transcriptional profiling between yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus reveals molecular modulations on flavonoid and fatty acid content

Brassica napus is an important cash crop broadly grown for the vegetable and oil values. Yellow-seeded B. napus is preferred by breeders due to its improved oil and protein quality, less pigments and lignin compared with the blackseeded counterpart. This study compared the differences in flavonoid and fatty acid contents between yellow rapeseed from the progenies of B. napus–Sinapis alba somatic hybrids and the black-seeded counterpart using RNA-seq analysis.Through HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)/MS²     

Use of transcriptome sequencing to explore the effect of CSRP3 on chicken myoblasts

The mechanisms that regulate the specificity and maintenance of chicken muscle fiber types remain largely unknown. In mammals, CSRP3 has been shown to play a vital role in the maintenance of typical muscle structure and function. This study investigated the role that CSRP3 plays in chicken skeletal muscle. First, the antibody against chicken CSRP3 protein was prepared, and the expression levels of the mRNA and protein of the CSRP3 gene in four chicken skeletal muscles with different myofiber com...     

Investigation of Aegilopsumbellulatafor stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc, and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata (UU) is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.  In this study, 46 Ae. umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance, heading date (HD), and the contents of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and seed gluten proteins.  Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust, while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.  The average HD of Ae. umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars (180.9 d vs. 137.0 d), with the exception of PI226500 (138.9 d).  The Ae. umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe (69.74–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (49.83–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents. Three accessions (viz., PI542362, PI542363, and PI554399) showed relatively higher Fe (230.96–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (92.46–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents than the others.  The Fe content of Ae. umbellulata was similar to those of Ae. comosa and Ae. markgrafii but higher than those of Ae. tauschii and common wheat.  Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae. tauschii, Ae. comosa, and common wheat, but a lower content than Ae. markgrafii.  Furthermore, Ae. umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated (Ae. umbellulata vs. other species=mean 72.11% vs. 49.37%; range: 55.33–86.99% vs. 29.60–67.91%).  These results demonstrated that Ae. umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits, so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.     

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the CrylAc gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption,although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton with a single Cry1 Ac gene,growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene(Cry1 Ac+Cry2 A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.Thus,the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effect...     

dep1 improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing nitrogen and dry matter translocation

The rice cultivars carrying dep1(dense and erect panicle 1) have the potential to achieve both high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE). However, few studies have focused on the agronomic and physiological performance of those cultivars associated with high yield and high NUE under field conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the yield performance and NUE of two near-isogenic lines(NILs) carrying DEP1(NIL-DEP1) and dep1-1(NIL-dep1) genes under the Nanjing 6 background at 0 and 120 kg ...     

Transcriptional regulation of secondary metabolism and autophagy genes in response to DNA replication stress in Setosphaeriaturcica

The fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica causes northern corn leaf blight(NCLB), which leads to considerable crop losses. Setosphaeria turcica elaborates a specialized infection structures called appressorium for maize infection.Previously, we demonstrated that the S. turcica triggers an S-phase checkpoint and ATR(Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related)-dependent self-protective response to DNA genotoxic insults during maize infection. However, how the regulatory mechanism works was still largel...     

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton: Design,synthesis, and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides,especially insecticides.Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme,a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed,synthesized,and confirmed by ¹ H,¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR,and HR-MS.Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relatio...     

Identification and functional analysis of arabinogalactan protein expressed in pear pollen tubes

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and play a vital role during the process of plant sexual reproduction.  In this study, we performed a comprehensive identification of the PbrAGPs expressed in pear pollen and further explored their influences on pollen tube growth.  Among the 187 PbrAGPs that were found to be expressed in pear pollen tubes, 38 PbrAGPs were specifically expressed in pollen according to the RNA-seq data.  The PbrAGPs were divided into two groups of highly expressed and specifically expressed in pear pollen.  We further tested their expression patterns using RT-PCR and RT-qPCR.  Most of the PbrAGPs were expressed in multiple tissues and their expression levels were consistent with reads per kilobase per million map reads (RPKM) values during pollen tube growth, implying that PbrAGPs might be involved in the regulation of pear pollen tube growth.  We also constructed phylogenetic trees to identify the functional genes in pear pollen tube growth.  Therefore, 19 PbrAGPs (PbrAGP1 to PbrAGP19) were selected to test their influences on pollen tube growth.  Recombinant proteins of the 19 PbrAGP-His were purified and used to treat pear pollen, and 11 of the PbrAGP-His recombinant proteins could promote pear pollen tube growth.  Additionally, pollen tube growth was inhibited when the expression levels of PbrAGP1 and PbrAGP5 were knocked down using an antisense oligonucleotide assay.  PbrAGP1 and PbrAGP5 were localized in the plasma membrane and might not alter the distribution of pectin in the pollen tube.  In summary, this study identified the PbrAGPs expressed in pear pollen and lays the foundation for further exploring their functions in pollen tube growth.