中国不同地区‘富士’苹果品质评价

【目的】确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【方法】从河北、河南、辽宁、宁夏、山东、山西、陕西、新疆等8个苹果主产省(区)68个市(县)的代表性果园采集176份‘富士’苹果样品进行品质测定,共测定单果重、带皮硬度、去皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度、固酸比、糖酸比、甜酸比等15项指标。通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘富士’苹果核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,采用灰色关联度法建立‘富士’苹果品质综合评价模型。【结果】不同产区间‘富士’苹果品质指标存在差异性,新疆‘富士’苹果硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、山梨醇含量、果糖含量、蔗糖含量、甜度值等8项品质指标均高于其他省(区)‘富士’苹果。维生素C含量、山梨醇含量、蔗糖含量和甜酸比的变异系数均大于30%,可溶性糖含量的变异系数最小(仅为9.8%)。‘富士’苹果某些品质指标间存在极显著的相关性,可滴定酸含量与固酸比、糖酸比之间相关系数分别为-0.844、-0.854,果糖和甜度值之间相关系数达0.963...     

dep1 improves rice grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing nitrogen and dry matter translocation

The rice cultivars carrying dep1(dense and erect panicle 1) have the potential to achieve both high grain yield and high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE). However, few studies have focused on the agronomic and physiological performance of those cultivars associated with high yield and high NUE under field conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the yield performance and NUE of two near-isogenic lines(NILs) carrying DEP1(NIL-DEP1) and dep1-1(NIL-dep1) genes under the Nanjing 6 background at 0 and 120 kg ...     

84个苹果栽培品种对斑点落叶病的抗性评价和全基因组关联分析

【目的】斑点落叶病是中国苹果产区发生的主要病害之一,严重影响苹果的产量和品质。本研究旨在发掘具有高抗病性的苹果栽培品种和探寻调控斑点落叶病抗性的关键基因,为苹果品种改良提供科学依据。【方法】利用苹果斑点落叶病菌（Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali）对84份苹果栽培品种进行离体叶片接种鉴定,从病斑面积和病斑面积增长率两方面进行聚类分析,评价苹果栽培品种对斑点落叶病的抗性。用接种后叶片的病斑面积作为表型性状,以全基因组深度重测序获得的1 243 071个高质量SNP位点为遗传标记,采用EMMAX方法进行全基因组关联分析。【结果】84份苹果栽培品种接种后统计病斑面积发现,不同的苹果栽培品种在对斑点落叶病的抗病性方面表现出显著的多样性,其中感病和中抗的品种占绝大多数,而高抗和高感的品种占比较少;苹果斑点落叶病抗病性具有正态分布特征,呈现数量性状遗传特征。全基因组关联性状分析最终获得6个SNP位点呈现显著水平P≤0.0000001（-LgP≥7）,深入分析将其关联到7个关键候选基因,包括整合素连接蛋白激酶、FMN连锁氧化还原酶、B-box型锌指蛋白、GATA型转录因子等,并验证了整合素连接蛋白激酶在苹果抗病中的作用。【结论】经过两年数据的综合分析,最终从84个苹果栽培品种里,鉴定到稳定抗性品种7份,稳定易感品种2份。通过全基因组关联性状分析鉴定到与苹果斑点落叶病抗病性显著相关的6个SNP位点,关联到7个关键候选基因,并验证了其中一个基因的功能。     

OsMas1, a novel maspardin protein gene,confers tolerance to salt and drought stresses by regulating ABA signaling in rice

Drought and salt stresses, the major environmental abiotic stresses in agriculture worldwide, affect plant growth, crop productivity, and quality. Therefore, developing crops with higher drought and salt tolerance is highly desirable. This study reported the isolation, biological function, and molecular characterization of a novel maspardin gene, OsMas1, from rice. The OsMas1 protein was localized to the cytoplasm. The expression levels of OsMas1 were up-regulated under mannitol, PEG6000, NaCl, ...     

Halloween genes AhCYP307A2 and AhCYP314A1 modulate last instar larva–pupa–adult transition,ovarian development and oogenesis in Agasicles hygrophila(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Ininsects,ecdysteroidsaresynthesizedbygenesoftheHalloweenfamilyandplayimportantrolesinseveralkey developmentalevents,includingmoltingandmetamorphosis.However,therolesofthesegenesinAgasicles hygrophila are still largely unknown.In this study, the expression patterns of the two Halloween genesAhCYP307A2andAhCYP314A1weredeterminedbyquantitativePCR(qPCR)atdifferentdevelopmentalstages.Moreover,the functions of these two genes were explored using RNA interference (RNAi), and ovarian development was ob...     

Melatonin treatment alleviates chilling injury in mango fruit 'Keitt' by modulating proline metabolism under chilling stress

Mangoes often suffer from low temperature-induced chilling injury (CI) during postharvest cold storage.  Therefore, advanced techniques are crucial and in high demand to solve the chilling stress of mango fruit for a higher value.  This study addresses chilling stress modulation by investigating the effects of melatonin treatment on CI, proline metabolism, and related gene expressions of ‘Keitt’ mango during cold storage after dipped in 0 (control), 0.1 (MT1), and 0.2 mmol L^–1 (MT2) melatonin solution for 30 min.  The results revealed that melatonin treatment in MT1 significantly reduced CI development and increased proline content in mango fruit during cold storage compared to the control.  These changes were along with increases in the activity of critical enzymes as well as the expression of encoding genes involved in proline biosynthesis, such as pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), ornithine D-aminotransferase (OAT), P5CS2, P5CR2, and OAT3.  Additionally, proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and the expression of the PDH3 gene associated with proline dehydrogenation were lower in MT1-treated mangoes than the controlled group.  Thus, melatonin treatment has regulated proline metabolism resulting in the accumulation of proline, subsequently contributing to enhancing the chilling tolerance of ‘Keitt’ mango fruit.     

Transcriptional profiling between yellow- and black-seeded Brassica napus reveals molecular modulations on flavonoid and fatty acid content

Brassica napus is an important cash crop broadly grown for the vegetable and oil values. Yellow-seeded B. napus is preferred by breeders due to its improved oil and protein quality, less pigments and lignin compared with the blackseeded counterpart. This study compared the differences in flavonoid and fatty acid contents between yellow rapeseed from the progenies of B. napus–Sinapis alba somatic hybrids and the black-seeded counterpart using RNA-seq analysis.Through HPLC-PDA-ESI(-)/MS²     

Development of new aromatic rice lines with high eating and cooking qualities

Rice is the staple food for about half of the world’s population.Preferred by consumers,aromatic rice is a special type of rice with great commercial value.Cooking and eating qualities and aroma are the major grain qualities favored by most consumers.Currently,most of the available aromatic varieties have low yields and some undesirable agronomic traits.Thus,there is an urgent need to develop better aromatic rice varieties.This work aims to identify rice germplasm lines that have good grain qual...     

人工疏果对‘爱媛28’橘橙果实糖酸含量及代谢基因表达的影响

背景 ‘爱媛28’橘橙是杂交柑橘品种（Citrus nanko × C. amakusa），因其优良的果实品质，受到人们的青睐。疏果是农业生产过程中常用的一种提高果实品质的技术，不仅能使果实体积明显增大，而且还能够增加果实可溶性固形物含量。但是，疏果增加果实可溶性固形物含量的具体机制仍然不清楚。目的 本研究以枳（Poncirus trifoliata）为基砧、椪柑（Citrus reticulata）为中间砧的4年生‘爱媛28’橘橙作为试验材料，探索疏果影响果实糖酸含量变化的具体机制。 方法 在‘爱媛28’果实幼果期进行疏果，每隔半个月左右测定疏果果实与未疏果果实的横纵茎，采样并测量单果重与糖酸含量，选择糖酸含量差异明显的时期测定糖酸代谢相关酶的活性及其对应编码基因的相对表达量。结果 疏果显著增加‘爱媛28’果实在生长中后期的横纵茎和单果重，显著加快果实柠檬酸含量的降解速度，但并未影响果实成熟时最终的柠檬酸含量；显著增加了果实的葡萄糖和蔗糖含量，但对果糖含量没有显著影响。疏果显著增强蔗糖代谢过程中的蔗糖合成酶SSⅡ（合成方向）、蔗糖合成酶SSⅠ（分解方向）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和柠檬酸分解代谢过程中的胞质顺乌头酸酶（Cyt-ACO）、胞浆异柠檬酸脱氢酶（ICDH）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性。疏果显著促进蔗糖代谢过程中CitSS3在早期的相对表达量和CitSPSs在所有时期的相对表达量，以及柠檬酸分解代谢过程中CitACO3、CitNADP-IDH1、CitACLα1/β、CitGAD1和CitGSs在早中期的相对表达量。结论 人工疏果主要通过增强蔗糖合成代谢过程中蔗糖磷酸合成酶的酶活来促进果实可溶性糖的积累，提高柠檬酸分解代谢过程中相关酶的活性和基因表达水平，加快柠檬酸降解，从而在提升果实品质中发挥重要作用。     

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the CrylAc gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption,although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton with a single Cry1 Ac gene,growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene(Cry1 Ac+Cry2 A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.Thus,the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effect...     

新疆红肉苹果果实性状及MYB10启动子基因型鉴定分析

【目的】 分析新疆红肉苹果(Malus sieversii f. Neidzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf.)的果实特性及MYB10基因的启动子类型,为研究新疆的红肉基因类型及红肉苹果资源的利用研究奠定基础。【方法】 测定果实单果重、纵径、横径等性状指标并观察果肉颜色,设计引物,利用PCR克隆的方法,进行启动子类型检测。【结果】 果肉颜色多为淡红色,丝状或片状分布,HX-1为血红色果肉全红,单果重变异系数较大,最大单果重为124.57 g,果形指数最大值1.01,最小值0.82;可溶性固形物最大值17.36,最小值10.66;果梗粗最大值2.50 mm,最小值1.02 mm;果梗长度最大值34.36 mm,最小值13.48 mm;MYB10启动子类型全部为R₆R₁型。【结论】 29份资源的果实性状的遗传多样性较为丰富,果肉的呈色各有特点,但MYB10启动子类型全部一致为R6R₁型。     

Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its attractiveness to the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Artemisia annua is an important preferred host of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum in autumn.Volatiles emitted from A.annua attract A.Iucorum.Volatile artemisinic acid of A.annua is a precursor of artemisinin that has been widely investigated in the Chinese herbal medicine field.However,little is known at this point about the biological roles of artemisinic acid in regulating the behavioral trends of A.lucorum.In this study,we collected volatiles from A.annua at the seedling stage by using headspa...     

Establishment of an efficient regeneration and genetic transformation system for Malus prunifolia Borkh. ‘Fupingqiuzi’

Malus prunifolia Borkh. ‘Fupingqiuzi’ has significant ecological and economic value and plays a key role in germplasm development and resistance research. However, its long juvenile phase and high heterozygosity are barriers to the identification of ‘Fupingqiuzi’ progeny with excellent traits. In-vitro regeneration techniques and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems can efficiently produce complete plants and thus enable studies of gene function.However, optimal regeneration and...     

Investigation of Aegilopsumbellulatafor stripe rust resistance,heading date,and the contents of iron,zinc, and gluten protein

Aegilops umbellulata (UU) is a wheat wild relative that has potential use in the genetic improvement of wheat.  In this study, 46 Ae. umbellulata accessions were investigated for stripe rust resistance, heading date (HD), and the contents of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and seed gluten proteins.  Forty-two of the accessions were classified as resistant to stripe rust, while the other four accessions were classified as susceptible to stripe rust in four environments.  The average HD of Ae. umbellulata was significantly longer than that of three common wheat cultivars (180.9 d vs. 137.0 d), with the exception of PI226500 (138.9 d).  The Ae. umbellulata accessions also showed high variability in Fe (69.74–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (49.83–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents. Three accessions (viz., PI542362, PI542363, and PI554399) showed relatively higher Fe (230.96–348.09 mg kg^–1) and Zn (92.46–101.65 mg kg^–1) contents than the others.  The Fe content of Ae. umbellulata was similar to those of Ae. comosa and Ae. markgrafii but higher than those of Ae. tauschii and common wheat.  Aegilops umbellulata showed a higher Zn content than Ae. tauschii, Ae. comosa, and common wheat, but a lower content than Ae. markgrafii.  Furthermore, Ae. umbellulata had the highest proportion of γ-gliadin among all the species investigated (Ae. umbellulata vs. other species=mean 72.11% vs. 49.37%; range: 55.33–86.99% vs. 29.60–67.91%).  These results demonstrated that Ae. umbellulata exhibits great diversity in the investigated traits, so it can provide a potential gene pool for the genetic improvement of these traits in wheat.     

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton: Design,synthesis, and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides,especially insecticides.Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme,a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed,synthesized,and confirmed by ¹ H,¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR,and HR-MS.Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relatio...     

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small molecule glycerophospholipid, which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.  In this study, sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.  At first, the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) were optimized for sheep IVF, and then the effects of LPA were investigated.  From 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1, LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate (P>0.05), but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration (P<0.05), and the blastocyst morphology was normal.  When the LPA concentration was 15 μmol L^–1, the maturation rate, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into high-quality blastocyst.  Besides, the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, TE-related gene CDX-2 and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1.  The expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1 μmol L^–1 to LPA-10 μmol L^–1 groups in early embryos were extremely significant (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  The inner cell mass in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed, and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.  Secondly, the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.  The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.  They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10 μmol L^–1, while 15 μmol L^–1 LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.  The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1 μmol L^–1 group and LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was significant decrease in LPA-15 μmol L^–1 group compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  Meanwhile, the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10 μmol L^–1 concentration.  This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.      

Study on PCR rapid molecular detection technique of Meloidogyne vitis

Meloidogyne vitis is a new root-knot nematode parasitic on grape root in Yunnan Province, China.  In order to establish a rapid, reliable and specific molecular detection method for M. vitis, the species-specific primers were designed with rDNA-ITS (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) gene fragment as the target.  The reaction system was optimized and the reliability, specificity and sensitivity of primer were testified, therefore, a rapid PCR detection method for M. vitis was established.  The result showed that the optimal annealing temperature of the primers was 53°C, which was suitable for the detection of different life stages of M. vitis.  Specificity test showed that the specific fragment size of 174 bp was obtained from M. vitis, but other five non-target nematodes did not have any amplification bands, thus effectively distinguish M. vitis and the other five species, and could specifically detect the M. vitis from mixed populations.  Sensitivity test showed that this PCR technique could detect the DNA of a single second-stage juvenile (J₂) and 10^–4 female.  Futhermore, this PCR technique could be used to detect directly M. vitis from soil samples.  The rapid, sensitive and specific PCR molecular detection technique could be used for the direct identification of a single J₂ of M. vitis and the detection of M. vitis in mixed nematode populations and the detection of two J₂s or one male in 0.5 g soil samples, which will provide technical support for the investigation of the occurrence and damage of M. vitis and the formulation of efficient green control strategies.     

不同留果穗数对戈壁设施番茄光合特性、产量及品质的影响

【目的】 研究新疆南疆地区戈壁日光温室内不同番茄留果数对叶片光合特性与果实品质的影响,获得戈壁温室番茄生产的经济最适留果穗数。【方法】 以NS3389番茄作为试验材料,设置4种留果穗处理(T₃:留3穗果;T₄:留四穗果;T₅:留五穗果;T₆:留六穗果),测定各处理下,番茄叶片光合特性、植株产量、以及果实品质,筛选出综合效益较优的戈壁设施番茄留果数。【结果】 除T₃和T₆处理外,不同留果穗数的番茄功能叶片中光合色素含量普遍随留果数增加而增加,T₄和T₅处理下的番茄叶片的净光合速率(P_N)显著高于其他处理,而T₅和T₆处理下的叶片气孔导度(G_S)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、以及蒸腾速率(T_r)数据却较高。单株果实产量T₆处理组数据显著高于其他处理,而T₅和T₆处理的设施年产量最高。果实果形指数各处理间无显著差异,可溶性固形物、抗坏血酸(VC)以及番茄红素的果实品质指标T₄和T₅处理显著高于其他处理。【结论】 新疆南疆地区戈壁温室番茄生产较适合采用4穗和5穗的留果模式。