Contribution of dissolved organic nitrogen to N leaching from four German agricultural soils

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) substantially contributes to N leaching from forest ecosystems. However, little is known about the role of DON for N leaching from agricultural soils. Therefore, the aim of our study was to quantify the contribution of DON to total N leaching from four agricultural soils. Concentrations and fluxes of DON and mineral N were monitored at two cropped sites (Plaggic Anthrosols) and two fallow plots (Plaggic Anthrosol and Gleyic Podzol) from November 1999 till May 2001 by means of glass suction plates. The experimental sites were located near the city of Münster, NW Germany. Median DON concentrations in 90 cm depth were 2.3 mg l^—1 and 2.0 mg l^—1 at the cropped sites and 1.6 mg l^—1 and 1.3 mg l^—1 at the fallow sites. There was only a slight (Anthrosols) or no (Gleyic Podzol) decrease in median DON concentrations with increasing depth. Total N seepage was between 19 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1 and 46 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1 at the fallow sites and 16—159 kg N ha^—1 yr^—1 at the cropped sites. For the fallow plots, DON seepage contributed 10—21 % to the total N flux (4—5 kg DON ha^—1 yr^—1), at the cropped sites DON seepage was 6—21 % of the total N flux (6—10 kg DON ha^—1 yr^—1). Thus, even in highly fertilized agricultural soils, DON is a considerable N carrier in seepage that should be considered in detailed soil N budgets.     

尿素与有机肥配施对棕红壤氮素转化的影响

为了解析尿素配施有机肥对土壤氮库活动的影响,通过室内恒温培养试验研究尿素(225kg N·hm~(-2))分别与低量(30 t·hm~(-2))、中量(60 t·hm~(-2))及高量(120、150 t·hm~(-2))有机肥配施条件下棕红壤有机氮库、无机氮库的动态变化。结果表明,配施有机肥土壤的有机氮含量较单施尿素增加16.3%~85.6%。中、高量配施显著提高土壤氮素矿化速率(p0.05),加剧无机氮转化强度,与单施尿素相比,无机氮最大矿化量增加52.9~246.0 mg·kg~(-1),有效矿化持续时间延长5 d,转化量增大2.3倍~8.7倍;配施有机肥提高土壤氨化强度,加快铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)转化速率。与单施尿素相比,配施有机肥处理NH_4~+-N含量峰值增加2.6~42.6 mg·kg~(-1),平均氨化速率提高7.8 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),转化速率增加1.4倍~8.8倍。一定量配施有机肥(30~120 t·hm~(-2))对土壤的硝化过程无显著影响,但过高量配施有机肥(150 t·hm~(-2)),强化土壤硝化作用,硝化速率较单施尿素提高4.2倍,引起土壤硝态氮(NO-3-N)大量累积。氮素表观平衡结果表明,中、高量配施有机肥显著增加培养体系氮素表观损失,60、90和120 t·hm~(-2)处理氮素损失量分别较单施尿素增加2.2倍、2.8倍和2.3倍,占总输入氮的27.5%~34.5%,其中,NH_4~+-N转化损失是体系氮表观损失的主要途径。本研究结果为棕红壤合理培肥提供了理论依据。     

地中海生态系统中可溶性有机N研究

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soils has recently gained increasing interest because it may be both a direct N source for plants and the dominant available N form in nutrient-poor soils, however, its prevalence in Mediterranean ecosystems remains unclear. The aims of this study were to i) estimate soil DON in a wide set of Mediterranean ecosystems and compare this levels with those for other ecosystems; ii) describe temporal changes in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) forms (NH4+ and NO3? ), and characterize spatial heterogeneity within plant communities; and iii) study the relative proportion of soil DON and DIN forms as a test of Schimel and Bennett’s hypothesis that the prevalence of different N forms follows a gradient of nutrient availability. The study was carried out in eleven plant communities chosen to represent a wide spectrum of Mediterranean vegetation types, ranging from early to late successional status. DON concentrations in the studied Mediterranean plant communities (0-18.2 mg N kg-1) were consistently lower than those found in the literature for other ecosystems. We found high temporal and spatial variability in soil DON for all plant communities. As predicted by the Schimel and Bennett model for nutrient-poor ecosystems, DON dominance over ammonium and nitrate was observed for most plant communities in winter and spring soil samples. However, mineral-N dominated over DON in summer and autumn. Thus, soil water content may have an important effect on DON versus mineral N dominance in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

有机物料输入对关中土碳氮影响的后效作用

土壤有机碳氮是土壤肥力的关键因素,有机物料施用是提高土壤有机碳氮的有效措施。研究和比较了不同有机物料输入对土耕层（0—20 cm）土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有碳氮及0—200 cm剖面土壤硝态氮和含水量分布变化的后效作用。结果表明,停止施入有机物料两年后,与对照（CK）相比,秸秆与氮磷肥配施（SNP）和生物炭与氮磷肥配施（BNP）的表层（0—20 cm）土壤有机碳（SOC）分别提高了29.5%和29.8%（p<0.05）;氮磷肥（NP）、有机肥与氮磷肥配施（MNP）、秸秆与氮磷肥配施（SNP）和生物炭与氮磷肥配施（BNP）的表层土壤全氮含量较CK分别提高了22.0%,14.3%,24.2%和26.4%（p<0.05）。BNP处理的土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）显著高于其他处理（p<0.05）,分别比CK,NP,MNP和SNP提高了23.4%,10.9%,21.3%,20.5%;所有施肥处理的土壤可溶性有机氮（DON）均显著高于CK（p<0.05）,分别提高了39.3%,29.3%,34.5%和52.3%。与CK相比,各施肥处理显著提高了表层土壤硝态氮含量（p<0.05）,增加了0—100 cm土层的硝态氮累积量。与NP处理相比,MNP和SNP显著提高了0—200 cm土层的硝态氮累积量（p<0.05）,而BNP则差异不显著。相比CK,施肥处理（NP,MNP,SNP,BNP）可显著提高0—20 cm土层的含水量,增加0—40 cm土层的储水量,且BNP处理显著高于SNP和MNP。总体而言,生物炭在提高和维持表层土壤肥力以及降低剖面硝态氮淋溶风险等方面的后效作用显著优于秸秆和有机肥,是陕西关中地区旱地土上一种较好的有机物料施用方式。     

黄土丘陵区4种典型植被土壤可溶性氮组分特征

土壤可溶性氮组分是氮循环中最活跃的一环,是联系\"植物—土壤氮组分—土壤养分\"的关键纽带。为探讨植被类型对黄土丘陵区土壤氮素累计及其有效性的影响,以黄土丘陵区4种典型植被（荒草地、沙棘林地、文冠果林地、云杉林地）为研究对象,分析0—10,10—20,20—40 cm土层可溶性有机氮（SON）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺—N）、硝态氮（NO₃^-—N）含量,密度及其所占TN比例在不同植被间的差异。结果表明：与荒草地相比,0—40 cm土层中SON含量整体表现为云杉林地最高（19.0%）,文冠果林地和沙棘林地分别减少7.0%,13.2%,NO₃^-—N含量为沙棘林地最高（20.9%）,文冠果林地和云杉林地分别减少5.0%,48.0%,3种植被与荒草地相比NH₄⁺—N含量减少19.0%~29.1%;同样,云杉林地SON密度增加31.17%,沙棘林地与文冠果林地分别减少12.8%,4.3%,沙棘林地NO₃^-—N密度增加21.4%,文冠果林地、云杉林地分别减少3.5%,42.6%,其余植被NH₄⁺—N密度减少16.4%~32.8%;可溶性氮组分占TN比例中,仅沙棘林地NO₃^-—N占TN比例最高,相比于荒草地增加1.2倍。相关分析表明,可溶性氮组分受TN与MBN的影响大于SOC和MBC。综上,不同植被类型对可溶性氮组分含量、密度及占全氮比例有较大影响,并增加氮素的有效性,以云杉、沙棘的提升效果最好。     

沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。     

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes, and carbon dioxide production in boreal forest soil fertilized with wood ash and nitrogen

Wood ash has been used to alleviate nutrient deficiencies and acidification in boreal forest soils. However, ash and nitrogen (N) fertilization may affect microbial processes producing or consuming greenhouse gases: methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Ash and N fertilization can stimulate nitrification and denitrification and, therefore, increase N₂O emission and suppress CH₄ uptake rate. Ash may also stimulate microbial respiration thereby enhancing CO₂ emission. The fluxes of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ were measured in a boreal spruce forest soil treated with wood ash and/or N (ammonium nitrate) during three growing seasons. In addition to in situ measurements, CH₄ oxidation potential, CO₂ production, net nitrification and N₂O production were studied in laboratory incubations. The mean in situ N₂O emissions and in situ CO₂ production from the untreated, N, ash and ash + N treatments were not significantly different, ranging from 11 to 17 μg N₂O m^?2 h^?1 and from 533 to 611 mg CO₂ m^?2 h^?1. However, ash increased the CH₄ oxidation in a forest soil profile which could be seen both in the laboratory experiments and in the CH₄ uptake rates in situ. The mean in situ CH₄ uptake rate in the untreated, N, ash and ash + N plots were 153 ± 5, 123 ± 8, 188 ± 10 and 178 ± 18 μg m^?2 h^?1, respectively.     

施用秸秆对土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质氮的影响

为了研究施用秸秆对土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质态氮含量的影响,设置CK（对照）,M₂,M₄,M₆共4个处理,处理中每100 g干土中加入秸秆量分别为0,2,4,6 g。在室温为25℃、土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%的条件下进行培养试验,分别在15,30,45,60,105,150 d时,采取各处理中的土壤样品,观测土壤可溶性有机碳氮及矿质氮的动态变化。结果表明:4个处理的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮具有相同的变化趋势,表现为随着培养时间的推移,先增加,再减小,然后经过一段时间的波动后趋于平稳。在培养的整个过程中,M₄与M₆处理的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮明显高于CK中的含量,表明了施用秸秆可以促进土壤可溶性有机碳氮的累积。在相同时间段内,各处理之间铵态氮含量无明显差异,与对照相比,加入秸秆后,土壤中硝态氮的含量明显下降。     

湘中丘陵区不同植被恢复阶段林地土壤可溶性氮组分含量和密度

以湘中丘陵区的檵木—南烛—白栎灌草丛(LVR)、檵木—杉木—白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松—柯—檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯—红淡比—青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为1个恢复序列,设置固定样地,采集土壤样品,测定土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)、铵态氮(NH4+—N)、硝态氮(NO3-—N)含量及其密度,分析SON、NH4+—N、...     

4种梨实生苗硝态氮和铵态氮利用特性研究

为探讨不同梨实生苗对硝态氮和铵态氮的利用特性,以一年生杜梨、豆梨、川梨、木梨为试验材料,采用¹⁵NH₄NO₃和$NH_{4}^{15}$NO₃分别标记的方法,研究不同氮素形态对4种梨实生苗生长发育、根系形态及氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,木梨的地上部干重和总干重均最大,分别为20.56和29.21 g,其次是川梨和豆梨,杜梨最小。川梨根系干重最大,为8.80 g,其次是木梨,二者均显著高于豆梨和杜梨。根系总表面积、总根长、根尖数均以川梨最大,杜梨最小;根系活力以木梨最大,为2.04 mg·g^-1·h^-1,杜梨最小。4种实生苗标记硝态氮处理各器官吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献(Ndff)均高于标记铵态氮处理;不管是标记硝态氮还是铵态氮,¹⁵N分配率均以叶最高,其次是根和茎。4种实生苗对硝态氮的利用率均高于铵态氮,其中木梨对硝态氮的利用率最高,为16.37%,且显著高于其他3种实生苗;川梨对铵态氮的利用率最高,为7.92%,但与木梨差异不显著,显著高于杜梨和豆梨。本研究为不同梨实生苗的氮素吸收特性和氮素营养管理的深入研究提供了科学依据。     

有机肥组分特征对黑土N2O排放的影响研究

有机肥正被广泛用于东北黑土地固碳培肥,为探究其影响N₂O排放的效应及碳组分机制,试验设置在两个氮水平下(0、100 mg/kg),不加有机肥(CK)和6个添加不同原料制成的有机肥,共14个处理,动态测定培养期(365 d)N₂O排放通量,并分析有机肥性质及结构特征。结果表明,施用有机肥总体上促进黑土N₂O排放,特别是加氮条件下;但是在不同培养阶段,不同种类有机肥对N₂O排放的影响存在显著差异。培养前期有机肥对N₂O排放的快速刺激作用主要与其带入的无机氮含量正相关,但是活性有机碳与木质素酚“共代谢”分解可能通过促进微生物对氮素的同化作用进而削减有机肥对N₂O排放的促进作用。在培养中后期,纤维素和半纤维素成为有机肥调控N₂O排放的关键组分。氮添加有利于后期惰性木质素单体分解,促进含氮有机组分矿化,进而增强N₂O排放对有机肥的正响应。综上,有机肥组分特征影响其可分解性进而调控黑土N₂O排放,在制定...     

硝态氮源及碳源有效性对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响

以华北平原农田土壤为对象,通过室内静态培养系统研究NO_3~--N与不同碳源组合对土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响。结果表明,NO_3~--N作为氮源和不同碳源施入土壤,除NO_3~-+纤维素,其余土壤N_2O排放通量均高于对照组和只添加氮源土壤;NO_3~--N和不同碳源组合的CO_2累积排放量均高于对照和只添加氮源土壤。NO_3~-+果胶的N_2O排放量在第1 d达到最大值1 383.42μg N·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);NO_3~-+葡萄糖的CO_2排放量在第1 d达到最大值370.13 mg C·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),CO_2累积排放量顺序为:葡萄糖果胶秸秆纤维素淀粉木质素。土壤NO_3~--N含量与N_2O排放呈极显著正相关。总之,添加纤维素可以抑制N_2O的排放,促进CO_2排放,并增加土壤中NO_3~--N含量,添加其余碳源均会促进土壤N_2O和CO_2排放。