Long‐lasting impact of biowaste‐compost application in agriculture on soil‐quality parameters in three different crop‐rotation systems

Soil‐quality parameters, such as soil organic matter (SOM) and plant‐available nutrient contents, microbial properties, aggregate stability, and the amounts of heavy metals were carried out in arable soils of different rotation schedules applied with a total of 50 Mg dry mass ha^–1 biowaste compost relative to an untreated control. This was investigated during a 10 y period from 1994 to 2004. Overall, soil‐quality parameters studied appeared to be promoted by biowaste‐compost application. This was evidenced for example by a remarkable increase of SOM and total N content of ≈ 15%–20% relative to the control. Subsequently, amounts of soil microbial biomass and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased as well. In addition, biowaste‐compost application revealed an increase of plant‐available P and K contents and aggregate stability in soil. There was, however, no treatment effect for net N‐mineralization rates. Moreover, in soils of maize and sugar beet rotation schedule a slight decrease was found. Heavy‐metal contents of Pb and Zn were significantly increased in all compost‐treated soils, whereas no significant increase of Cd and Cu contents was measured. However, the investigated amounts were far below of the limits of the German Biowaste Ordinance. It is finally recommended, that biowaste compost may sustain and improve soil quality in agriculture when N nutrition will be considered.     

Crop nitrogen recovery and soil nitrogen dynamics in a 10‐year field experiment with biowaste compost

When fertilizing with compost, the fate of the nitrogen applied via compost (mineralization, plant uptake, leaching, soil accumulation) is relevant both from a plant‐production and an environmental point of view. In a 10‐year crop‐rotation field experiment with biowaste‐compost application rates of 9, 16, and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1 (f. m.), the N recovery by crops was 7%, 4%, and 3% of the total N applied via compost. Due to the high inherent fertility of the site, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was also low. In the minerally fertilized treatments, which received 25, 40, and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 on average, N recovery from mineral fertilizer was 15%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Although total N loads in the compost treatments were much higher than the N loads applied with mineral fertilizer (89–225 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1 vs. 25–56 kg N_tot ha^–1 y^–1; both on a 10‐year mean) and the N recovery was lower than in the treatments receiving mineral N fertilizer, soil NO ‐N contents measured three times a year (spring, post‐harvest, autumn) showed no higher increase through compost fertilization than through mineral fertilization at the rates applied in the experiment. Soil contents of N_org and C_org in the plowed layer (0–30 cm depth) increased significantly with compost fertilization, while with mineral fertilization, N_org contents were not significantly higher. Taking into account the decrease in soil N_org contents in the unfertilized control during the 10 years of the experiment, 16 t compost (f. m.) ha^–1 y^–1 just sufficed to keep the N_org content of the soil at the initial level.     

Long‐term application of biowaste compost versus mineral fertilization: Effects on the nutrient and heavy metal contents of soil and plants

In recent years the use of biowaste compost (BC) as a soil amendment is of increasing interest. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the influence of different fertilization systems: biowaste compost, annual average of 32 Mg ha^—1 BC (fresh matter) and mineral fertilizer (83:52:95 kg ha^—1 NPK fertilizer) on the nutrient and heavy metal contents of soil and plants. Soil samples (1997) and harvest products (1996—1998) from a field trial (initiated 1992) were analyzed for K, Mg, P, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb. The five‐year fertilization with composted biowaste did not influence the total contents of Cd, Mn, Mo, and Ni in soil. The total soil contents of Zn and Pb were significantly higher in soils of the BC treatment than in the unfertilized control. Both fertilized plots tended to have higher Cu and Zn contents in harvest products than the unfertilized control. The mineral fertilization inhibited the Mo uptake by plants. In 1998 the mineral fertilization led to higher, and the biowaste compost application to lower, Cd contents in potato tubers as compared to the control.     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

Spectroscopic analyses to study the effect of biochar and compost on dry mass of canola and heavy metal immobilization in soil

This research was conducted to use spectroscopic analysis to evaluate the effect of biochar and compost application on heavy metal immobilization during the canola plants grown in the contaminated soil using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive spectroscopy by X-rays (EDX) and Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations in the root and shoot of canola plants significantly decreased with the addition of rice straw compost (RC) and biochar (RB) to contaminated soil. The use of spectroscopic analysis observed the precipitation, inner-sphere complex reaction, and electrostatic attraction are the dominating mechanisms for heavy metals immobilization with organic amendments. Our results indicate that the rice straw biochar and compost can immobilize heavy metals and improve dry weight of canola plants. Moreover, the spectroscopic analysis is a simple method and can be effective to understand the mechanism of heavy metals immobilization.     

猪粪堆肥过程中养分和重金属含量的动态变化

【目的】规模化、集约化畜禽养殖业饲料中,存在滥用或超剂量使用微量元素如Cu、Zn、Fe、As添加剂的现象,导致畜禽粪便以及以畜禽粪便为来源的有机肥重金属的积累。研究堆肥过程中养分和重金属含量的动态变化,对于畜禽粪便有机肥产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。【方法】鲜猪粪在阴凉通风处风干到含水率在60%左右,用于进行55天的好氧堆肥。猪粪∶砻糠比例为6∶1 (鲜重)混匀,每周翻堆一次,每天测定温度,分别在堆肥第1、13、23、28、41和55天的上午10:00—11:00,取样测定含水量、pH值、全氮、总有机碳(TOC)、全磷、全钾以及Cr、Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Zn、Pb、Hg、As总量和有效态Cu、Mn、Zn含量。【结果】1)随着堆沤进程的延长,全氮先升高再下降,其峰值出现在第23～28天,之后缓慢下降;全磷与全钾逐渐升高,其峰值均在第41天、之后趋于稳定;TOC不断减少,28天以后趋于平稳。C/N先下降,第23天以后保持稳定,堆肥结束时维持在15.12、达到腐熟要求。2) 9种金属元素的总量变化各不相同,含量分别为Cr6.99～10.43 mg/kg、Cu 106.01～120.81 mg/kg、Mn 663.51～899.48 mg/kg、Ni 11.32～20.67 mg/kg、Zn1245.18～1552.13 mg/kg、Pb 0.09～0.56 mg/kg、As 0.58～1.25 mg/kg,Cd、Hg未检测出。Cr和Ni先下降、升高、再下降直至平稳,其峰值均在第23天,第28天以后趋于平稳。Cu、Mn和Zn不断升高到后期显著升高、其峰值均在第41天。As先下降再升高、在第28天以后基本平稳。Pb总体是下降,在第13天和23天其含量分别比第1天显著下降61.22%和81.63%,在第41天以后其含量未检出。有效Cu、Mn、Zn的含量远低于元素总量,分别在2.35～5.79 mg/kg、17.82～20.28 mg/kg和47.39～70.29 mg/kg。有效Cu、有效Zn总体先升高、再下降直至平稳,峰值都在第13～23天,第28天显著下降但是此后基本平稳。有效Mn总体变化不大,只在第41天显著上升。3)有效Cu与有效Zn、有效Zn与有效Mn之间呈极显著正相关关系。全钾、全磷、Cu、Zn、Mn与TOC之间呈极显著负相关关系(P <0.01),说明全钾、全磷、Cu、Zn与Mn含量的升高由堆肥过程中有机质的矿化引起。而有效Cu、有效Zn、有效Mn与TOC不存在相关关系。【结论】从23天到28天,高温的平均温度和持续时间符合畜禽粪便无害化的要求,C/N和全氮都维持在相对理想的水平,大量元素、微量元素和重金属含量基本达到稳定,表明28天是堆肥腐熟的关键时间节点。     

Redistribution of cadmium,copper, lead,nickel, and zinc among soil fractions in a contaminated calcareous soil after application of nitrogen fertilizers

This study was conducted to evaluate the redistribution of the heavy metals Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn among different soil fractions by N fertilizers. In a lab experiment, soil columns were leached with distilled water, KNO₃, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, or Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O. After leaching, soil samples were sequentially extracted for exchangeable (EXCH), carbonate (CARB), organic‐matter (OM), Mn oxide (MNO), Fe oxide (FEO), and residual (RES) fractions. Distilled water significantly increased the concentrations of Cd and Ni in EXCH fraction, while concentration of Cu and Zn did not change significantly. Application of KNO₃, NaNO₃, NH₄NO₃, or Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O significantly increased the concentrations of Cd and Zn in EXCH fraction, while concentration of Pb and Ni was decreased. Application of all fertilizers caused an increase of Cu in the OM fraction. Moreover, leaching with these solutions significantly increased Cd [except in Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O], Cu, and Zn concentrations in the CARB fraction, while Pb and Ni concentrations were decreased. With application of all leaching solutions, Zn in the EXCH, CARB, FEO, and MNO fractions was significantly increased, while Zn in the OM fraction did not change. The mobility index indicated that Ca(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O increased the mobility of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the soil, whereas NaNO₃ decreased the mobility of Pb and Ni in the soil. The mobility index of Pb decreased by all leaching solutions. Thus, these results suggest that applying N fertilizers may change heavy‐metal fractions in contaminated calcareous soil and possibly enhance metal mobility and that N‐fertilization management therefore may need modification.     

Speciation of Zn,Cu, and Pb in the soil depending on soil texture and fertilization with sewage sludge compost

Background, aim, and scope  Heavy metal (HM) mobility in soil depends on the HM species in it. Therefore, knowledge of the HM speciation in soil allows the prediction of HM impact on the environment. HM speciation in soil depends on the metal chemical origin, soil texture, and other factors such as the origin and level of soil contamination. Recently, the problem of organic waste utilization is of great importance as the amount of this recyclable material is continually increasing. One of the possible ways of recycling is the use of processed organic wastes for agricultural needs. In this research, aerobically composted sewage sludge was used, the utilization of which is of essential importance. But one of the most serious restrictions is HM transfer from such material to the soil. Therefore, a prediction of HM mobility in soil and its migration in the environment is an important issue when using sewage sludge compost (SSC) in agriculture. Zn, Cu, and Pb speciation was performed according to the modified methodology of Tessier et al. (Anal Chem 51:844–851, 1979) in two different (sandy and clay) soils with background HM amounts and in soil samples amended with aerobically digested SSC to find out the predominant species of the investigated HM and to predict their potential availability. Materials and methods  The modified method of sequential extraction initially proposed by Tessier et al. (Anal Chem 51:844–851, 1979) is designed for HM speciation into five species where HM mobility decreases in the order: F1—exchangeable HM (extracted with 1 M MgCl₂ at an initial pH of 7 and room temperature), F2—carbonate-bound HM (extracted with 1 M CH₃COONa buffered to pH 5 at room temperature), F3—Fe/Mn oxide-bound HM (extracted with 0.04 M NH₂OH·HCl at an initial pH of 2 at 96°C), F4—organic matter-complexed or sulfide-bound HM (extracted with 0.02 M HNO₃ and 30% (v/v) H₂O₂ at a ratio of 1:1 and an initial pH of 2 at 85°C), and F5—the residual HM (digested with HNO₃, HF, and HCl mixture). After digestion, HM amounts in solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS ‘Hitachi’). Mixtures of uncontaminated soils of different textures (clay and sandy) with SSC in ratios 20:1, 10:1, and 5:1 were used to simulate the land application with SSC. During a period of 7 weeks, changes in Zn, Cu, and Pb content within species were investigated and compared weekly in soil–SSC mixtures with their speciation in pure soil and in the SSC. Results  Results in the SSC showed that more HM were found as mobile species compared to the soils, and in sandy soil, more were found in the mobile species than in clay soil. But the HM speciation strongly depended on the metal chemical origin. According to the potential availability, HM ranked in the following order: Zn>Pb>Cu. Zinc generally occurred in the mobile species (F1 and F3), especially in sandy soils amended with SSC, and changes of the Zn speciation were insignificant at the end of the experiment. Pb transfer to insoluble compounds (F5) was evident in the SSC–soil mixtures. This confirms that Pb is extremely immobile in the soil. However, the observed increase of Pb amounts in the mobile species (F1 and F2) during the course of experiment shows a critical trend of Pb mobilization under anthropogenic influence. Copper in the soil–SSC mixtures had a trend to form compounds of low mobility, such as organic complexes and sulfides (F4) and nonsoluble compounds (residual fraction F5). Initially, the amounts of mobile Cu species (F1 and F2) increased in the soils amended with SSC, probably due to the influence of SSC of anthropogenic origin with lower pH and high organic matter content, but Cu mobility decreased nearly to the initial level again after 3–4 weeks. Hence, the soil has a great specific adsorption capacity to immobilize Cu of anthropogenic origin. Discussion  Zn mobility and environmental impact was greater than that seen for Cu and Pb, while mobility of both Cu and Pb was similar, but variable depending on soil texture and contamination level. The effect on the shift of HM mobility and potential availability was greater in sandy SSC-amended soils than in clay soils and increased with an increasing amount of SSC. Conclusions  Usage of SSC for land fertilization should be strictly regulated, especially regarding Pb amounts. Recommendations and perspectives  The influence of SSC on Cu and Zn mobility and potential availability was more significant only in the case of sandy soil with a higher SSC ratio. Nevertheless, this waste product of anthropogenic origin increased Pb mobility in all cases in spite of only moderate Pb mobility in SSC itself. Therefore, aerobic processing of sewage sludge must be strictly regulated, especially regarding Pb amounts, and SSC ratios must be in control regarding HM amounts when using it for on-land application.     

施用不同配比菇渣、熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响

为了研究施用菇渣、菇渣-熟牛粪对酸性土壤质量和花生产量的影响,研发改善旱地酸性土壤质量和利于花生生长的菇渣、熟牛粪配比,设计以下盆栽和田间试验。盆栽试验选用红壤、砖红壤、赤红壤3类酸性土壤,田间试验选用红壤为研究对象。设置常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)、两种菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)和两种菇渣-熟牛粪配比处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)共计6种施肥处理。结果表明,与常规量化肥处理(CK)、熟牛粪处理(CMC)相比,施用菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC2)、菇渣-熟牛粪处理(SMC+CMC1、SMC+CMC2)能有效提高土壤pH值、有机质和土壤养分含量、土壤可培养细菌数量、土壤微生物生物量碳含量和花生产量;相对于少施菇渣处理(SMC2、SMC+CMC2),多施菇渣处理(SMC1、SMC+CMC1)提升土壤有机质、养分含量及花生产量的效果更好,且配比为菇渣N 40%∶熟牛粪N 20%∶尿素N 40%的处理(SMC+CMC1)效果最佳。     

堆肥对泥炭基质中重金属、氮、磷的影响

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of compost amendment on mobility and leaching potential of heavy metals, nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） from a peat-based commercial container medium containing 700 g kg^-1 peat, 200 g kg^-1 perlite and 100 g kg^-1 vermiculite at varying amendment rates of compost （0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 L L^-1）. Increasing compost amendment significantly and linearly increased the pH （P 〈 0.01）, the total concentrations of organic carbon （P 〈 0.05）, copper （Cu） （P 〈 0.01）, cadmium （ca） （P 〈 0.01）, and lead （Pb） （P 〈 0.01）, and increased the bulk density （P 〈 0.01） of the medium. The electrical conductivity （EC）, and total N and P of the medium increased significantly （P 〈 0.01） and quadratically with increasing compost amendment. The relationship of the C/N ratio of the medium with the compost amendment rate was decreasing, significant （P 〈 0.01） and cubic, while that of the total Zn was increasing, significant （P 〈 0.01） and cubic. Extractable P, NO3-N, and NH4-N increased initially with an increasing compost amendment of up to 0.50 L L^-1 and then decreased with further increasing compost rate. Increasing compost rates resulted in a highly significant （P 〈 0.01） and linear increase in total Cd, Cu, and Pb, and a highly significant （P 〈 0.01） and cubic increase in total Zn in the medium. Increasing compost rates also significantly （P 〈 0.01） increased extractable Cu （linearly） and Zn （quadratically）, but significantly （P 〈 0.01） decreased extractable Pb （linearly）. There was no significant effect of compost amendment on the extractable Cd concentration in the medium. However, with increasing compost rates from 0.25 to 1.00 L L^-1, extractability of P, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn （extractable concentration as a percent of total） was decreased, indicating that compost amendment could lower the leachability of these elements from the medium.     

Prediction of long‐term sustainability of constructed urban soil: impact of high amounts of organic matter on soil physical properties and water transfer

Sustainability of urban soils lies in their ability to facilitate water and air permeabilities. Exogenous organic matter has been shown to have a positive impact on these properties. Under urban conditions, a large one‐time input of an organic amendment was made to the reconstituted soil. Two organic materials, green‐waste compost (gw) or cocompost from sewage sludge and wood chips (sw), were mixed with sandy loam soil (40% v/v) and placed in 600‐L containers. Containers received a 29‐cm thick layer of sandy loam soil–organic matter mix over a 28‐cm thick layer without organic amendment. Volumetric water content, dry bulk density, hydraulic conductivity at saturation and water retention were measured over 5 yrs in the soils and values for the mixes and a control compared. After this time, dry bulk density was greater (1.54 g/cm³) in control than in gw or sw soils (1.31 and 1.11 g/cm³, respectively), whereas hydraulic conductivity at saturation was smaller (4 × 10^?7 m/s) than in gw (3.4 × 10^?6) or sw (3.7 × 10^?6 m/s). HYDRUS 1D water balance model indicated that below 27 cm depth in the control after 5 yrs, there was a high degree of anoxia, lasting >200 days per year, compared with <40 days in gw and sw. Amplification of the risk of anoxia below 27 cm depth after 10 yrs was 323, 151 and 100 days in the control, gw and sw, respectively. Organic matter amendment could support sustainable urban soils for ten years after soil reconstitution.     

Heavy‐metal displacement in chelate‐treated soil with sludge during phytoremediation

Heavy metals (HMs) in domestic sewage sludge, applied to land, contaminate soils. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean‐up toxic HMs from soil. Chelating agents are added to soil to solubilize the metals for enhanced uptake. Yet no studies report the displacement of HMs in soil with sludge following solubilization with chelates. The objective of this work was to determine the uptake or leaching of HMs due to a chelate added to a soil from a sludge farm that had received sludge for 25 y. The soil was placed in long columns (105 cm long; ?? 39 cm) in a greenhouse. Columns either had a plant (hybrid poplar; Populus deltoides Marsh. × P. nigra L.) or no plant. After the poplar seedlings had grown for 144 d, the tetrasodium salt of the chelating agent EDTA was irrigated onto the surface of the soil at a rate of 1 g per kg of soil. Drainage water, soil, and plants were analyzed for three toxic HMs (Cd, Ni, Pb) and four essential HMs (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn). At harvest, extractable and total concentrations of each HM in the soil with EDTA were similar to those in soil without EDTA. The chelate did not affect the concentrations of HMs in the roots or leaves. With or without plants, EDTA mobilized all seven HMs and increased their concentrations in drainage water. Lower concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn in leachate from columns with EDTA and plants compared to columns with EDTA and no plants showed that poplars can reduce groundwater contamination by intercepting these HMs in the soil. But the poplar plants did not reduce Pb and Mn in the leachate from columns with EDTA. Concentrations of Cd and Pb in the leachate mobilized by EDTA remained above drinking‐water standards with or without plants. The results showed that a chelate (EDTA) should not be added to a soil at a sludge farm to enhance phytoremediation. The chelate mobilized HMs that leached to drainage water and contaminated it.     

施用玉米秸秆堆肥对盆栽芥菜土壤酶活性和微生物的影响

研究了施用玉米秸秆堆肥对盆栽芥菜土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照和单施无机肥相比,施用堆肥能够提高芥菜生物量,增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,各处理微生物数量均在收获期达到最大值;同时,施用堆肥能够显著提高芥菜根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性。各土壤酶在芥菜的生长期内变化趋势不同,脲酶活性在收获期达到最高;化肥与堆肥配施蔗糖酶活性在整个生长期内较稳定,其他处理均在收获期最低;过氧化氢酶活性在前期比较稳定,收获期有较大幅度下降;纤维素酶活性在旺长期较高,而苗期和收获期较低。相关性分析表明,部分土壤酶活性之间呈显著或极显著正相关;酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间呈显著或极显著正相关,表明土壤酶活性与微生物能够较好地反映土壤肥力水平。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

蔬菜废弃物堆肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤生物特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了蔬菜废弃物堆肥对小白菜的增产效果、土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高盆栽小白菜的产量和品质,其中30 t/hm2的高量蔬菜废弃物堆肥将产量提高了66.26%,将品质指标Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著提高了35.64%、183.36%和39.42%。蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够显著提高土壤质量,有机质、总氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤微生物量碳、氮,以及土壤淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的土壤质量指标。与牛粪相比较,高用量的蔬菜废弃物堆肥处理在小白菜产量、可溶性蛋白含量、土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量、磷酸酶活性上显著高于牛粪;而在可溶性糖含量、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物量、淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性上显著低于牛粪。综合而言,蔬菜废弃物堆肥能够提高土壤质量,增加蔬菜产量和品质;在蔬菜产量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥优于牛粪,在蔬菜品质和土壤质量方面,蔬菜废弃物堆肥与牛粪相当。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。     

Effects of compost on the chemical composition of SOM in density and aggregate fractions from rice–wheat cropping systems as shown by solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy

The 4‐year application of pig‐manure compost (PMC) to crop fields in Jiangsu significantly increased organic‐C and total N concentrations compared to chemical fertilization and control treatment. To identify the soil processes that led to these changes, ¹³C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear‐magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) and dipolar‐dephasing nuclear‐magnetic‐resonance spectroscopy (DD NMR) were conducted on soil organic matter (SOM) fractions separated by wet‐sieving and density fractionation procedures. This allowed characterization of the SOM quality under three contrasting fertilizer regimes. The results indicate that PMC application can alter the distribution of functional groups and improve alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios compared to chemical‐fertilizer treatment (CF). Alkyl C contents were increased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) for all treatments, suggesting that recalcitrant material accumulates in the microaggregate fractions. The O‐alkyl C contents were decreased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) under CF and PMC treatments, while no consistent trend was found for the control (NF) treatment. The alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios in macroaggregates were lower than those in microaggregates, indicating that the degrees of SOM decomposition were lower in macroaggregates compared to microaggregates. In all aggregate‐size classes, the amount of organic matter appeared to depend on the fertilization regime. This study provides useful information regarding the buildup of organic material in soil from long‐term manure‐compost enrichment.     

Suitability of soil microbial parameters as indicators of heavy metal pollution

Several microbial parameters (microbial biomass, respiration, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, sulphatase, glucosidase, protease and urease activities) were measured in soils from five sites located in urban green areas close to roads differing in traffic density. Our aims were to evaluate the suitability of such parameters as field biomarkers of stress induced by heavy metal pollution, and to compare results obtained by single microbial parameters with results given by an index expressing the average microbial (AME) response of the microbial community. Data showed that all parameters were significantly reduced in the sites characterized by the highest load of metals in soil. Dehydrogenase, sulphatase, glucosidase activities and respiration, declined exponentially with increasing metal concentration, whereas phosphatase activity and AME decreased following a sigmoidal type relationship. In contrast, protease, urease and microbial biomass were not significantly correlated with soil metal concentration. Microbial parameters differed both in sensitivity to critical metal concentrations and in the rate of decline at increasing metal loads in soil. Due to the complex interplay of chemical, physical and biological factors which influence microbial activities and biomass, the proposed index (AME) appeared more suitable than single microbial parameters for a biomonitoring study of this type.     

Combined application of biochar with compost and fertilizer improves soil properties and grain yield of maize

A pot study was conducted to assess the combined effect of biochar (B) with compost (Com) and inorganic fertilizers (F) for improving nutrient acquisition and productivity of maize. Seven different treatments, including B (1% w/w), F (Recommended nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK): 60, 30 and 25 mg kg^─1), Com (1.5% w/w), Com+F (1.5% + NPK), B+F (1% + NPK), B+Com (0.5% + 0.75%), B+Com+F (0.5% + 0.75% + NPK) along with a control (C) without B, Com and F were applied in pots with four replications. The results showed that growth and grain yield of maize increased by the application of B, Com and F compared with C, but B+Com+F was more effective than their sole application (i.e. B, Com and F). Highest leaf chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes and nutrient concentrations: N, P and K in shoot and grains were observed, where B+Com+F was applied followed by Com+F > B+F > B+Com > F > Com > B > C. Soil properties such as soil organic carbon (SOC), N, P, and K were significantly increased, whereas soil pH was decreased by the combination of B with Com and F. Hence, application of B in combination with Com and F (B+Com+F) could be a good management strategy to enhance crop productivity and improve soil properties.