丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响

丰容是为圈养动物提供适宜生活环境，改善圈养动物行为结构的重要方法。为了探究丰容对圈养双角犀鸟日常行为的影响，于2013年1～4月对上海动物园3只双角犀鸟进行展区丰容实验。丰容方法包括在栖架上设置云梯、悬挂麻绳和玩具、使用饲喂器等。采用瞬时扫描法观察双角犀鸟的日常行为并进行统计学分析。实验结果表明，丰容前后双角犀鸟个体间行为时间分配在社群、休息、运动、动喙行为方面有显著差异；丰容对双角犀鸟的日常行为有显著的影响，且丰容后各个个体均在修饰行为、休息行为、运动行为和动喙行为方面出现显著差异，具体表现为：修饰行为、运动行为、动喙行为增加，休息行为减少。丰容前后双角犀鸟的Et常行为变化具有个体特异性及行为连锁性。丰容有利于丰富双角犀鸟的日常行为，减少刻板行为的发生，有效提高了动物福利。     

城市固体废弃物在动物园凤头鹦鹉丰容中的运用和研究

2017年10—11月对上海动物园3只葵花凤头鹦鹉和2只小白凤头鹦鹉进行展区的社群丰容试验,包括环境丰容、认知丰容和食物丰容。通过运用城市固体废弃物制作丰容物品,将城市固体废弃物和动物饲养管理结合在一起,分析城市固体废弃物在凤头鹦鹉丰容中运用的影响和意义。采用瞬时扫描法记录并分析丰容对5只凤头鹦鹉的行为节律和异常行为的变化,结果表明:丰容期间,凤头鹦鹉的休息和异常行为明显减少,与丰容前后存在极显著差异(P0.01),取食和玩耍行为与丰容前后均存在显著差异(P0.05)。表明丰容有利于减少动物的异常行为,增加动物行为多样性,让其表达自然天性,从而提高动物福利。     

五种环境丰容对细尾獴警戒及采食行为的影响

于2019年7月至9月以福州动物园饲养的8只细尾獴为研究对象,首先采用全事件取样法与瞬时扫描取样法确定细尾獴的昼间行为谱:警戒、运动、休息、采食、排泄、社交和进入洞穴,之后根据行为谱设计环境丰容。设计了五种环境丰容(棉网、竹网、木桌、木桩和绳梯丰容),研究不同环境丰容对细尾獴警戒及采食行为的影响。结果表明,棉网、竹网、木桌、木桩和绳梯丰容方式均使细尾獴的警戒行为显著增加(P0.05);竹网、木桌和木桩丰容显著增加了细尾獴的采食行为(P0.05),绳梯丰容显著降低了细尾獴的采食行为(P0.05),而棉网丰容与丰容前相比并未有显著变化(P0.05)。就增加细尾獴的警戒行为和采食行为而言,木桩的丰容效果最好。     

笼养白颊长臂猿的行为及饲养管理研究

本文以笼养白颊长臂猿为研究对象,重点分析了笼养白颊长臂猿的行为特征,包括休息行为、理毛行为等;再根据工作经验,对笼养白颊长臂猿的饲养管理要点进行阐述.     

福州动物园华南虎丰容效果评估研究

为探讨评估福州动物园华南虎丰容效果,本研究使用豪猪粪便、含稻草纸箱和麻布袋对福州动物园2只华南虎(雄虎444和雌虎442)进行丰容,采用一零法对其行为变化进行观察记录,研究3种丰容对2只华南虎行为(运动行为、观望行为、休息行为和其他行为)的影响。结果发现,含稻草纸箱丰容能显著降低雄虎444的休息行为(P0.05);豪猪粪便丰容能显著降低雄虎444的观望行为(P0.05);豪猪粪便丰容和含稻草纸箱丰容能显著提高雌虎442的运动行为(P0.05)和显著降低雌虎442的休息行为(P0.05)。3种丰容都能提高雄虎444的运动行为,但效果不显著(P0.05);豪猪丰容和麻布袋丰容能降低雄虎444的休息行为,但效果不显著(P0.05);麻布袋丰容能提高雌虎442的运动行为和降低雌虎442的休息行为,但效果不显著(P0.05)。3种丰容对雄虎444的其他行为影响不大,3种丰容对雌虎442的观望行为和其他行为影响不大。结果表明,本次丰容对福州动物园两只华南虎行为有明显的改善作用。     

浅析圈养动物丰容

在过去的几十年内圈养动物的福利逐渐被认同,动物丰容与行为训练等新术语开始在研究领域内出现,相应的报道也日益增加。丰容和行为训练已经不仅仅是动物园系统的术语,而是动物学的一个名词。本文综述了丰容的概念、丰容的由来以及丰容的意义和方式。丰容方式包括环境丰容、认知丰容、感官丰容、食物丰容和社群丰容等五类,其中行为训练是认知丰容的一种方法。     

不同环境对圈养白颊长臂猿行为的影响

扬州动物园有两只白颊长臂猿先后处于展出区(喧闹)和繁殖区(安静)饲养,我们通过观察白颊长臂猿处在不同区域的日常行为,分别记录5日内运动、休息、取食、社会性行为时长和频次。结果分析发现,白颊长臂猿在展出区中取食行为所占时间高于繁殖区,运动、休息和社会性行为时间占比均低于繁殖区猿猴。两只长臂猿在展出区中运动、取食、休息频次高于繁殖区,展出区社会性行为频次低于繁殖区。其中雄性白颊长臂猿在两个笼舍中的运动频次,差异显著,雌性的差异极显著。雌雄白颊长臂猿在两个笼舍中的休息频次、取食频次和社交频次差异极显著。所以我们认为环境不同对白颊长臂猿的行为有一定影响。     

丰容对上海动物园棕熊(Ursus arctos)行为的影响

从环境丰容、食物丰容、感知丰容、认知丰容4个方面,对上海动物园饲养的4头棕熊丰容前后的行为进行观察,记录棕熊对不同丰容项目的反映及效果。结果表明:棕熊对假山、栖架、水池、食物多样性、藏匿食物等很感兴趣,对绿化、地面铺垫物一般感兴趣,对其他熊类和动物的粪便、气味、交换场地害怕谨慎。丰容前,白天棕熊以运动、玩耍、休息和乞食行为为主;丰容后,虽然不能完全杜绝乞食行为,但是有效降低了棕熊的刻板行为和乞食行为,运动、玩耍行为发生的频次增加。     

气味丰容对非洲狮行为的影响

2015年4月-5月,对一对成年非洲狮进行了户外活动场气味丰容。每天从8:00-16:00采用瞬时扫描法每5 min对丰容前后非洲狮行为进行记录。结果表明,气味丰容前休息行为占比86.06%,采用羊驼粪便、东北虎粪便和兔子血液丰容后非洲狮休息行为比例分别下降了6.77%、5.71%和9.39%;活动频次有所提高;使用SPSS 16.0软件进行单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)和多重比较(LSD)法研究发现,气味丰容时非洲狮活动时间显著增加(P0.05)。由此可见,通过不定期采用不同气味对非洲狮进行丰容刺激,可以显著改善非洲狮的活动情况,从而提高非洲狮的观赏展示效果,也有利于提高非洲狮的福利。     

上海动物园圈养梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）丰容效果的行为学评价

2013年1～4月期间，对上海动物园圈养梅花鹿进行了食物丰容，并基于动物行为对丰容效果进行了初步评价。采用瞬时扫描取样法观察记录14只梅花鹿丰容前后行为在时间和空间上的改变。研究表明，环境丰容对梅花鹿行为在时间和空间分配上均存在显著影响（P〈0．05）。从行为类型来看，丰容前后梅花鹿的摄食行为、反刍行为、乞食行为和运动行为存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。丰容使梅花鹿的摄食行为频率明显增加，从而使休息和聚群等其他各类行为频率减少。本研究对空间区域划分的手段能够为圈养区建设提供科学建议，对改善梅花鹿圈养条件具有积极的作用和效果。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.