硫酸黏杆菌素研究概况

硫酸黏杆菌素（Colistin Sulfate）又名黏杆菌素、抗敌素、多黏菌素E,是从多黏芽胞杆菌变种（Bacillus polymyxa var．colistimusl的培养液中提取的一种碱性多肽类抗生素。近十几年来,由于药物残留和耐药问题对人类产生的潜在危害日益突出。发达国家相继禁用了若干种饲用抗生素。硫酸黏杆菌素因内服胃肠道不易吸收,不易产生耐药性,对革兰氏阴性菌,如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、巴氏杆菌、绿脓杆菌等有强大的抗菌作用而引起畜牧兽医工作者的关注。美国和欧盟将其批准作为兽药使用,在日本还被用作饲料添加剂。我国在20世纪90年代末由山东鲁抗医药集团成功研制了硫酸黏杆菌素及其制剂。并于2002年被农业部批准为国家三类新兽药。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法检测饲料中硫酸黏杆菌素

文章对对现行标准验证进行了研究,发现现行标准不能适应饲料中硫酸黏杆菌素的检测;经修订以后,完善了液相色谱-串联质谱法测定饲料中硫酸黏杆菌素。该方法准确、高效、适用性广,能满足饲料中硫酸黏杆菌素检测的需要。     

硫酸黏杆菌素的体外抑菌活性测定

采用试管二倍稀释法测定了硫酸黏杆菌素对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的最低抑菌浓度，结果表明硫酸黏杆菌素对试验菌株有良好的生长抑制效果。     

鸡组织中硫酸粘杆菌素残留的微生物学检测方法研究

在国内首次以支气管炎博代特氏菌（Bordetella bronchiseptica）ATCC4617作为检测菌株，用PBS提取鸡肌肉组织，用5％硫酸提取鸡肝脏和肾脏组织中的硫酸粘杆菌素，应用一剂量法设计原理制备肌肉、肝脏和肾脏组织标准曲线。硫酸粘杆菌素检测限肌肉组织为0．15μg／g，肝脏和肾脏组织均为0．20μg／g，低于我国农业部和欧盟规定的粘杆菌素最高残留限量。肌肉、肝脏和肾脏组织标准曲线在0．025—6．4μg／mL范围内线性关系良好，r分别为0．9970、0．9994、0．9990，n=9。以高、低（300mg／L、60mg／L按效价计）两个剂量给鸡饮水给药，肌肉高、低剂量组均未检测出硫酸粘杆菌素残留，肝脏和肾脏低剂量组未检测出硫酸粘杆菌素残留，高剂量组0h有微量残留。     

硫酸抗敌素在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用

<正>硫酸抗敌素,又称硫酸黏杆菌素,是一种多肽类抗生素。它已被作为饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽生产中。它对革兰氏阴性菌,如大肠杆菌、沙门氏杆菌、痢疾杆菌、绿脓杆菌等具有很强的抗菌作用。其     

“百福乐”与4种抗生素对生长猪生产性能的影响

选用黄霉索、对氨基苯砷酸（阿散酸）、硫酸抗敌素（硫酸粘杆菌素）、杆菌肽锌4种体内基本不残留的抗生素和北星“百福乐”（药用植物提取物）进行饲喂试验，以探讨其对生长猪的增重效果。     

硫酸抗敌素在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用

硫酸抗敌素，又称硫酸黏杆菌素，是一种多肽类抗生素。它已被作为饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽生产中。它对革兰氏阴性菌，如大肠杆菌、沙门氏杆菌、痢疾杆菌、绿脓杆菌等具有很强的抗菌作用。其特点是，有效用量低，不易产生抗药性，也不易被肠道吸收。是安全性高，使用效果好的抗菌促生长剂。有研究表明，对猪添加1-20mg／kg有促生长作用；     

硫酸粘杆菌素的急性毒性及对小鼠骨髓细胞的微核效应

为评价国产硫酸粘杆菌素的安全性 ,进行了改良寇氏法测定LD50 小鼠骨髓细胞的微核试验。结果显示 ,国产硫酸粘杆菌素的LD50 为 71 1 45mg/kg ,属于低毒类化合物 ;小鼠骨髓微核试验结果为阴性 ,表明其不具致突变作用     

仔猪硫酸黏杆菌素中毒的诊治病例

硫酸黏杆菌素注射液是临床常用的药物之一。其特点为对除变形杆菌外的各种革兰阴性杆菌感染有强大杀菌作用：主要用于对其他抗生素耐药而难于控制的绿脓杆菌或革兰阴性杆菌感染．但如果用量过多或用法不当（如与氨基糖苷类药物配合使用）也会引起中毒，临床上以仔猪最为常见。     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料中硫酸粘杆菌素含量

本文提出了通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)快速、简便测定饲料中硫酸粘杆菌素的含量。该方法首先用超声波法提取饲料中的硫酸粘杆菌素,通过旋转蒸发将提取液浓缩后,利用HPLC进行检测。结果表明,在最优检测条件下,提取液中硫酸粘杆菌素与杂质分离良好,其浓度为0.5～400μg/mL与峰面积呈线性相关(r=0.9967);饲料样品回收率87.3%～112.6%,变异系数(RSD)小于5%;其他饲料常规成分在实验条件下对硫酸粘杆菌素测定均无干扰,此方法的适用范围广,可满足饲料中硫酸粘杆菌素的检测。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.