不同籽粒颜色玉米自交系类胡萝卜素含量分析

采用高效液相色谱检测60个不同玉米籽粒颜色自交系中类胡萝卜素（叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素）含量,结果显示,叶黄素、玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和β-胡萝卜素的平均含量分别为56.32、0.85、1.31和5.75mg/kg。按籽粒颜色由浅到深,将60个玉米自交系分为4个等级,颜色越深的品种类胡萝卜素含量越高。对R、G、B、Gray值与类胡萝卜素含量进行相关分析表明,R、G、B和Gray值之间存在极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数分别为0.992（G与Gray）和0.939（R与Gray）,4种类胡萝卜素含量间呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.830（β-隐黄质与β-胡萝卜素）和0.815（β-隐黄质与玉米黄质）。根据类胡萝卜素含量对60个玉米自交系进行聚类分析,60个自交系分为5类,其中第1类类胡萝卜素含量最低,第2类属于中富含类胡萝卜素的自交系,第5类属于高维生素A含量的自交系。综上可知,类胡萝卜素的种类及其含量是影响籽粒颜色的重要因素,可为培育高胡萝卜素含量的玉米品种提供依据。     

鹤望兰黄色花萼色素成分分析

通过鹤望兰黄色花萼色素成分分析,对研究其花色形成机理具有重要意义。该文对鹤望兰黄色花萼进行紫外-可见光谱分析、花色表型测定和高效液相色谱分析。结果发现,黄色花萼含有类胡萝卜素和黄酮类化合物。在类胡萝卜素中,β-胡萝卜素含量最高,达825.80 μg/(g·FW),其次是β-隐黄质含量[322.28 μg/(g·FW)],含量最少是叶黄素[3.87 μg/(g·FW)]。该项研究为鹤望兰花色素成分的进一步分离和鉴定等工作提供了参考,同时也为鹤望兰花色的分子育种提供帮助。     

‘皮球桃’及其突变体类胡萝卜素积累及相关关键基因分析

本研究以‘皮球桃’及其芽变桃不同发育阶段的果肉与叶片中脉为试材,采用HPLC法测定两种桃中类胡萝卜素的组分构成与含量积累,并对类胡萝卜素生物合成及代谢过程中关键基因的转录水平进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果显示,芽变桃中类胡萝卜素总含量极显著高于‘皮球桃’,β-隐黄质、α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素的积累差异是造成两种桃呈色不同的主要原因。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,CCD4在果肉和叶片中脉中的表达规律完全相同,且与类胡萝卜素的积累模式一致,因此CCD4的表达差异可能是导致芽变桃果肉及叶片中脉突变为黄色的重要原因。本研究利用‘皮球桃’及其自然突变体作为探讨类胡萝卜素合成及代谢调控的理想材料,以期从生理及分子层面揭示变异黄桃的形成机理,为桃的类胡萝卜素调控基因开发、变异的早期鉴定、认识和选育富含类胡萝卜素桃品种提供理论基础。     

甜玉米乳熟期籽粒维生素A源和维生素E组分的变异

维生素A和维生素E是人与动物必须从食物中摄取的微营养物质。甜玉米是人类直接食用的一种鲜食玉米类型。本研究利用高效液相色谱法测定了47份甜玉米自交系籽粒乳熟期的维生素A源和维生素E各组分的含量。结果表明,不同基因型甜玉米材料间维生素A源和维生素E各组分及α/γ-生育酚存在显著差异。非维生素A源的叶黄素和玉米黄质为维生素A组分中的主要成分,γ-生育酚为维生素E组分中的主要成分。相关分析表明多数性状间表现为显著正相关或不相关,其中β-胡萝卜素极显著正相关于玉米黄质、β-隐黄质和α-类胡萝卜素,维生素E各组分两两极显著相关,α/γ-生育酚极显著负相关于δ-生育酚和γ-生育酚,极显著正相关于玉米黄质和α-生育酚,β-胡萝卜素与α-生育酚的呈正相关。这些数据为进一步研究甜玉米籽粒中维生素A源和维生素E的代谢和微营养品质的改良提供了有益的表型数据。     

不同烤烟品种烟叶质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区的差异

为明确不同烤烟品种质体色素含量在不同香型烟叶产区的差异,采用GC/MS法分别检测了种植在典型浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区K326、云烟87和湘烟3号第9-12叶位烟叶的质体色素降解产物。结果表明：检测到的绝大多数质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,且云烟87的叶黄素和β胡萝卜素类降解产物含量显著高于K326和湘烟3号;检测到的全部的质体色素降解产物在不同香型烟叶产区间存在显著差异,叶黄素、β胡萝卜素和无环类胡萝卜素降解产物总含量和质体色素降解产物中的巨豆三烯酮A、巨豆三烯酮B、巨豆三烯酮C、巨豆三烯酮D、β-紫罗兰酮、脱氢二氢-β-紫罗兰酮6种致香成分含量在两个浓香型烟叶产区无显著差异,但一致地显著高于中间香型和清香型烟叶产区,且按浓香型、中间香型、清香型烟叶产区的顺序依次递减。烟叶质体色素降解产物含量在不同品种、不同香型烟叶产区间差异的存在,揭示了不同生态产区烟叶香型特色形成的物质基础,对彰显不同烟叶香型烟草品种的选育具有重要指导意义。     

桃果实β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因的克隆及表达模式分析

胡萝卜素羟化酶是类胡萝卜素合成代谢途径中的关键酶,可以将合成代谢途径中产生的含β-环的类胡萝卜素转化成β-隐黄素和玉米黄素。利用同源克隆技术获得桃果实β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(HYb)基因的全长核苷酸序列,命名为PpHYb。PpHYb基因全长1 405 bp,编码区长933 bp,共编码翻译成310个氨基酸。进化树分析发现PpHYb与草莓FaHYb亲缘性较高。序列分析发现PpHYb与其他物种中的HYb一样,同样含有模体为“HXXXXH”+“HXXHH”的保守基序。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示PpHYb基因在黄肉品种‘金丽’桃果实软核期、硬核期、膨大期、硬熟期和完熟期中均有表达。当果实处于硬熟期之前时,PpHYb基因在果皮和果肉中的表达逐渐升高并达到最大值;当果实处于完熟期时,PpHYb基因在果皮和果肉中的表达略有下降,且在果皮中的表达显著高于果肉。本研究通过对桃果中PpHYb基因的克隆和表达分析,为进一步研究类胡萝卜素生物合成途径提供了基础。     

功能性番茄红素的提取生产技术

番茄红素是一种脂溶性天然色素,它主要存在于番茄、西瓜、葡萄、柑橘、葡萄柚和芒果等水果中,在化学结构上属于类胡萝卜素,可溶于脂肪和油脂中,并呈现出红色。番茄及其制品中的番茄红素是人们膳食中类胡萝卜素的主要来源。番茄红素是目前已知的最有效抗氧化活性物质,其抗氧化能力是β-胡萝卜素的2.0倍～3.2倍,是维生素E的100倍。科学研究已证实,番茄红素具有较强的抗氧化和清除自由基能力,能减缓动脉粥样硬化,阻止低密度胆固醇的氧化,可有效防止心血管疾病的发生;它还具有抑制基因突变,预防恶性肿瘤,延缓人体衰老,提高肌体免疫力等多种功能…     

大白菜的类胡萝卜素种类鉴定

为建立大白菜类胡萝卜素鉴定方法,利用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）,根据标样和二极管阵列检测器的检测结果,对不同类型大白菜材料的类胡萝卜素种类进行鉴定。结果表明：利用C30柱从大白菜中共分离出48类胡萝卜素,根据保留时间和吸收谱特征鉴定出其中的30种成分,链孢红素、玉米黄质、六氢番茄红素、ζ-胡萝卜素、γ-胡萝卜素和紫黄质均为首次在大白菜中报道。橙色大白菜中的类胡萝卜素种类最多,与其他大白菜存在很大差异。说明该鉴定方法适用于大白菜的类胡萝卜素种类研究。     

植物类胡萝卜素生物合成相关基因的表达调控及其在植物基因工程中的应用

类胡萝卜素是人类饮食结构中不可缺少的重要成分,具有多种重要的保健功能,尤其是有些类胡萝卜素,如β-胡萝卜素是合成维生素A的前体,具有抗癌和提高免疫力等功效。类胡萝卜素还广泛用于医药和化妆品工业。迄今为止,自然界中发现的大多数类胡萝卜素都是微量的中间产物,很难直接利用。本文概述了高等植物类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、类胡萝卜素生物合成关键酶基因的克隆,如异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶、牻牛儿牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶、八氢番茄红素合成酶、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶、ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶、!-番茄红素环化酶、ε-番茄红素环化酶,并对这些关键酶基因的功能进行鉴定。以水稻、油菜、马铃薯和番茄为例,阐明了类胡萝卜素合成关键酶基因在植物基因工程中的应用。将黄水仙的Psy和Lcy-b以及噬夏孢欧文氏菌(Eriwiniauredovora)CrtI基因同时转入水稻,水稻种子内胚乳类胡萝卜素含量得到提高。另外,在油菜、马铃薯和番茄中转入与类胡萝卜素合成相关的基因,类胡萝卜素含量也发生不同程度的提高,基因表达水平也发生变化。阐述了通过基因操作技术只能得到极少量的类胡萝卜素,只有进一步弄清类胡萝卜素代谢途径,提高外源基因在植物中的特异表达,才能合成大量类胡萝卜素,使类胡萝卜素遗传操作技术成功运用于作物品质改良。     

番茄红素的应用与发展

近年的研究表明,番茄红素是一种重要的类胡萝卜素,其功能在许多方面优于β-胡萝卜素。番茄红素不仅是一种天然食用色素,而且在有效预防各种疾病、防癌抗癌和抗衰老等方面,显示出其生物学功能作用。重点介绍了番茄红素的制备以及在生物学方面的应用情况,并对番茄红素的应用开发前景作出展望。     

Effect of postharvest ethylene treatment on carotenoid accumulation and the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the flavedo of orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit

Degreening with ethylene is a common postharvest practice in citrus fruit. In this work we have examined the effect of ethylene treatment on carotenoid content and composition, and on the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the flavedo of Navelate orange (Citrus sinensis L.) harvested at two ripening stages. The ethylene-induced fruit coloration and carotenoid content in the flavedo increased with the ripening stage of the fruit. Analysis of the changes in individual carotenoids revealed that ethylene stimulated an increase in phytoene, phytofluene, (9Z)-violaxanthin which is the main carotenoid in fully ripened orange peel, and the apocarotenoid β-citraurin, and decreased the concentration of chloroplastic carotenoids. These changes are consistent with the effect of ethylene on the expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes, since it up-regulated the expression of phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene desaturase and β-carotene hydroxylase genes, sustained or transiently increased accumulation of phytoene desaturase, plastid terminal oxidase, β-lycopene cyclase and zeaxanthin epoxidase mRNAs, and decreased the expression of the ɛ-lycopene cyclase gene. These data indicate that exogenous ethylene reproduces and accelerates the physiological and molecular changes in the carotenoid biosynthesis naturally occurring during maturation of citrus fruit. On the other hand, gibberellic acid, which delays fruit degreening, reduced the ethylene-induced expression of early carotenoid biosynthetic genes and the accumulation of phytoene, phytofluene and β-citraurin.     

Postharvest ultraviolet-C irradiation suppressed Psy 1 and Lcy-β expression and altered color phenotype in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit

Mature green cherry tomato fruit were harvested and treated with ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation at a predetermined dose of 4.2 kJ m⁻², and stored at 18 °C for 35 days. The effects of UV-C treatment on color change, pigment contents, and the expression of major genes involved in carotenoid metabolism, including Psy 1, Pds, Lcy-β, and Lcy-ɛ, encoding phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene β-cyclase and lycopene ɛ-cyclase, respectively, were examined. The UV-C treated fruit developed a pink red color in contrast to the normal orange red color of control fruit. Lycopene accumulation during ripening in UV-C treated fruit was significantly inhibited but its final content was not affected. However, both accumulation and final content of β-carotene were significantly suppressed in UV-C treated fruit. The lower content of β-carotene, leading to a higher lycopene to β-carotene ratio, is probably responsible for the altered color phenotype in UV-C treated fruit. Psy 1, a major gene involved in lycopene synthesis was inhibited by UV-C irradiation. Significantly suppressed expression of Lcy-β gene was also observed in UV-C treated fruit. Thus it is possible that the lower transformation from lycopene to carotenes contributed to the relatively stable content of lycopene.     

Characterization of carotenoid pigments and their biosynthesis in two yellow flowered lines of Sandersonia aurantiaca (Hook)

The basis of the novel cream/yellow flower color found in two Sandersonia aurantiaca lines was examined as part of a project to develop new colors for this cut flower crop in New Zealand. The original color, bright orange, is due to the accumulation of the carotenoid pigments zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. The cream/yellow lines have much lower levels of total carotenoid pigments (17% and 21%) in their tepal tissue compared to the wild type progenitor. Microscopic analysis of epidermal cells showed alteration in the pigment cluster bodies of tepal tissue of the cream/yellow lines compared to the orange wild type. HPLC analysis of the pigments showed that one cream/yellow line (Y-H) produced the same pigment profile as the wild type (zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin). In comparison, the other cream/yellow line (Y-S) produced the carotenoid profile normally found in green vegetative tissue (β-carotene and lutein). Analysis of carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression in Sandersonia indicated that the cream/yellow Y-H line showed expression patterns similar to the wild type, and gene expression in the Y-S line is decreased relative to the wild type and the Y-H line. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

丰水梨果实采后生理生化变化的研究

研究了20℃、相对湿度80％～85％条件下丰水梨果实采后软化与褐变的生理生化变化规律。结果表明,丰水梨具有呼吸和乙烯跃变期,跃变期过后果肉硬度下降幅度较小．但果实风味急剧下降。跃变前期果肉快速软化是由乙烯和淀粉酶共同参与,之后果肉软化是由PG和纤维素酶共同作用的结果。果实不同部位褐变度、酚类物质、类黄酮及丙二醛含量均为果皮〉果心〉果肉．PPO活性依次为果心〉果皮〉果肉,果皮相对电导率低于果肉和果心。影响丰水梨贮藏品质的关键因素是果肉软化和风味劣变．而不是褐变。     

猕猴桃果肉颜色相关色素代谢研究进展

猕猴桃含有独特的风味和丰富的营养价值,深受消费者的亲睐。猕猴桃果肉颜色各异,系统叙述了猕猴桃果肉颜色的种类、果肉颜色在发育过程中的变化、显微结构的变化、色素类物质的种类和变化、以及叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、和花色素苷代谢途径及其分子调控机理。提出了猕猴桃果肉颜色研究现阶段存在的问题,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

产β-胡萝卜素红酵母的筛选及其发酵废糖蜜的研究

从自然环境中分离出8株产β-胡萝卜素的红酵母(Rhodotorula),通过自然筛选的方法得到1株产β-胡萝卜素较高的菌株H3。在实验室条件下,对该菌株的摇瓶发酵培养基和发酵条件进行了研究,结果很理想,各项指标达到了大规模发酵生产的要求,为实现产业化奠定了坚实的基础。     

Effects of 2-alkyl-2-cyclopropene-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester on ethylene production and flesh softening of non-astringent persimmon fruit

The effects of 2-alkyl derivatives of 2-cyclopropene-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (CPE) with various lengths of alkyl side chains were examined on ethylene production and flesh softening of ‘Taishuu’ and ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) fruit. When the ‘Taishuu’ fruit were treated with gaseous forms of the CPEs with short alkyl chains, the increased ethylene production and decreased flesh firmness of fruit were not inhibited. However, ripening parameters were inhibited by the CPEs with long alkyl chains in proportion to the carbon number. Decyl CPE (DCPE) is relatively stable and sprayable and inhibited postharvest flesh softening of ‘Fuyu’ fruit when sprayed before harvest. Thus, DCPE appears to be a valuable agent for delaying flesh softening of persimmon fruit.