复合PCR进行胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型快速分型

根据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）各血清型之间外毒素apxⅠ、apxⅡ、apxⅢ、apxⅣA基因差异，设计6对引物，对16株标准菌株进行1次5对引物的多重PCR和1次根据apxⅣA基因设计1对引物PCR的扩增，得到各血清型特异性片段，并将片段特征相同的血清型归为同一组。通过这2步PCR分组情况的不同能将16株标准菌株中的大多数血清型区别开，但是仍然不能将血清2型和8型、血清9型和11型、血清5型中的2个亚型以及血清12型和13型区分开。又根据血清2型英膜多糖（CP）基因差异设计1对引物将血清2型和8型区分开。将此分型系统应用于23株未知病原菌检测，检测到胸膜肺炎放线杆菌9株，并全部能够将其分型。本试验PCR分型体系可以作为胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型分型的一种快速而有效的鉴定方法。     

利用菌落多重PCR对传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌进行血清分型

参照文献报道的传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的特异基因合成5对特异引物,建立传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型分型的菌落多重PCR方法,结果为10株传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型参考菌株均扩增出了相应的预期片段,而支气管败血波氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、大肠埃希菌的扩增均为阴性。利用此多重PCR方法对41株传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌分离菌株进行血清型分型,结果所有菌株均扩增出了相应的特异片段,其中6株为1型,5株为7型,1株为5型,29株为9型。     

洛阳某猪场猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的分离鉴定

为确定洛阳某猪场疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎的病原种类及其血清型,为其临床科学防疫和合理用药提供参考方案,本试验无菌采集了病猪肺脏等病料,采用病菌培养后形态观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化特性试验、PCR诊断等技术对病原菌进行实验室分离鉴定,通过基因测序和同源性分析方法对其进行确诊,通过动物攻毒试验和药敏试验分析分离菌株的致病性和耐药性,采用5对分型引物对分离菌进行基因分型以确定病原菌血清型。结果显示,分离菌2007菌落形态为光滑、透明、边缘整齐、圆形、隆起的小菌落,革兰氏染色特征为阴性杆菌且呈多型性,具有猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）的典型培养特征,且生化结果符合猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的生化特性。同源性分析结果显示,分离菌株2007与猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌菌株FJ848573.1同源性为99.4%,说明分离株2007是猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌。动物攻毒试验结果显示,分离菌株2007对小鼠有强致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离株2007对泰妙菌素、氨苄西林和头孢噻呋钠等高敏,对替米考星、红霉素、氟苯尼考等20种抗菌药完全耐药,对34种抗生素的耐药率高达76.5%,具有较强的多重耐药性。分离菌2007基因分型扩增到目的基因片段与血清型5型结果相符。本试验结果为发病猪场提出了解决该病的具体防治措施,并最终获得了良好的效果,为猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌临床耐药折点的制定提供了一些参考。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清6型PCR方法的建立及初步应用

为了建立猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清6型分子鉴定方法,本研究根据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌从编码荚膜多糖的碱基序列设计1对引物,扩增特异性的720 bp核酸片段。结果表明,以APP为模板,均能扩增出与预期一致的1条720 bp核酸片段,所得PCR产物经测序,与Gen Bank已发表的胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型6型的同源性达99%以上。本研究建立了PCR检测猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清6型分子鉴定方法,该方法的建立为猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌病的诊断和防治及鉴定提供了基础。     

洛阳某猪场猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的分离鉴定

为确定洛阳某猪场疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎的病原种类及其血清型,为其临床科学防疫和合理用药提供参考方案,本试验无菌采集了病猪肺脏等病料,采用病菌培养后形态观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化特性试验、PCR诊断等技术对病原菌进行实验室分离鉴定,通过基因测序和同源性分析方法对其进行确诊,通过动物攻毒试验和药敏试验分析分离菌株的致病性和耐药性,采用5对分型引物对分离菌进行基因分型以确定病原菌血清型。结果显示,分离菌2007菌落形态为光滑、透明、边缘整齐、圆形、隆起的小菌落,革兰氏染色特征为阴性杆菌且呈多型性,具有猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的典型培养特征,且生化结果符合猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的生化特性。同源性分析结果显示,分离菌株2007与猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌菌株FJ848573.1同源性为99.4%,说明分离株2007是猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌。动物攻毒试验结果显示,分离菌株2007对小鼠有强致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离株2007对泰妙菌素、氨苄西林和头孢噻呋钠等高敏,对替米考星、红霉素、氟苯尼考等20种抗菌药完全耐药,对34种抗生素的耐药率高达76.5%,具有较强的多重耐药性。分离菌2007基因分型扩增到目的基因片段与血清型5型结果相符。本试验结果为发病猪场提出了解决该病的具体防治措施,并最终获得了良好的效果,为猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌临床耐药折点的制定提供了一些参考。     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清2型PCR程序优化及分子鉴定

猪接触性传染性胸膜肺炎（porcine contagious pleuropneumonia,PCP）又称坏死性胸膜肺炎,是由胸膜肺炎放线杆菌引起的一种高度接触传染性、致死性呼吸道传染病。以急性出血性纤维素性肺炎和慢性纤维素性坏死性胸膜炎为主要特征。各种年龄、性别的猪对本病均易感,急性者死亡率高,慢性者常能耐过。猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌有15个血清型,不同血清型之间没有或仅有较弱的交叉保护作用,这给猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的诊断防治和免疫预防带来了很大的困难。因此建立一种快速血清型分子鉴定方法尤为重要。为了快速、简便的建立猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型分子鉴定的方法,本研究所从临床发病疑似病例猪肺脏和气管中分离到的放线杆菌,首先经过血清型鉴定,确定部分血清型为2型,为了确定血清型鉴定的准确性,在此基础上,采用分子鉴定的方法,对这些菌株进行鉴定,确定分离到的11株菌为猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清2型。这为猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型分子鉴定及防治提供了理论依据,为今后临床血清型定型提供了一种简便方法。     

鲁西地区猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型多重PCR研究

本研究建立了鉴定猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)血清型的多重PCR方法,并对鲁西地区流行的APP血清型进行了鉴定.根据猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的外膜脂蛋白(OmlA)基因设计1对种特异性引物;并且根据血清1型、5型、7型荚膜多(cps)基因设计型特异性引物,建立检测血清1型、5型、7型的PCR方法.运用多重PCR对临床分离鉴定的89株APP进行血清型鉴定,结果表明建立的多重PCR检测方法特异性和敏感性良好,可作为猪传染性胸膜肺炎快速诊断和流行病学调查的重要手段.     

血清6型猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的分离与鉴定

从广东某猪场出现呼吸困难、肺脏有出血性纤维渗出性病变的病死猪中分离出1株有多形性趋向的革兰阴性球杆菌,卫星现象观察、CAMP试验及V因子依赖性试验均为阳性,用PCR方法能扩增出各血清型猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌均有的apxⅣA基因长约422 bp的特异片段,小白鼠攻毒试验显示其有致病性,血清学检测表明该分离菌为血清6型猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌。     

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清分型多重PCR方法的建立

胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneunoniae）旧称副溶血性嗜血杆菌或猪胸膜肺炎嗜血杆菌。根据NAD依赖性,App划分为两个生物型,依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD）生长的生物Ⅰ型,无需NAD的生物Ⅱ型,致病菌主要为生物Ⅰ型。目前依据荚膜多糖（capsular polysaccharide,CP）和脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）的抗原性己分离鉴定出了15种血清型的App。已建立的多重PCR方法将10株参考菌株分为5个血清群。但该方法还未能区分血清2型和8型、     

某核心种猪场猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为了确诊某种猪场后备母猪疑似猪传染性胸膜肺炎(PCP)病例,试验在掌握相关信息的基础上,应用常规细菌学鉴定方法对采集的4头发病猪病料组织进行细菌分离培养与生物型测定,PCR技术对分离菌进行猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)及其血清型测定、毒力基因检测以及分离菌之间亲缘关系的鉴定,Kirby-Bauer纸片法分析分离菌的药物感...     

An Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae PCR typing system based on the apx and omlA genes--evaluation of isolates from lungs and tonsils of pigs

The genetic variability of a gene coding for an outer membrane lipoprotein (omlA) was used to develop a PCR typing system for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Sequence differences in the middle region of the gene divided the A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes in five distinct groups. Group I included serotypes 1, 9, 11 and 12 (omlA l), Group II consisted of serotypes 2 and 8 (omlA II), Group III included serotypes 3, 6 and 7 (omlA III), Group IV (omlA IV) consisted of serotype 4 and Group V of serotypes 5a, 5b and 10 (omlA V). The sequence differences were utilized to construct PCR primers specific for each group, except of Group IV, as the amplicon of serotype 4 could be separated from Group III by size. Together with a PCR apx typing system, the omlA PCR typing system could discriminate the majority of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes of biovar 1 except of serotypes 1, 9 and 11 and serotypes 2 and 8. The PCR typing system was tested on 102 field strains of A. pleuropneumoniae isolated from lungs of diseased pigs. The serotyping results of the investigated field strains were in agreement with the apx and omlA gene patterns found in the reference strains of the bacteria, with the exception of the omlA gene of five strains of serotype 8. To examine the apx and omlA gene pattern of tonsil isolates, the PCR typing system was tested on a total of 280 A. pleuropneumoniae field strains isolated from tonsils of pigs. Agreement between serotyping and DNA typing was found in 96% of the isolates using the apx gene patterns and in 89% of the isolates using the omlA gene. The same serotype specific apx/omlA gene pattern was thus found in the majority of the tonsil isolates and in isolates from diseased lungs. Most of the differences in the omlA gene were found in 18 tonsil isolates of serotype 12. The omlA/apx PCR typing system described in the present study makes it possible to determine the type specificity of the majority of A. pleuropneumoniae isolates by simple PCR technique and enables phenotype independent characterization of isolates non-typable by serotyping.     

Biotyping of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates using hemagglutinin serotyping, carbohydrate fermentation patterns, and antimicrobial drug resistance patterns

Three techniques, a hemagglutinin (HA) serotyping scheme, carbohydrate fermentation patterns, and antimicrobial drug resistance patterns, were used to examine 92 isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. The results were used to create biotyping schemes. The carbohydrate fermentation and antimicrobial drug resistance patterns each resulted in the identification of five biovars. With both of these techniques, a large majority of the isolates fell into one biovar: 81% were biochemical biovar I and 73% were antimicrobial biovar I. However, by combining the results of these techniques with those of the HA serotyping, a much greater discrimination could be achieved. The combined use of hemagglutinin serotyping, biochemical biotyping and antimicrobial biotyping appears to provide a suitable approach for epizootiological studies on infectious coryza.     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的血清型分型及毒力因子研究进展

根据荚膜多糖和脂多糖抗原表位的不同，猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌分为15个血清型，某些血清型问存在交叉反应，不同血清型甚至同一血清型不同菌株间的毒力大小不一样，致病性也有强弱之别。该菌的致病性与多种毒力因子密切相关，主要有外毒素、外膜蛋白、脂多糖、英膜多糖、转铁蛋白、脲酶等。本文综述了国内外对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的几种主要毒力因子及血清型的研究进展。     

Investigations on the species specificity of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serotyping

Eleven serotypes (1, 2, 5-9, 12-14 and 16) have been demonstrated within Mannheimia haemolytica. Subsequent serotyping of 166 Mannheimia haemolytica-like strains, genetically and phenotyphically distinct from Mannheimia haemolytica, and isolated from ruminants, pigs, hares and rabbits showed that 13.2% were typeable, 19 of which were serotype 11 representing strains now being classified as M. glucosida. In addition, three strains belonged to serotypes 6, 9 and 16, respectively. Additionally, the serotyping results of 98 (P.) haemolytica-like isolates from non-ruminant sources collected by the UK Veterinary Investigation Centres during the period 1982-1996 were investigated. None of these isolates have been kept, making further genetic characterization impossible. Among these isolates, 25.5% were typeable representing serotypes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13 and 15. Substantial evidence has been reported indicating that M. haemolytica-like isolates from non-ruminant sources represent species different from M. haemolytica. The present investigation underlines that serotyping does not represent a reliable method for the identification of M. haemolytica or M. glucosida. These observations emphasize that extended phenotypic and genetic characterization is necessary for the proper identification of these organisms.     

Typing of Treponema hyodysenteriae by restriction endonuclease analysis

Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) was used to type eight well-characterised strains of Treponema hyodysenteriae originating from the U.K., Canada and the U.S.A., and 16 isolates from cases of swine dysentery in Western Australia (W.A.). Several of the W.A. isolates were also serotyped by the method of Baum and Joens (1979), and the two typing techniques were compared. REA typing was more discriminatory than serotyping, being able to distinguish strains within serotypes. The new technique was neither more difficult nor more time-consuming to perform than serotyping. Within the 16 W.A. isolates, three different REA patterns were identified, with common patterns found on different farms. The eight overseas strains had seven different REA patterns, all of which could be distinguished from the patterns of the W.A. isolates.     

Prevalence of Haemophilus parasuis serotypes in large outdoor and indoor pig units in Hungary/Romania/Serbia

Gross postmortem pathologic-anatomical and bacteriological examination, and serotyping for Haemophilus parasuis were performed in 401 weaned pigs with the clinical symptoms of Gl?sser's disease, originating from indoor (204 piglets out of 12 units) and outdoor (197 piglets out of 9 units) units in the country triangle Hungary/Romania/Serbia. The majority of the isolates in indoor units included Haemophilus parasuis serotypes 2, 5 and non typable, while in outdoor units, a high diversity (serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, and non typable) of Haemophilus parasuis serotypes was found.     

A restriction fragment length polymorphism-based polymerase chain reaction as an alternative to serotyping for identifying Salmonella serotypes

The phase 1 (fliC) and phase 2 (fljB) Salmonella flagella genes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to aid in the identification of different Salmonella serotypes. Twenty-four phase 1 flagellin and eight phase 2 flagellin genes could be differentiated among each other with restriction endonucleases Sau3A and HhaI in RFLP-PCR analysis. These flagellin genes comprise the major antigenic formulas for 52 serotypes of Salmonella sp., which include the common serotypes found in poultry and other important food animal species. With the knowledge of the O antigen composition determined from conventional O serotyping, 90% of the Salmonella serotypes could be identified by this double restriction enzyme RFLP analysis of fliC and fljB genes. This RFLP-PCR flagellar typing scheme was successfully applied to the identification of serotype for 112 Salmonella isolates obtained from poultry environment. There was a significant correlation between RFLP-PCR and conventional serotyping (chi-square, P < 0.001). Overall, PCR-RFLP proved to be a fast, accurate, and economical alternative approach to serotyping Salmonella sp.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒广西分离株血清型的分析

应用病毒感染的鸡胚材料免疫新西兰兔的方法制备抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)单因子血清,然后在鸡胚气管环培养(Tracheal organ cultures,TOC)上对广西分离的7个IBV代表性毒株和3个常用疫苗株进行交叉病毒中和试验。结果显示,10个毒株被分为6个血清型。根据试验所得的R值,应用聚类分析法分析了各血清型毒株之间的亲缘关系,显示目前在广西流行的IBV野毒株之间以及其与疫苗株间的抗原性存在很大程度的差异,分属不同的血清型。同时还对IBV基因分型和血清分型之间的关系进行了探讨。     

Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pigs in Quebec.

A total of 3306 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae originating from lung tissues of pigs that died of acute pleuropneumonia and 140 isolates recovered from tonsils or nasal cavities of apparently healthy pigs from chronically infected herds were serotyped. Various serotyping methods, such as slide agglutination, tube agglutination, ring precipitation, coagglutination, immunodiffusion, indirect hemagglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis either alone or in combination were used. The techniques used for serotyping continued to evolve during the last 10 years depending on the problem encountered in serotyping. Antisera prepared in rabbits against formalinized whole cell suspensions of reference strains of A. pleuropneumoniae of serotypes 1 to 12 were employed for serotyping. Serotype 1 was predominant ranging from 55 to 87% from year to year during the last 10 years with an average prevalence of 68%. Serotype 5 was second in prevalence ranging from 9 to 30% with a mean of 23%. Both subtypes of serotype 5 (5a and 5b) were present in Quebec. Serotypes 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 were isolated in small numbers together accounting for about 9%. Serotypes 4, 9 and 11 were not present. Cross-reactions were observed among isolates of serotypes 3, 6 and 8, and 1, 9 and 11 and were easily differentiated from each other by quantitation of type and group specific antigens by coagglutination and immunodiffusion tests. Serotypes 1, 5 and 7 were isolated most frequently from tonsils of pigs from chronically infected herds. Prevalence of different serotypes in different countries has also been reviewed.     

O-serotyping of Yersinia ruckeri with special emphasis on European isolates.

Yersinia ruckeri is the aetiological agent of enteric redmouth disease (ERM), an acute to chronic bacteraemic infection of salmonid fish. The O-serotypes of 127 isolates of Y. ruckeri obtained from Europe (96 isolates), North America (23 isolates), Australia (six isolates) and South Africa (two isolates), as well as four reference strains, were determined by slide agglutination test and microplate agglutination assay. A serotyping scheme is proposed based on heat-stable O-antigens; the serotypes were designated O1, O2, O5, O6 and O7. The proposed scheme is compared to serotyping schemes described by other authors. All five O-serotypes were present in both Europe and North America, whereas only serotype O1 isolates were identified in Australia and South Africa. These findings suggest that European and North American populations of Y. ruckeri are interrelated, thus supporting previous evidence which suggests that the organism was introduced into Europe from North America by the importation of asymptomatic infected carrier fish. Conversely, the results suggest that Australia and South Africa are more isolated from the dissemination of Y. ruckeri. Serotypes O5, O6 and O7 have not previously been recognized in Europe and these findings will have important implications on the diagnosis of ERM and on the vaccination of fish against this disease. It is suggested that the Australian isolate previously described as serotype III is a rough-type mutant and that other isolates described in the literature as serotype III have been incorrectly serotyped and are, in fact, serotype O1. To avoid further confusion it is suggested that the scheme described here be adopted for serological studies of Y. ruckeri.