Recovery from Drought Stress at the Shooting Stage in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus)

Periods of drought frequently affect the development of winter rape at the shooting stage in spring. A growth chamber study was conducted to determine the effects of 13 days of strong water deficit at the shooting stage followed by rewatering on oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The osmolality and the efficiency of photosystem II in leaves were measured by means of a vapour pressure osmometer and a chlorophyll fluorometer, respectively. The activities of sucrose cleaving enzymes in leaves were determined through invertase as well as sucrose synthase tests. A higher osmotic pressure was observed 2 days after water deprivation. Extracellular and vacuolar invertases as well as chlorophyll fluorescence were decreased with delay. Rewatering led to a gradual decrease in the osmotic pressure and a delayed increase in the enzyme activities as well as the photosynthetic efficiency. A linear regression model could predict osmolality in well‐watered plants based on the extracellular enzyme activity and growth stage. The ontogenetic and stress‐related pattern of extracellular invertase activity could indicate a role of this enzyme in balancing source‐sink relations. The onset of flowering was not influenced by drought, but the period of this stage was prolonged. Though, the ontogenetic stages of stressed and unstressed plants were the same at the time of harvest, the development of seed biomass was significantly depressed under stress.     

Response of the Flag Leaves of a Super‐Hybrid Rice Variety to Drought Stress during Grain Filling Period

The effect of drought stress on the antioxidant system and membrane lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of a super‐hybrid rice variety (Liang‐You‐Pei‐Jiu, LYPJ) during the grain filling period was studied. During prophase of water deficit up to day 6 at relative soil water content (RSWC) 88 %, 81 %, 69 %, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity descended slightly, but the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) ascended rapidly. The content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) decreased. The production rate of superoxide radical (O₂^?), the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were maintained in a low level (0.3481 nmolO₂^? mg^?1 protein min^?1, 170.17 μmol g^?1 FW, 1.467 nmol g^?1 FW, at day 6, respectively). The total membrane lipids and index of unsaturated fatty acids (IUFA) did not change obviously. Thereafter (day 9, 12, with 52 %, 28 %, respectively RSWC), the activities of these enzymes declined significantly, while the content of AsA + GSH showed a reverse tendency. However, O₂^? production rate, the contents of H₂O₂ + MDA also increased rapidly. As a result, the total membrane lipids and IUFA dramatically decreased. The results indicated that the whole protect system was destructed seriously; any single protective component could not resist the damage caused by drought stress.     

植物干旱响应生理对策研究进展

干旱是影响植物生长的重要环境因素之一。植物在干旱胁迫下的响应策略一直是抗旱生理的研究热点。本研究综述了干旱胁迫下植物抗旱基因转录调控、渗透调节、活性氧清除、保护蛋白以及形态结构等方面的响应机制,并对未来植物抗旱研究提出了几点建议：结合转录组学、蛋白质组学等手段挖掘机理;加强干旱与其他环境因子复合胁迫效应对植物生长发育影响的研究。     

Effect of Drought and Nitrogen Availability on Osmotic Adjustment of Five Pearl Millet Cultivars in the Vegetative Growth Stage

Growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) is affected in areas with limited and erratic rainfall, often combined with nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, effects of severe drought and nitrogen availability on mechanisms of dehydration avoidance were investigated. Five pearl millet genotypes were cultivated in soil differing in nitrogen availability, low (N1), medium (N2) or high (N3) in a climate chamber. Thirty‐five days after sowing, the plants were exposed to drought for 12 days. Drought decreased leaf area and stomatal conductance strongly and caused leaf rolling. In the youngest fully expanded leaves, drought led to an osmotic adjustment from around ?0.5 to ?0.9 MPa, in N1 and N2 substantially achieved by potassium accumulation. Nitrate contributed to the osmotic adjustment in N2 and N3, proline only slightly, increasingly from N1 to N2, whereas the sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose did not play a role. The dehydration independent osmotic force for water uptake (osmotic potential at full turgor) was under drought strongest at N2 and in the landrace Dembi Yellow stronger than in the cultivars Ashana and Ugandi. This contributed to the higher relative water content (RWC) of ‘Dembi Yellow’, whereas due to other factors nitrogen had no effect on the RWC.     

Drought Effect on Grain Number and Grain Weight at Spike and Spikelet Level in Six‐Row Spring Barley

Water is the primary regulator of yield formation in cereals. The effect of water limitation and its timing on development of yield components were studied in detail at spike and spikelet level in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). An experiment with three watering treatments (control watering, CONT; drought prior to pollination, DR1 and terminal drought, DR2) was set up in a large greenhouse (20 × 30 m). In addition to watering treatments, two NPK fertilizer application rates (0 and 120 kg N ha^?1) were used to investigate the fertilizer effect. The drought effect exceeded the effect of fertilizer application for grain number and single grain weight (SGW). DR1 reduced the number of grains, whereas DR2 reduced both SGW and the number of grains. Resuming the watering at pollination (DR1) restored photosynthesis and enhanced grain filling, resulting in almost similar SGW in DR1 and CONT plants. Spikelets in the upper mid‐section of the spike dominated yield formation in all treatments. This was particularly emphasised in DR1 plants as 58 % of the grain yield was produced in spikelets 3–5, whereas in DR2 and CONT plants it was 39 % and 36 %, respectively. Hence, drought prior pollination strongly reduced yielding capacity (=grain number) in apical and basal spikelets. DR1 and DR2 reduced substantially grain yield and grain N yield resulting in low nitrogen use efficiency.     

Carbohydrate Dynamics in Leaves of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Under Drought

Until now, the carbohydrate dynamics in leaves of rapeseed under drought have largely been unknown. For this reason, a growth chamber study was conducted to examine whether the accumulation of carbohydrates under drought stress contributes to osmotic adjustment in leaf tissue. Plants of the cultivar Titan were subjected to temporary drought in the vegetative and reproductive stages. A third variant of long‐term drought covered the period from leaf development to flowering. The level of sucrose decreased under moderate water deficit, but accumulated under severe long‐term drought. Concentrations of glucose, fructose and trehalose were significantly enhanced and that of raffinose decreased in all the variants of drought. There was no evidence that any of the carbohydrates analysed in this study or the activities of soluble acid and cell wall invertases contributed to a drought‐induced accumulation of osmolytes. The results of this study indicate that osmotic adjustment in response to drought in leaves of the rapeseed cultivar Titan is only limited. It is virtually impossible that carbohydrates function as osmoprotectants in leaves of this cultivar, rising above that of the frequently detected accumulation of proline in rapeseed under water deficit.     

Seed Priming with Ascorbic Acid Improves Drought Resistance of Wheat

The study, consisting of two independent experiments, was conducted to evaluate the role of seed priming with ascorbic acid (AsA) in drought resistance of wheat. In the first experiment, seeds of wheat cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Lasani‐2008 were either soaked in aerated water (hydropriming) for 10 h or not soaked (control). In the second experiment, seeds of same wheat cultivars were soaked in aerated (2 mm ) AsA solution (osmopriming) or water (hydropriming) for 10 h. In both experiments, seeds were sown in plastic pots (10 kg) maintained at 70 % and 35 % of water‐holding capacity designated as well watered and drought stressed, respectively. Both experiments were laid out in a completely randomized design with six replications. Drought caused delayed and erratic emergence and disturbed the plant water relations, chlorophyll contents and membranes because of oxidative damage; however, root length in cultivar Lasani‐2008 was increased under drought. Hydropriming significantly improved the seedling emergence and early growth under drought and well‐watered conditions; however, improvement was substantially higher from osmopriming with AsA. Similarly, osmopriming with AsA significantly improved the leaf emergence and elongation, leaf area, specific leaf area, chlorophyll contents, root length and seedling dry weight. Owing to increase in proline accumulation, phenolics and AsA, by seed priming with AsA, plant water status was improved with simultaneous decrease in oxidative damages. These improved the leaf emergence and elongation, and shoot and root growth under drought. However, there was no difference between the cultivars in this regard. In conclusion, osmopriming with AsA improved the drought resistance of wheat owing to proline accumulation and antioxidant action of AsA and phenolics, leading to tissue water maintenance, membrane stability, and better and uniform seedling stand and growth.     

Antioxidant and Photosynthetic Responses of Cotton to Soil Drought Stress during Flowering and Fruiting Stage

[Objective] The purpose of this study was to examine potential drought tolerance mechanisms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Biochemical (antioxidant, protein and compatible osmolyte) and physiological (photosynthesis) responses to drought stress during the flowering and fruiting stages were examined. [Method] Using two cotton genotypes (A001 and A705) with different drought tolerance, a pot study was conducted in 2016 with treatments consisting of control (well-watered) and water stress. Water stress treatment was designed as withholding water from the pots until stomatal closure followed by limited water supply for 25 days where water-stressed plants received 40% of the optimum quantity of water. Measurements were made on soluble protein, proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, peroxidase (POD) activity and photosynthetic characteristics (net photosynthetic rate P_n, transpiration rate E, stomatal conductance G_s) during the period of water stress. [Result] The soluble protein concentration was decreased and POD activity and MDA level were increased in the leaf subtending cotton boll of A001 under water deficit when compared with the control, but no response was observed in A705. Proline level responded to water deficit inconsistently between the two genotypes and across all sampling dates. Water stress significantly decreased P_n, E and G_s in the main stem leaves for both A001 and A705. [Conclusion] The results indicated that POD, soluble protein and MDA are involved in A001 and A705 responses to water deficit, and A705 is more tolerant to soil drought than A001.     

Physiological and Yield Responses of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to Drought Stress in Managed and Open Field Environments

Water scarcity is threatening the sustainability of global food grain production systems. Devising management strategies and identification of crop species and genotypes are direly required to meet the global food demands with limited supply. This study, consisted of two independent experiments, was conducted to compare faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes Giza Blanka, Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1, Hassawi‐2 and Gazira‐2 in terms of physiological attributes and yield under water‐limited environments. In first experiment, conducted in a growth chamber, osmotic stress of ?0.78, ?0.96, ?1.19 and ?1.65 MPa was induced using polyethylene glycol for 4 weeks. In second experiment, conducted in open field for two consecutive growing seasons, water deficit treatments were applied 3 weeks after sowing. In this experiment, irrigation was applied when an amount of evaporated water from the ‘class A pan’ evaporation reached 50 mm (well watered), 100 mm (moderate drought) and 150 mm (severe drought). Water deficit, applied in terms of osmotic stress or drought, reduced the root and shoot length, related leaf water contents, total chlorophyll contents and efficiency of photosystem‐II, plant height, grain yield and related attributes in faba bean; increased the leaf free proline, leaf soluble proteins and malondialdehyde contents, and triggered the maturity in tested faba bean genotypes. However, substantial genetic variation was observed in the tested genotypes in this regard. For instance, root length of genotypes Giza Blanka and Hassawi‐2 decreased gradually, whereas it was increased in genotypes Goff‐1, Hassawi‐1 and Gazira‐2 with increase in the level of osmotic stress. Genotypes Gazira‐2 and Hassawi‐2 had better relative leaf water contents, leaf free proline and soluble proteins under water deficit conditions; however, these were minimum in genotype Giza Blanka. Better accumulation of leaf free proline, soluble proteins, and maintenance of chlorophyll contents, tissue water, efficiency of photosystem‐II and grain weight in water‐limited conditions helped some genotypes like Hassawi‐2 to yield better. Future breeding programs for developing new faba bean genotypes for water‐limited environments may consider these traits.     

Improving Water Relations and Gas Exchange with Brassinosteroids in Rice under Drought Stress

Drought stress is the most pervasive threat to sustainable rice production and mainly disrupts membrane structure and cell-water relations. Exogenously applied brassinosteroids (BRs) may produce profound changes that may improve drought tolerance in rice. In this study, we monitored some physiological basis of the exogenously applied BRs in improving drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Two BRs i.e. 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) were used both as seed priming and foliar spray. To prime, the seeds were soaked in 0.01 μ m aerated solution each of HBL and EBL for 48 h and dried back to original weight. Treated and untreated seeds were sown in plastic pots with normal irrigation in a phytotron. At four-leaf stage (3 weeks after sowing), plants were subjected to drought stress at 50 % field capacity by cutting down the water supply. For foliar spray, 0.01 μ m of HBL and EBL solutions were sprayed at five-leaf stage. Drought stress severely reduced fresh and dry weights, whilst exogenously applied BRs improved net CO₂ assimilation, water use efficiency, leaf water status, membrane properties, production of free proline, anthocyanins, soluble phenolics, but declined the malondialdehyde and H₂O₂ production. In conclusion, BRs application improved the leaf water economy and CO₂ assimilation, and enabled rice to withstand drought. Moreover, foliar spray had better effect under drought than seed treatments and of the two BRs, EBL proved more effective.     

干旱和盐胁迫对棉苗光合抑制效应的比较

以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了等渗条件下干旱和NaCl处理对棉苗光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MAD)与游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响.干旱和盐胁迫都显著降低叶片的Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、气孔限制值(Ls)和叶绿素与类胡罗卜素含量.干旱或盐胁迫引起初始荧光(F0)上升,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)显著下降,PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(φPSⅡ)略有降低,而POD活性、MDA和Pro含量显著提高.棉苗在不同胁迫后的叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA和Pro累积等方面存在量上的差异,说明等渗条件下干旱和盐胁迫对光合的抑制效应与机理存在诸多相似性,也有特异性.     

Gas Exchange of Five Warm‐Season Grain Legumes and their Susceptibility to Heat Stress

Objective of this study was to compare the heat stress performance of four pulses from dry and hot areas (mungbeans, limabeans, and teparybeans and cowpeas) with that of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted in growth chambers, and data were pooled because results of both experiments were similar. Plants were raised up to flowering at 24/17 °C (day/night) and were then either exposed to these temperatures until maturity or stressed with 33/24 °C for 2 weeks starting at day 1 or 15 after onset of flowering (early vs. late stress). Before, during and after these stress intervals, gas exchange of representative upper leaves was examined; additionally, immediate effects of increasing leaf temperatures from 24 to 32 or 40 °C on chlorophyll fluorescence were assessed. Without heat stress rates of photosynthesis (P_n), and of transpiration (TR), stomatal and mesophyll conductance (g_s, g_m) and intrinsic transpiration efficiency (iTE) differed significantly among the five crops at each date. However, because of crop‐specific time‐courses ranking among unstressed crops was instable with time, so values were integrated or averaged over time. This procedure revealed high P_n potentials in mung‐ and teparybeans and high iTE values in limabeans compared to the other crops. Heat stress lowered P_n and g_s considerably, but increased TR in all five crops. Relative lowering of P_n during heat stress displayed a crop‐specific pattern with limabeans being least susceptible to both early and late heat stress, while cowpeas were highly susceptible to early stress. Effects on P_n were mainly attributable to lowering of g_s and only in part to g_m. The latter was supported by very small changes (<10 %) of various chlorophyll fluorescence signals shortly after raising leaf temperature to 32 °C in all species. However, in limabeans, a decreased electron transport rate (e‐rate, ?18 %) and an increased non‐photochemical quenching (Q_N, +16 %) pointed to an adaptive mechanism to avoid oxidative strains under heat. Leaf temperatures of 40 °C immediately provoked stronger changes in all fluorescence signals than 32 °C; substantial damages at 40 °C were indicated by effective quantum yield, photochemical quenching and ratio of fluorescence decrease in mungbeans and low ones in cowpeas and soybeans. Nevertheless, some adaptive responses of e‐rates and Q_N were observed in all crops and were most expressed in limabeans.     

紫穗槐种子萌发对盐旱逆境的生理响应

利用不同浓度的NaCl、PEG-6000及混合溶液处理紫穗槐种子,测定其对种子发芽率、发芽势、活力指数,幼苗叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫强度的增加,种子发芽能力下降,幼苗生长指标下降;SOD、POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量先升高后下降。对3种胁迫条件下生长及生理指标的分析表明,紫穗槐种子在萌发期和幼苗期有一定的抗盐能力和抗旱能力,萌发幼苗对盐、旱胁迫存在交叉适应现象。     

生根剂GGR-6对紫羊茅和草地早熟禾响应干旱胁迫的影响

为了明确生根剂GGR-6对植物生长与抗旱性的生理作用,以2种优质草坪草-紫羊茅'梦神'(Festuca rubra 'Rubra')、草地早熟禾'优异'(Poa pratensis' Merit')为供试材料,通过控水的处理方法,分别在播种后不同时期,用不同浓度的GGR-6对2种草坪草进行浇灌.结果 表明:随着干旱胁迫...     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期光合生理特性的影响

为了探明大豆干旱胁迫的生理特性,以‘豫豆19’为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置对照(CK),轻度干旱胁迫(L),中度干旱胁迫(M)和重度干旱胁迫(N)4个水分处理水平,研究了不同水分条件下大豆幼苗的生理生化响应。结果显示：随着干旱胁迫的加强,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,游离脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性糖含量显著升高。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,叶片中丙二醛含量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。干旱胁迫下,大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低(P<0.05);水分利用效率(WUE)在轻度水分胁迫条件下有所提高,在中度胁迫下又有一定的下降,在重度胁迫下则明显降低;胞间CO2含量(Ci)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下降低而在重度干旱胁迫下又明显升高,说明在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是由气孔因素造成的;在重度干旱胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素造成的。     

小麦籽粒游离多胺对土壤干旱的响应及其与籽粒灌浆的关系

为探明干旱胁迫下小麦内源游离多胺在籽粒灌浆过程中的作用,2013-2014和2014-2015年度选用高产品种扬麦16和宁麦13进行不同水分条件的盆栽试验。自分蘖末期至成熟期设置正常供水(WW)、土壤轻度干旱(MD)和土壤重度干旱(SD) 3种处理,观察不同土壤水分对籽粒中游离多胺和籽粒灌浆的影响。两个品种的结果一致表明,与WW相比,MD处理对叶片水势及光合作用没有显著影响,显著增加弱势粒灌浆速率(12.5%)和粒重(11.8%),对强势粒灌浆无显著影响;SD处理则严重抑制叶片光合作用,显著降低叶片水势,强势粒的灌浆速率和粒重分别下降10.1%和9.5%,弱势粒的灌浆速率和粒重分别下降14.5%和11.7%。MD处理显著提高了灌浆期弱势粒中游离亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量及其与腐胺(Put)的比值,而SD处理的结果则相反。籽粒灌浆速率、粒重与籽粒中Spd和Spm含量及Spd/Put和Spm/Put值呈极显著正相关,与Put含量呈极显著负相关。喷施Spd和Spm,显著增加3个处理弱势粒及SD处理强势粒的灌浆速率(11.2%~25.9%)和粒重(9.9%~17.7%),但对WW和MD处理的强势粒无显著影响;喷施Spd和Spm合成抑制剂[甲基乙二醛-双脒基腙(MGBG)]后,3个处理强、弱势粒的灌浆速率和粒重均显著降低,分别下降20.5%~28.8%和16.9%~28.5%。表明小麦籽粒中多胺对土壤水分的响应因土壤干旱程度而异,通过轻度土壤干旱处理增加籽粒中Spd和Spm含量以及Spd/Put和Spm/Put值,可以促进籽粒灌浆,增加粒重。     

Comparison of osmotic adjustment,leaf proline concentration,canopy temperature and root depth for yield of juncea canola under terminal drought

Two glasshouse and two field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 to compare the relative importance of four physiological traits: osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf proline concentration, canopy temperature depression (CTD) and root depth on drought performance of canola quality B. juncea (juncea canola). Glasshouse experiments were conducted at The University of Melbourne, Parkville, and field experiments were conducted at Horsham, Victoria. The experiments used juncea canola hybrids and their parental lines and were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The glasshouse experiments consisted of two treatments, well watered and water deficit from first open flower to maturity, whereas the field experiments were sown at a site that received 266 mm annual rainfall in 2014. In the glasshouse, canopy temperature depression was the only trait to show a positive and consistent association with drought performance of juncea canola. Cooler canopy temperature was also associated with improved yield in field experiments. Root depth was positively correlated with CTD in 2014 in glasshouse, whereas no correlation of root depth with OA and leaf proline was observed. The results indicated that CTD was the only reliable trait among those tested to screen juncea canola for drought tolerance. Root depth of juncea canola hybrids was a constitutive trait and probably was a result of hybrid vigour.     

Differential Drought Responses of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Inbred Lines

Drought responses of 19 inbred faba bean lines of different origin were studied in the field under rain shelters with and without irrigation. Inbred lines differed significantly in response to drought (P < 0.01): those with a lower drought sensitivity index (SI) (more resistant) originated from the drought-prone regions characterized by smaller plant size (r = 0.93), and more pods and seeds per plant (r ≥ 0.90) regardless of seed size, while lines with higher SI (more sensitive) were those which mainly exhibited higher yield under favourable conditions accompanied by a greater biomass. In a greenhouse experiment under mild drought (−0.15 MPa soil water potential), comparisons between relatively drought-sensitive (Adriewaalse) and drought-resistant (L7) inbred lines showed that Adriewaalse used 38 % more water than L7 and also produced 40 % more biomass. There was a stress-induced decrease in osmotic potential (ψ_s) in both lines (by 0.72 and 0.50 MPa for Adriewaalse and L7, respectively) accompanied by decreased turgor in Adriewaalse and increased turgor in L7. The difference in drought-induced solute accumulation between lines was diminished when solute accumulation due to water loss and growth inhibition was considered, which indicates that solute accumulation was the result of a concentration effect. Similarly, lower SI in the field was not the result of osmotic adjustment, as the relationship between SI and drought-induced decrease in ψ_s was negative. The water use efficiency of both inbred lines increased markedly with increasing water deficit, though there was no difference between the lines. It was concluded that differences in drought resistance between these inbred faba bean lines were manifested through plant size-induced water demand (avoidance) but were not associated with osmotic adjustment (tolerance).     

高湿和干旱对夏玉米灌浆期叶片光合特性的影响

针对土壤高湿和干旱影响夏玉米籽粒灌浆并对其造成减产的灾害问题,为了揭示其致灾的生理机制,2016年在夏玉米生长季通过人工控制土壤水分,笔者设计了土壤高湿、干旱和对照3种处理,在玉米灌浆期测定叶片的光合特性日变化、光饱和点和光补偿点、夜间叶片暗呼吸等。结果表明:对照玉米叶片的净光合速率日变化曲线呈双峰型,即"M"型,而高湿处理被弱化为单峰型,干旱处理全天持续走低。气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化规律一致,呈显著正相关;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化曲线呈反向变化,呈显著负相关。高湿处理的叶片暗呼吸比对照提高0.5800~0.7767μmol CO2/(m2·s),干旱处理比对照降低0.1767~0.4933μmol CO2/(m2·s),可能因为土壤高湿情况下,玉米叶片等绿色器官呼吸作用强,导致果穗籽粒养分积累少进而造成减产;分析光饱和点和光补偿点发现,高湿处理光合作用有效利用光强的区间拉大,干旱胁迫下,光合作用有效利用光强的区间缩小,这可能是玉米灌浆期干旱造成减产的主要生理原因。     

The Response of the Leguminous Fodder Plant Bituminaria bituminosa to Water Stress

Abstract Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton (Fabaceae) is a biennial–perennial species, which grows throughout the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia. It is cultivated to provide livestock fodder and shows promise as a source of furanocoumarins. This is the first report on its physiological and growth responses to water deprivation. We assessed these in a pot assay, in the field and in hydroponic culture, using two populations from southern Spain and two from the Canary Islands. Proline accumulation was much lower in the field than for pot‐grown plants, supporting recent indications that it is phytotoxic under combined drought and heat stress. In hydroponic culture, imposition of water stress by poly(ethylene glycol) increased the root/shoot ratio and decreased the root hydraulic conductivity. Overall, the results show B. bituminosa to be a species with high constitutive resistance to soil water deficit. For example, leaf turgor did not diminish, demonstrating its capacity for osmotic adjustment, and the specific leaf area in field conditions was similar to that of other species adapted to seasonal drought. Notwithstanding, the two Canarian populations (which complete their life cycles under very different conditions) maintained better their relative water content and water potential to avoid internal stress. Famara (Lanzarote, Canary Islands) is the most appropriate as a breeding line, which can maintain its shoot biomass under drought.