Effects of reforestation and deforestation on soil properties in humid mountainous areas: a case study in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan province, China

Abstract. Natural secondary succession, forest planting and agricultural practices after deforestation affect soil properties in many ways. During the last 50 years, land uses have greatly changed in the mountainous areas in southwestern China as the result of deforestation and cultivation. A study was initiated in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan province to elucidate the complex relationships in a humid mountainous region. Soil properties under six typical land use types (natural forest, grassland, shrub, secondary forest, cultivated land and reforested land) were compared. Significant differences between land uses were found for soil bulk density (BD), total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). Cultivated land had the lowest levels for most soil properties compared to other land uses and shrubland had a higher SOC, TN and available nitrogen (AN) than other land uses. Soils under grassland and shrub contained the greatest carbon mass (TC). Further studies on reforested land indicated that soil properties could be changed by length of reforestation. The SOC and TN in particular showed a linear relationship with years since reforestation. The results suggested that in an area of China where the climate favours secondary succession, 'leave nature as it is' is a better choice than the policy 'change farmland to forest land ', especially for the mountainous regions where there is lack of labour and financial support.     

Effects of Land Use on Concentrations and Chemical Forms of Phosphorus in Different-Size Aggregates

Land use has been recognized as an important driver of environmental change on all spatial and temporal scales. This study was conducted to determine the effects of land uses on phosphorus concentration in bulk soil and in water-stable aggregates in different soils. The study was conducted on three soil types (Ferrosols, Cambosols, and Primosols), which were collected from three different locations from southeast China and under three land uses (Uncultivated, Vegetable and forest land) the region is characterized as a hill and plain area. Accordingly, a total of 24 soil samples were collected. The results showed that average contents of total P were 0.55–1.55 g/kg, 0.28–1.03 g/kg and 0.14–0.8 g/kg for the soils: Cambosols, Ferrosols and Primosols respectively. Vegetable and forest land led to higher total phosphorus contents in these soils than in the uncultivated land. An aggregate fraction of >2 mm under forest land made up the largest percentage (30 up to 70%), whereas the size fraction <0.106 mm made the least contribution (5 up to 20%) in all soil types. Vegetable land increased the total phosphorus, organic phosphorus and Olsen P and phosphorus forms in the soils. It implies that the conversion of natural ecosystem to vegetable land increased the phosphorus proportion in the soils, which could have negative impact on the environmental quality.     

不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷吸附-解吸动力学特征

[目的]研究川东紫色丘陵区旱耕地、林地、果园、荒草地、茶园、水稻田6种土地利用方式下土壤磷吸附与解吸特征及其影响因素,以期为四川低山丘陵区不同土地利用方式下紫色土磷潜在流失风险评估提供理论依据。[方法]采取研究区内6种土地利用方式下的0—20cm土层土壤样品,通过土壤磷吸附解吸试验,计算土壤磷吸附—解吸参数,测定土壤相关理化指标,利用主成分分析和旋转因子分析法评估土壤磷素流失风险及其主要影响因子。[结果]土壤pH值,有机质,水溶性磷,速效磷,全磷,CaCO3,有效锌是影响磷吸附的重要因子,主因素分析得出速效磷、全磷、CaCO3有效锌对紫色土吸附磷能力贡献率分别为86.9%,89.2%,89.4%,96.9%。通过因子分析法分析土壤磷吸附解吸参数,得出可用最大吸磷量Qm,最大缓冲量MBC,易解吸磷RDP,拟合吸附量与解吸量的相关关系式中的截距值b这4个参数来综合预测紫色土磷素流失风险。[结论]研究区域6种土地利用方式下,果园与旱耕地土壤磷素流失风险较大,水稻田及茶园磷素流失风险较低。     

Pluviometric gradient incidence and the hydrological behaviour of soil surface components (southern Spain)

The hydrological response of Mediterranean hillslopes depends on the type of soil surface components (SSC) which is controlled by the strongly climate. Along a Mediterranean climatic gradient, the type of soil surface component is modified as the aridity increases: biotic ones (annual plants, litter, moss and lichens) used to be more significant under humid climatic conditions, whereas abiotic ones (crusts, rock fragments and outcrops), under semiarid conditions. The aim of the study is to analyse the hydrological behaviour of different types of SSC in three field sites under different Mediterranean climatic conditions to (1) confirm whether the pluviometric gradient factor affects their hydrological response, and (2) whether, in each field site, SSC play the same role as controlling factors of infiltration processes. The method is based on grouping explanatory variables (related to precipitations, topography, vegetal cover, soil moisture and some soil physical, chemical and hydrological properties) through factorial analysis being applied for both regional and local approaches. The results confirm that the type of soil surface component acts as regulator of soil hydrological processes along the pluviometric gradient as well as at every field site, and show that the role played by the type of soil surface component is a much more significant key‐factor for the hydrological response of soils under dry‐Mediterranean climatic conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤无机磷形态与酶活性空间变异特征

对陇东黄土高原不同土地利用方式下黄绵土和黑垆土土壤磷形态、无机磷形态和土壤酶活性的空间分布特征及其相关性进行了研究。研究结果表明,土壤无机磷（Pi）含量随土层加深均呈下降趋势;有机磷（Po）含量在果园黑垆土和菜园土中呈下降趋势;农田、苜蓿地全磷（TP）含量随土层加深呈上升趋势;各利用方式0-20cm,2040cm土层速效磷（Polt）与TP．Po呈极显著的正相关。各无机磷形态平均含量依次为Ca10—P〉Ca8-P〉A1P〉Fe-P〉Ca2-P〉O-P。黄绵土利用中Ca8-P,Al-P和Ca2-P随土层加深呈下降趋势。黑垆土农田、果园和菜园土则呈上升趋势。土壤酶活性与土壤无机磷形态相关性强弱依次为：果园〉菜园〉农田、撂荒地〉沙棘林、苜蓿地、烤烟地;与酶活性的相关性强弱的无机磷形态依次为Al-P〉Calo-P〉Ca2P〉Ca8-P〉FeP,O-P。     

升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式下土壤有机质和养分变化特征

为探讨升金湖沿湖不同土地利用方式土壤养分含量特征，以林地、农田、菜地和草地为研究对象，测定土壤有机质、pH值、C/N值以及氮磷钾等元素的含量。结果表明：（1）四种土地利用方式下，土壤 pH 值大小顺序为：农田>草地>林地>菜地，菜地和林地pH 值均为弱酸性；（2）土壤有机质含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地，菜地和林地有机质含量丰富，农田和草地稍欠缺。菜地C/N最高，农田C/N最低。（3）土壤全氮含量顺序为：菜地>林地>农田>草地。全磷、全钾含量没有明显差异，土地利用方式对二者影响不大。菜地中碱解氮和速效钾含量最高，农田中有效磷含量最高。本研究结果可为升金湖湖区土地资源的合理利用、保持和提高土壤肥力以及区域生态协调提供科学参考。     

An appraisal of soil organic C content in Mediterranean agricultural soils

Low soil organic carbon (SOC) levels in dry areas can affect soil functions and may thus indicate soil degradation. This study assesses the significance of SOC content in Mediterranean arable soils based on the analysis of a broad data set of 2613 soils sampled from Mediterranean grasslands and agricultural land. The distribution in values of SOC, pH, clay and carbonates was analysed according to different climatic areas (semi‐arid, Mediterranean temperate, Mediterranean continental and Atlantic) and with respect to six different land uses (grassland, cereal crops, olives and nuts, vineyards, fruit trees and vegetable gardens). The general trend was for low SOC in arable land and decreased with aridity. In wet areas (Atlantic and Mediterranean continental), acidic soils had a higher SOC content than did calcareous soils, whereas in the Mediterranean temperate area SOC had little relationship to soil pH. In low SOC arable soils, the SOC content was related to clay content. In calcareous arable soils of the Mediterranean temperate zone, SOC content was more closely related to carbonates than to clay. In contrast to the Atlantic area, Mediterranean grassland soils had much lower amounts of SOC than forest soils. Mediterranean calcareous and temperate acidic soils under grassland had SOC‐to‐clay ratios similar to or only slightly greater than that under a crop regime. In contrast, Mediterranean continental acidic soils under grassland had a much higher SOC‐to‐clay ratio than arable soils. This suggests a low resilience of the Mediterranean temperate and calcareous arable soils in terms of SOC recovery after the secession of ploughing, which may be a result of intensive use of these soils over many centuries. Consequently, we hypothesize that the Mediterranean calcareous soils have undergone significant changes that are not readily reversed after ploughing ceases. Such changes may be related to alterations in soil aggregation and porosity which, in turn, are associated with soil carbonate dynamics. Decarbonation processes (the depletion of active carbonates) may therefore be relevant to the reclamation of highly calcareous arable soils through fostering soil re‐aggregation. The article concludes by discussing the suitability of zero tillage, manuring or the introduction of woody species to increase SOC in calcareous arable soils that are highly depleted of organic matter.     

不同土地利用方式下红壤磷素径流流失特征

土壤磷素流失已成为地表水富营养化的重要威胁,红壤在我国分布范围广、分布面积大,研究红壤磷素累积与流失特征可为红壤区农业面源污染控制、防止区域地表水污染提供科学依据。选取红壤区牧草地、休闲地、玉米地、菜地、大棚5种常见土地利用方式,采用人工模拟降雨方法,研究了红壤区不同土地利用方式下磷素累积状况、形态组成和随地表径流的迁移特征及其环境阈值。结果表明:(1)供试土壤Olsen-P含量的范围为6.81～178.17 mg/kg,土壤溶解态活性磷(CaCl_2-P)含量的范围为0.29～8.26 mg/kg,藻类可利用总磷(NaOH)的变化范围为30.34～369.81 mg/kg,不同利用方式红壤中均存在一定程度的磷素累积;(2)不同利用方式红壤的磷吸持指数PSI范围为31.95～47.05,均值大小表现为牧草地玉米地菜地休闲地大棚;(3)红壤地表径流中TP的浓度范围为0.245～2.073 mg/L,TDP浓度范围为0.023～0.308 mg/L,PP浓度范围为0.223～1.826 mg/L,不同场次降雨地表径流中TP和PP平均浓度和流失量大小与土壤表层Olsen-P含量分布规律一致,TDP平均浓度表现为大棚菜地旱地玉米牧草地休闲地,而TDP流失量却表现为大棚菜地牧草地休闲地旱地玉米;径流输出以PP为主,占TP的比例为82.46%～90.15%;(4)土壤Olsen-P与NaOH-P和CaCl_2-P存在极显著正相关,随着Olsen-P含量的增加,NaOH-P和CaCl_2-P提高,且Olsen-P与NaOH-P之间存在一个明显的"突变点",确定36.17 mg/kg为红壤磷素流失的环境阈值,同时还指出,径流TP浓度或流失量与土壤NaOH-P含量呈显著正相关。     

Influence of forest cover and herbaceous vegetation on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil under Mediterranean humid climate

The effects of different Mediterranean vegetation cover on the biological and biochemical quality of soil is not well understood. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects that different types of vegetation (forestry plots, mainly dominated by Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp salzmannii) and herbaceous plots, where overstorey density is lower and natural herbaceous percentage is higher than in forestry plots) have in the biological properties of soil in Mediterranean humid climate. The impact of these plant communities on the biological soil quality was determined by several sensitive parameters related to the microbial activity of the soil such as soil respiration and some enzyme activities (urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase). Development of vegetation (herbaceous and pines) was also determined and correlated with microbiological and biochemical indicators. Organic matter content in herbaceous sites was significantly higher than in forestry sites, ranging from 5.27 to 6.70 g 100 g^?1 in herbaceous sites to 1.64–2.81 g 100 g^?1 in forested areas. Herbaceous sites showed higher values of basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity than pine areas. However, the decrease of organic carbon content in pine areas led microbial activity enrichment per unit of carbon. These results conclude that vegetation cover significantly impacts soil microbial processes in Mediterranean humid climates, herbaceous vegetation having a more positive influence than forest vegetation on the biochemical and microbial activity of the soil, principally due to the higher accumulation of organic matter from plant remains.     

干热河谷土壤酶活性和车轴草生长对氮磷添加的响应

为了探讨干热河谷地区不同土地利用类型下土壤酶活性和植物生长对氮磷添加的响应以及二者之间的联系,采集了元谋干热河谷6种不同土地利用类型土壤,包括灌丛、草地、森林、新开垦农田(新农)、常年耕作农田(常农)、侵蚀裸地(裸地),并利用盆栽探索了土壤酶活性和车轴草(Trifolium repens L.)生长对氮(N)、磷(P)、氮磷(N+P)处理的响应特征。结果表明:(1)植物生物量受土地利用类型和处理双重因素影响,两者的交互作用对植物生物量具有显著作用。(2)除农田土壤(新农和常农)外,其他土地利用类型的土壤上植物生长受到养分添加的显著影响,其中添加P处理的生物量显著高于对照; 而N+P处理又显著高于单一的P添加; 而新农和常农不同养分处理间植物生物量差异不显著。(3)土壤酶活性受土地利用类型显著影响,但是不同养分添加处理之间土壤酶活性差异不显著; 土壤酶活性与植物生物量无显著相关性。综上,干热河谷土壤中植物生长的限制养分主要为磷,然而土壤酶活性则不受氮磷养分的限制,其活性主要与土地利用类型有关。     

太湖流域典型农用地面源磷流失的土壤主控因子光谱识别

[目的]通过光谱识别太湖流域农用地面源磷流失的土壤主控因子,为简化面源磷流失强度估算提供依据。[方法]通过分析梅梁湾流域耕地和园地中不同面源磷流失强度下的土壤光谱特征,确定影响面源磷流失强度的主要土壤理化性质。[结果]耕地面源磷流失强度的特征波段为650~670nm,1 475nm和1 680~1 695nm,土壤主控因子是有机质,二者之间呈正相关;园地面源磷流失强度的特征波段为685~690nm,710~720nm,1 110~1 115nm,1 150~1 155nm和2 170nm,主控因子是有机质、水分和Fe2+,分别和面源磷流失强度呈负相关、正相关和负相关;有机质对耕地的面源磷流失强度的影响更加显著:耕地面源磷流失强度与光谱指数间的相关系数在1 685nm处达到0.74,而园地条件下相关系数最高值在715nm处仅为0.48。[结论]耕地面源磷流失主控因子为有机质,园地的主控因子为有机质、水分和Fe2+。     

汇/分流截-排水方式对降低三峡库区坡地磷流失量的影响

优化坡面截-排水方式能有效调控坡面养分流失，对防控农业面源污染和保障下游水环境安全具有重要意义。该研究旨在探明坡面截-排水方式的阻磷效应，通过采集3种土地利用类型（坡耕地、荒草地、有林地）典型坡面土样，在106 mm/h雨强下展开室内暴雨模拟试验，分析3种截-排水方式（汇流排水T1、分流排水T2、无措施CK）对坡面磷流失的影响。结果表明，不同土地利用类型下，与CK相比， T1和T2平均径流率分别减小40.33%～44.33%、42.57%～54.52%，平均产沙率分别减少68.14%～71.15%、60.55%～72.57%。各截-排水方式下，有林地的平均产沙率显著低于荒草地和坡耕地。各土地利用类型下，全磷（total phosphorus，TP）、可溶性磷（dissolved phosphorus，DP）及颗粒态磷（particulate phosphorus，PP）的变化范围和平均浓度均表现为T1<T2<CK。与CK相比，T1、T2能显著减小TP、DP、PP的流失量（P<0.05）。坡耕地下，TP、DP、PP流失量平均降低幅度为T2(70.34%)>T1(66.47%)，而荒草地和有林地条件下，TP、DP、PP流失量平均降低幅度为T1（65.19%）>T2（59.16%）。研究表明，汇流和分流2种截-排水方式均能有效降低坡面磷素流失量，其中汇流方式可能更适用于荒草地和林地水系，而分流方式更适用于坡耕地水系。     

近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化

【目的】磷是限制黄土高原地区农业生产的重要元素,研究黄土高原已治理小流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化对该区耕地的评价与管理有着重要的指导意义。【方法】在实地调查研究的基础上,通过细致试验、微观分析和流域信息反馈检验,在不同时间、空间尺度上,计算整理归纳了近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的变异性,并对引起变异的有关因素进行了分析。【结果】从时间上看,近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤全磷含量呈现加速下降趋势,有效磷含量呈现先上升后下降的波动变化。土壤全磷含量随时间的变异与作物产量和施磷量的改变有关,1980—1998年耕地施用农家肥和磷肥较多,土壤磷的“输入”与“输出”较平衡,土壤全磷含量稳定在1.31~1.34g/kg之间;1998—2015年农家肥和磷肥投入减少,氮肥和复合肥投入增多,农作物产量持续增加,土壤全磷含量降低了27.1%。土壤有效磷含量的时间变异与施肥结构和速效磷肥施用量的改变有关,1980—2004年耕地速效磷肥的投入量增加了120kg/hm^2,土壤有效磷含量随之提高了2.6倍;2004—2015年由于施肥结构改变,速效磷肥的投入量减少,土壤碱性增强,土壤有效磷含量降低了24.7%。从空间上看,土壤磷素含量的空间变异主要受土壤侵蚀和土地管理的综合影响。均整坡耕地上土壤磷素含量呈现坡上<坡下,全坡面断面上呈现塬地>塬畔地>沟底地>沟坡地,全流域呈现平耕地>坡耕地>新修梯田。整坡耕地上土壤侵蚀使径流挟带泥沙和养分顺坡单向迁移,因为有效磷的迁移性比全磷强,所以差异性为有效磷>全磷;全坡面断面上靠近分水岭的塬地由于靠近居民区管理较为精细,土壤培肥程度高,土壤有效磷含量比其他位置耕地高出1倍以上;通过治理,全流域耕地的地形条件差异逐渐缩小,梯田面积由1980年的100hm^2增加至现在的250hm^2,坡耕地面积由1980年的250hm^2降低到现在的50hm^2;新修梯田由于受到土壤扰动的影响,其土壤磷素含量接近母质,比老梯田和坡耕地低。【结论】流域经历近20年的治理和10年以上的社会化自由管理,耕地土壤全磷含量呈现降低的趋势,土壤有效磷含量依然主要依赖于速效磷肥的补给,这将是流域农业发展的重大隐患。随着农村劳动力的季节性流动,耕地利用管理需要在省工省时的基础上得到优化,调整施肥结构,实现集约化经营将是今后该区农业发展的重要方向。     

土地利用方式对球囊霉素土层分布的影响

球囊霉素对维持土壤有机碳平衡和土壤团聚体稳定性具有明显作用,但不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素的土层分布模式及其影响因素尚不清楚.本研究选取农田、人工草地、果园和撂荒地4种不同土地利用方式,分别采集0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm和30～40 cm 4个土层土样,通过测定土壤球囊霉素.pH、速效磷、有机碳和蛋白酶活性,研究不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素土层分布的模式及影响因素.结果表明,土壤球囊霉素平均含量为1.41～3.18 mg·g-1,占土壤有机碳的6.98%～31.34%,是土壤中的一个重要碳库.土壤球囊霉素在不同土地利用方式和土层剖面之间表现出显著差异(P<0.01),具有明显的垂直分布特征,除撂荒地外,其随土层深度的增加表现出降低趋势.土壤球囊霉素分别与土壤速效磷、蛋白酶呈显著正相关(P<0.01).土壤速效磷在很大程度上决定土壤球囊霉素的含量和分布.土壤球囊霉素含量和土壤蛋白酶活性之间为间接相关关系,该关系有待于进一步研究.建议把球囊霉素作为研究丛枝菌根真菌生长状况和土壤生态系统波动的一个重要指标.     

新疆艾比湖地区不同土地利用方式土壤养分、酶活性及微生物特性研究

新疆艾比湖地区在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有典型性和较高研究价值,通过对不同土地利用方式土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同土地利用方式土壤酶活性及微生物特性(土壤微生物量和微生物数量)。结果表明:新疆艾比湖不同土地利用方式土壤机械组成不尽一致,黏粒含量占主导地位,粗砂粒含量相对较低,土壤总孔隙度与土壤容重变化趋势相反。不同土地利用方式对土壤养分具有较大影响,不同土地利用方式下土壤养分(有机碳、全氮、全磷)和有效养分(有效磷、有效氮、有效钾、有效锌、有效铁含量)均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为林地草地耕地未利用地,土壤全磷在不同土地利用方式下差异均不显著(p0.05);与耕地相比,土壤微生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌),土壤酶活性(土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性)均有明显的增加,大致表现为:林地草地耕地未利用地;相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳和氮、细菌、放线菌和真菌数量、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均呈显著或者极显著的负相关(p0.05,p0.01);土壤有机质和全氮与蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶和细菌数量呈极显著正相关(p0.01),土壤有效养分与土壤微生物量碳、细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关(p0.05,p0.01),说明土壤微生物量碳仍是有效养分的主要来源,其中土壤容重对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为负,土壤养分对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性贡献为正,这是造成不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性差异的重要原因,其中有机质和全氮是土壤微生物量、微生物数量和酶活性的主要养分来源。     

抛荒土地不同处理及利用方式对喀斯特地区土壤微生物的影响

土壤微生物特性是土壤养分的储存库,土壤养分也影响土壤微生物活性,了解两者的相互作用机制对土地利用与管理提供理论依据,而喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式相关研究较少。基于喀斯特峰丛洼地火烧、刈割、刈割除根、封育、种植玉米、种植桂牧1号杂交象草6种坡面典型的土地利用方式的动态监测样地建设与调查,该文分析了不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物特性,揭示其与土壤养分相互作用机制。结果表明,不同土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响不同,土壤有机质（soil organic matter,SOM）、全氮（total nitrogen,TN）、全磷（total phosphorus,TP）、碱解氮（available nitrogen,AN）等沿封育、火烧、刈割、刈割除根、种植桂牧1号、种植玉米等土地利用方式的转变而减少;不同土地利用方式土壤微生物生物量各不同,土壤微生物量碳（microbial biomass carbon, MBC）：244.98～1 246.89 mg/kg、土壤微生物量氮（microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN）：35.44～274.69 mg/kg、土壤微生物量磷（microbial biomass phosphorus,MBP）：30.88～64.72 mg/kg,其中,种植玉米土壤微生物生物量均最低,其土壤质量退化现象严重;不同土地利用方式土壤微生物种群数量及组成影响不同,种植玉米和桂牧1号杂交象草细菌占绝对优势,而火烧、刈割、刈割除根及封育均以放线菌占绝对优势,真菌的比例很少;不同土地利用方式土壤微生物特性与土壤养分之间相互作用关系不同：火烧的土壤TP和MBP、全钾（total potassium,TK）与MBC、TN与放线菌作用最强且均呈正相关,刈割的土壤TN与MBC呈正相关,刈割除根的速效磷（available phosphorus,AP）与MBN正相关,封育的pH值与MBC、真菌负相关,种植玉米的TN、TK与MBP负相关,种植桂牧1号杂交象草的pH值与真菌负相关、与放线菌正相关;聚类分析可以将喀斯特峰丛洼地6种土地利用方式划分为4类,其中封育和火烧最好。     

Clay illuviation in Red Mediterranean soils

Theories regarding pedogenesis in Red Mediterranean soils have undergone several stages of development. The concept of clay illuviation in these soils was not a part of early theories and it is not yet unanimously accepted as a leading soil forming process. A methodology is presented for studying the illuviation of clay in these soils emphasizing typology of textural features and fabrics. The problem of age determination is also addressed, through the use of radiometric dates and correlation with archaeological artifacts. Clay illuviation in Red Mediterranean soils under present day environmental conditions suggests that it occurs presently only on humid and sub-humid margins of the Mediterranean basin. Elsewhere illuvial clay accumulations are inherited from Interglacial periods. Red Mediterranean soils during glacial periods were eroded, colluviated, aggraded with aeolian dust, calcitic fraction of which was redistributed in form of calcitic features and eventually were affected by water logging. An example of water logging of Red Mediterranean soils (Mamora, Morocco) which took place during the last Glacial cycle, consists of yellow illuvial clays accompanied by a yellowing of the ground mass. During earlier cycles water logging resulted in whitish grey stains in which hydromorphic textural features were deposited.     

Shape and intraporosity of topsoil aggregates under maquis and pasture in the Mediteranean region

The clearing of Mediterranean maquis along with the creation of new pasture land has been an important factor of soil and land degradation in the Mediterranean region. The present research compared soil aggregates and their intraporosity in paired pasture/maquis plots in central E Sardinia (Italy), to study the impact of land use change on soil structure. Undisturbed surface horizons were sampled for thin‐section analysis. Aggregate shape was compared and intraporosity was studied for representative aggregates at different depths. Furthermore, the interaction of root activity and grazing under pasture and maquis cover was discussed. The outcomes revealed a complex interplay of trampling and root activity effects. A decrease (–44%) in total voids (regular pores), along with higher aggregate regularity, was observed under pasture in the 0–2 cm layer, and an increase (+261%) in 50–100 μm planar (elongated) pores was determined in the 2–4 cm layer, suggesting a possible surface compaction due to trampling and an increased subsurface fine root activity by the grassland vegetation.     

沙地土壤pH值、养分含量对微地形变化的响应

[目的]针对浑善达克沙地土壤pH值、碳、氮、磷含量的微地形变异性进行研究,系统分析浑善达克沙地不同微地形条件下土壤营养物质含量的的变化规律,为浑善达克沙地环境建设和合理开发利用提供理论参考。[方法]以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场境内的中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站长期围封的沙地样地为研究对象,测定坡位对土壤pH值、碳、氮、磷含量。[结果]不同坡位pH值平均值大小顺序为:阳坡坡底阴坡坡顶;有机碳含量平均值大小顺序为:坡底阴坡阳坡坡顶;全磷含量平均值大小顺序为:坡底阴坡坡顶阳坡;土壤含氮量阴坡和坡底显著高于坡顶和阳坡。[结论]不同微地形条件下各层土壤pH值、全碳和全磷含量的变异系数均表现为阳坡和坡顶高于阴坡和坡底;同一坡位不同土层营养物质含量变异系数大小关系没有规律可循,因坡位和土层不同而表现出不同的大小关系。     

表土结皮影响坡地产流产沙及养分流失的试验研究

采用人工降雨方法,模拟在无结皮、轻微结皮和严重结皮3种不同发育程度下,表土结皮对坡地产流产沙及磷钾流失过程的影响。结果表明,严重结皮具有降低产流、减少产沙的作用;坡地土壤磷钾流失过程均呈幂函数衰减趋势,无结皮坡地衰减速率最快;随着结皮不断发育,钾素流失形式以浸提态为主,逐步被溶解态所取代,磷素始终以泥沙浸提态流失占优势;与无结皮相比较,轻微结皮坡地磷和钾流失总量分别降低了20%和9%,严重结皮分别降低了52%和77%。因此,表土结皮具有减少土壤养分流失和延缓坡地土壤质量退化的作用。