尾叶桉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、表达与单核苷酸多态性分析

【目的】通过获得尾叶桉Eucalyptus urophylla苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因序列,分析其在不同水肥处理下的表达模式及在尾叶桉群体中的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),为研究该基因与尾叶桉抗逆性的相关性提供基础。【方法】根据巨桉E.grandis的PAL基因序列设计引物,通过基因克隆、测序获得尾叶桉PAL基因序列;采用逆转录定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)分析该基因在不同水肥处理下的表达模式。【结果】PAL基因组全长4 507 bp,包括166 bp的5′非编码区、411 bp的3′非编码区、2 172 bp的氨基酸编码序列(由2个外显子组成,分别为422和1 750 bp)和1 759 bp的内含子区域。PAL基因在AT4处理中表达量最高,在AT5处理中表达量最低。尾叶桉PAL基因与巨桉具有高度相似性。尾叶桉PAL基因的SNP位点主要集中在内含子区域,可见尾叶桉PAL基因在长期进化过程中保持着稳定的遗传。【结论】获得尾叶桉PAL基因全长4 507 bp,该基因具有遗传稳定性,且可能在尾叶桉抗逆性中起重要作用。     

荸荠苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆和表达

【目的】克隆荸荠Eleocharis tuberosa苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL),分析其序列特征及其在荸荠不同组织中和鲜切荸荠贮藏过程中的表达情况,为揭示鲜切荸荠黄化机理提供理论依据。【方法】通过RT-PCR和RACE技术从荸荠中克隆PAL基因的cDNA全长,采用生物信息学方法对其序列和所编码的蛋白进行预测分析,利用荧光定量PCR技术分析PAL基因在荸荠不同组织和鲜切荸荠贮藏过程中的表达情况。【结果】克隆得到荸荠PAL基因全长cDNA,将其命名为CwPAL,该序列长度为2 485 bp,含有1个2 142 bp的完整开放阅读框,共编码713个氨基酸。CwPAL蛋白分子式为C3437H5514N944O1058S34,相对分子质量为78 079,等电点为5.97,原子总数为10 987个。CwPAL包含PAL-HAL和PLN02457结构域及典型的PAL酶活性中心序列(GTITASGDLVPLSYIAG)。CwPAL的二级结构以α–螺旋为主,其三维结构模型呈典型的"海马状"结构。系统进化分析表明,CwPAL与菠萝Ananas comosus和海枣Phoenix dactylifera的PAL蛋白亲缘关系较近。荧光定量PCR分析表明,CwPAL基因在荸荠皮中的表达量最高,鲜切荸荠贮藏过程中CwPAL基因表达量快速上升,水杨酸处理显著抑制了CwPAL基因的表达。【结论】Cw PAL属于典型的苯丙氨酸解氨酶家族,该基因可能通过调控苯丙烷代谢从而影响鲜切荸荠的黄化。     

苹果梨果实着色相关PAL基因片段克隆及表达分析

以苹果梨果皮为试材,克隆了苹果梨果实着色相关PAL基因片段,GenBank登录号为JN120855。结果表明:该基因片段长度为407bp,与鸭梨PAL基因序列一致性达97%,与鸭梨氨基酸序列同源性最高,酶切位点分析表明,该PAL基因序列含有常用的限制性内切酶AccI的识别位点。半定量RT-PCR分析表明,随着果实的成熟,套袋果与未套袋果PAL基因的表达量都不断增加,但套袋果在果实成熟期的表达量明显高于未套袋果。     

Genome-wide identification,molecular evolution,and expression divergence of the hexokinase gene family in apple

Hexokinase(HXK) is the first irreversible catalytic enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, which not only provides energy for plant growth and development but also serves as a signaling molecule in response to environmental changes. However, the evolutionary pattern of the HXK gene family in apple remains unknown. In this study, a total of nine HXK genes were identified in the Malus×domestica genome GDDH13 v1.1. The physiological and biochemical properties, exonintron structures, conserved motifs, and cis-elements of the MdHXK genes were determined. Predicted subcellular localization indicated that the MdHXK genes were mainly distributed in the mitochondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Gene duplication revealed that whole-genome duplication(WGD) and segmental duplication played vital roles in MdHXK gene family expansion. The ω values of pairwise MdHXK genes indicated that this family was subjected to strong purifying selection during apple domestication. Additionally, five subfamilies were classified, and recent/old duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic tree analysis. Different evolutionary rates were estimated among the various HXK subfamilies. Moreover, divergent expression patterns of the Md HXK genes in four source-sink tissues and at five different apple fruit developmental stages indicated that they play vital roles in apple fruit development and sugar accumulation. Our study provides a theoretical basis for future elucidation of the biological functions of the MdHXK genes during apple fruit development.     

The impact of tandem duplication on gene evolution in Solanaceae species

Whole genome duplication(WGD) and tandem duplication(TD) are important modes of gene amplification and functional innovation, and they are common in plant genome evolution. We analyzed the genomes of three Solanaceae species(Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, and Petunia inflata), which share a common distant ancestor with Vitis vinifera, Theobroma cacao, and Coffea canephora but have undergone an extra whole genome triplication(WGT) event. The analysis was used to investigate the phenomenon...     

Noise in gene expression: origins, consequences, and control

Genetically identical cells and organisms exhibit remarkable diversity even when they have identical histories of environmental exposure. Noise, or variation, in the process of gene expression may contribute to this phenotypic variability. Recent studies suggest that this noise has multiple sources, including the stochastic or inherently random nature of the biochemical reactions of gene expression. In this review, we summarize noise terminology and comment on recent investigations into the sources, consequences, and control of noise in gene expression.     

Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution

The sequence of the entire RNA genome of the type flavivirus, yellow fever virus, has been obtained. Inspection of this sequence reveals a single long open reading frame of 10,233 nucleotides, which could encode a polypeptide of 3411 amino acids. The structural proteins are found within the amino-terminal 780 residues of this polyprotein; the remainder of the open reading frame consists of nonstructural viral polypeptides. This genome organization implies that mature viral proteins are produced by posttranslational cleavage of a polyprotein precursor and has implications for flavivirus RNA replication and for the evolutionary relation of this virus family to other RNA viruses.     

草鱼eIF-5A的克隆、组织表达和进化分析

【目的】克隆和鉴定草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidella)的eIF-5A基因,并分析其组织表达和适应性进化。【方法】在克隆草鱼eIF-5A全长cDNA的基础上,利用ORF finder、SMART等在线软件对草鱼eIF-5A的分子特征进行分析,并利用PAML 3.15软件包中的密码子替换模型检测eIF-5A的分子适应性进化;RT-PCR分析eIF-5A在草鱼心、脑、肌肉、鳃、脾、肝、肠、肾等组织中的本底表达和Poly I:C诱导表达。【结果】草鱼eIF-5A全长cDNA为2 249 bp,其中包含5′非编码区41 bp,3′非编码区1 743 bp;最大开放阅读框为465 bp,编码1个由155个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质;草鱼eIF-5A分子质量为16.856 ku,等电点pI为5.18,N端含有eIF-5A家族共有的羧腐胺赖氨酸,C端包含一段富含亮氨酸的结构域。草鱼eIF-5A与人及其他动物具有较高的同源性,只有少数氨基酸残基发生替换;适应性进化分析也表明,eIF-5A不但具有结构的保守性,还具有功能的保守性;eIF-5A在草鱼心、脑、肌肉、鳃、脾、肝、肠、肾等组织中恒量表达,并且其表达不因Poly I:C的诱导而发生变化。【结论】eIF-5A是一类与细胞分裂和分化密切相关的蛋白质,在生物体中具有多种剪切体,提示eIF-5A对维持细胞生存非常重要;鉴定的草鱼eIF-5A为eIF-5A1,而非eIF-5A2。     

Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases (SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica (MdSUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MdSUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, MdSUS1s and MdSUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas MdSUS2.2/2.3 and MdSUS3s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most MdSUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both MdSUS2.1 and MdSUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different MdSUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.     

Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae

We have identified 242 Anopheles gambiae genes from 18 gene families implicated in innate immunity and have detected marked diversification relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Immune-related gene families involved in recognition, signal modulation, and effector systems show a marked deficit of orthologs and excessive gene expansions, possibly reflecting selection pressures from different pathogens encountered in these insects' very different life-styles. In contrast, the multifunctional Toll signal transduction pathway is substantially conserved, presumably because of counterselection for developmental stability. Representative expression profiles confirm that sequence diversification is accompanied by specific responses to different immune challenges. Alternative RNA splicing may also contribute to expansion of the immune repertoire.     

Photosynthesis-associated gene families: differences in response to tissue-specific and environmental factors

The endogenous small subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene rbcS and the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene (LHCP) of pea are expressed in a light-inducible manner and are active mainly in green chloroplast-containing tissue. Chimeric genes under control of the 5'-flanking sequences of the rbcS ss3.6 or LHCP AB80 genes from pea were used to study the factors relating to the issue-specific and lightinducible expression of these nuclear-encoded genes in transgenic tobacco plants. The results show that plastid development plays a crucial role in the activation of expression of these chimeric genes. Particular members of each of the above gene families respond differently to tissue-specific and environmental factors. Furthermore, the light-inducible expression directed by the 5'-flanking sequence of ss3.6 rbcSgene is not exclusively mediated by phytochrome, but probably is controlledin large part by another photoreceptor.     

Phenylalanine: Transplacental centrations in Rhesus Monkeys

Arbino acids are actively transported across the mammalian placenta, crncentrations in fetal blood being higher than those in the maternal circu-Elevated concentrations of phenylalanine were induced by dietarv means blood of pregnant rhesus monkeys, and the active transport mechanism vident at both normal and elevated concentrations. A normal placental may thus magnify a maternal biochemical abnormality and produce a profound disturbance in the fetus.     

大豆脱落酸受体基因家族鉴定、系统发育进化及表达模式分析

[目的]鉴定大豆脱落酸受体基因(GmPYLs)家族成员,并进行系统发育进化及表达模式分析,为深入研究该基因家族在大豆生长发育和非生物胁迫中的作用机制提供理论依据.[方法]以拟南芥PYLs基因(AtPYLs)家族成员序列为参考,从JGI和NCBI数据库鉴定出GmPYLs基因家族成员;利用生物信息学方法对该基因家族的组成、基因结构、保守性、系统进化、启动子区顺式作用元件及其编码蛋白理化性质和结构域等进行全面分析,并基于转录组测序数据,对GmPYLs基因家族成员的表达模式进行分析.[结果]从大豆全基因组序列中鉴定出21个GmPYLs基因,长度为500~4000 bp,分布在15条染色体上,编码蛋白的氨基酸数量为178~267个,分子量为19457.11~29105.43 Da,理论等电点(pI)为4.82~7.23,均为亲水蛋白,但稳定性存在明显差异,主要定位于细胞质中.GmPYLs蛋白的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主.GmPYLs基因家族成员可分为四大组,同一组成员基因结构及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列、三级结构、结构域和保守基序(motif)均相似.大豆、拟南芥、苜蓿和水稻的PYLs基因被分为五大类群(Ⅰ~Ⅴ),大豆、拟南芥、水稻和苜蓿的大多数PYLs基因归于Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群;Ⅳ类群含少量的拟南芥和大豆PYLs基因,而Ⅴ类群仅含少部分苜蓿PYLs基因.拟南芥与大豆直系同源基因对数量多于拟南芥与苜蓿直系同源基因对数量.21个Gm-PYLs基因的启动子序列主要包含响应逆境胁迫、调节生长发育及响应植物激素的顺式作用元件,且所有GmPYLs基因的启动子区至少含有1个植物激素响应元件,其中,以含ABA响应元件的GmPYLs基因数量最多.GmPYLs基因具有组织表达特异性,且品种间的表达模式也存在差异.[结论]GmPYLs基因家族成员在系统发育进化上较保守,其基因组复制事件可能发生在豆科植物分化以后,且大部分GmPYLs基因被保留,在响应非生物胁迫中存在广泛的潜在机制,尤其与激素响应密切相关.     

水稻谷氨酸脱羧酶基因(OsGAD3)分子进化与表达分析

利用分子克隆技术从8个水稻品种中克隆到谷氨酸脱羧酶基因OsGAD3,并进行了相关的生物信息学及表达谱分析.结果表明,不同水稻品种OsGAD3的核苷酸序列差异性很小,都在1%以内,在氨基酸序列上都具有保守的结构域,在C末端均具有类似于OsGAD1结合CaM的关键氨基酸位点,但不同于OsGAD2.系统进化树分析表明,不同水...     

Convergence of Campylobacter species: implications for bacterial evolution

The nature of species boundaries in bacteria remains controversial. In particular, the mechanisms of bacterial speciation and maintenance in the face of frequent genetic exchange are poorly understood. Here, we report patterns of genetic exchange that show two closely related zoonotic pathogenic species, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, are converging as a consequence of recent changes in gene flow. Population expansion into a novel ecological niche generated by human activity is the most probable explanation for the increase in genetic exchange between these species. Bacterial speciation can therefore occur by mechanisms analogous to those seen in metazoans, where genetic diversification and incipient speciation caused by ecological factors have been reported in several genera.     

Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species

When individuals of two species interact, they can adjust their phenotypes in response to their respective partner, be they antagonists or mutualists. The reciprocal phenotypic change between individuals of interacting species can reflect an evolutionary response to spatial and temporal variation in species interactions and ecologically result in the structuring of food chains. The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has led to the success of organisms in novel habitats, and potentially contributes to genetic differentiation and speciation. Taken together, phenotypic responses in species interactions represent modifications that can lead to reciprocal change in ecological time, altered community patterns, and expanded evolutionary potential of species.     

杨树14-3-3基因家族的分子进化及表达模式研究

14-3-3蛋白在植物细胞信号传导中发挥重要的作用,探索木本植物14-3-3蛋白家族的进化模式对深入理解该基因家族的功能有重要的指导意义。本文采用生物信息学的方法,在基因组水平上搜索和鉴定了12个杨树14-3-3蛋白基因,其中ε类有7个,非ε类有5个。通过对杨树14-3-3基因家族的系统进化、序列相似性、基因结构和染色体位置分析,发现杨树14-3-3基因的扩张主要是通过最近的一次全基因组加倍事件产生的。在全基因组加倍事件中共产生5对重复基因对,Ka/Ks分析显示这5对重复基因对处于较强的净化选择压力。RT-PCR分析显示在杨树12个14-3-3基因中有8个在不同组织中均表达,另外4个基因的表达部位发生了变异。因此,杨树14-3-3基因家族的分子进化及表达模式的研究结果预示着基因重复后其功能发生了分化。