QTL mapping of grain appearance quality traits and grain weight using a recombinant inbred population in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain appearance quality traits,measured as grain length(GL),grain width(GW),length to width ratio(LWR),grain thickness(GT) and the percentage of grain with chalkiness(PGWC),as well as 1 000-grain weight(TGW),are very important factors that contribute to rice grain quality and yield.To detect quantitative trait loci(QTLs) affecting these traits,we developed a set of recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from Gang46B(G46B) and K1075,a G46 B introgression line with lower PGWC.Based on a linkage map containing 33 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers,a total of 15 additive QTLs governing six measured traits were identified on 4 chromosomes across two environments.Of these,the five major QTLs which controlled GW,LWR,GT,PGWC,and TGW,each explaining up to 44.30,55.29,62.30,30.94,and 28.78%of the variation,respectively,were found in the same interval of RM18004-RM18068 on chromosome 5.The G46 B alleles contributed to the increase in GW,GT and PGWC at all loci,as well as the increase in TGW at its major QTL locus.Significant interactions between additive QTL and the environment were found at most loci,in which the largest,accounting for15.06%of variation,was observed between qPGWC-5 and the environment.A total of 15 epistasis QTLs were detected for all the traits,and GL,GW and PGWC had significant epistasis QTLs based on environment interactions with minor effects.These results are valuable for future map-based cloning of the QTLs and the collaborative improvement of G46 B in grain appearance quality and yield.     

Comparison and analysis of QTLs for grain and hull thickness related traits in two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain traits are major constraints in rice production, which are key factors in determining grain yield and market values. This study used two recombinant inbred line(RIL) populations, RIL-JJ(japonica/japonica) and RIL-IJ(indica/japonica) derived from the two crosses Shennong 265/Lijiangxintuanheigu(SN265/LTH) and Shennong 265/Luhui 99(SN265/LH99). Sixty-eight quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with 10 grain traits were consistently detected on the 12 chromosomes across different populations and two environments. Although 61.75% of the QTLs clustered together across two populations, only 16.17% could be detected across two populations. Eight major QTLs were detected on the 9, 10 and 12 chromosomes in RIL-JJ under two environments, a novel QTL clustered on the 10 chromosome, q GT10, q BT10 and q TGW10, have a higher percentage of explained phenotypic variation(PVE) and additive effect; 15 major QTLs were detected on the 5, 8, 9, and 11 chromosomes in RIL-IJ under two environments, a novel clustered QTL, q GT8 and q TGW8, on the 8 chromosome have a higher additive effect. Finally, the analysis of major QTL-BSA mapping narrowed the q TGW10 to a 1.47-Mb region flanked by simple sequence repeat markers RM467 and RM6368 on chromosome 10. A comparison of QTLs for grain traits in two different genetic backgrounds recombinant inbred line populations confirmed that genetic background had a significant impact on grain traits. The identified QTLs were stable across different populations and various environments, and 29.42% of QTLs controlling grain traits were reliably detected in different environments. Fewer QTLs were detected for brown rice traits than for paddy rice traits, 7 and 17 QTLs for brown rice out of 25 and 43 QTLs under RIL-JJ and RILIJ populations, respectively. The identification of genes constituting the QTLs will help to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grain shape.     

Validation of qGSIO,a quantitative trait locus for grain size on the long arm of chromosome 10 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is a major determinant of grain weight and a trait having important impact on grain quality in rice.The objective of this study is to detect QTLs for grain size in rice and identify important QTLs that have not been well characterized before.The QTL mapping was first performed using three recombinant inbred line populations derived from indica rice crosses Teqing/IRBB lines,Zhenshan 97/Milyang 46,Xieqingzao/Milyang 46.Fourteen QTLs for grain length and 10 QTLs for grain width were detected,including seven shared by two populations and 17 found in one population.Three of the seven common QTLs were found to coincide in position with those that have been cloned and the four others remained to be clarified.One of them,qGS10 located in the interval RM6100-RM228 on the long arm of chromosome 10,was validated using F_(2:3) populations and near isogenic lines derived from residual heterozygotes for the interval RM6100-RM228.The QTL was found to have a considerable effect on grain size and grain weight,and a small effect on grain number.This region was also previously detected for quality traits in rice in a number of studies,providing a good candidate for functional analysis and breeding utilization.     

水稻遗传图谱构建及粒形相关性状的QTL定位

[目的]构建水稻遗传连锁图谱,并对水稻粒形相关性状进行QTL分析,为水稻高效育种提供理论依据和育种材料.[方法]对具有极端粒形差异的两份水稻材料K1561和G1025进行杂交、自交获得F2分离群体,通过软件Map-maker/Exp 3.0构建水稻遗传连锁图谱,并利用软件QTLNetwork-2.0对2011年F2群体、2012年F2∶3家系群体的粒形相关性状数据进行相关性状的QTL定位.[结果]两个亲本的粒形性状指标差异明显,以千粒重相差最大;F2、F2∶3两个群体的相关粒形指标基本上呈连续分布状态且分布频率范围广.与F2单株相比,F2∶3家系的千粒重、粒长和粒宽的平均值更偏向于大粒亲本K1561.构建了含161对SSR标记的水稻遗传连锁图谱;共检测到18个粒形相关性状的QTL,分别分布于第1、2、3、7、9和12染色体上.其中,控制千粒重、粒长、粒宽和长宽比的QTL分别有7、5、5和1个,除qGL/GW12外,其他增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本K1561.两个群体均能检测到的QTL有8个,分别为qTGW3、qTGW7、qTGW9.2、qTGW12、qG L1、qGL9、qGW12和qGL/GW12,其平均加性遗传力为6.04％、12.59％、6.29％、22.08％、4.86％、15.39％、22.12％和10.83％.[结论]定位获得3个效应值较大的新QTL位点qTGW12、qGL9和qGW12,为进一步定位并克隆这些粒形相关基因、阐明水稻产量和品质的控制机理提供了较好的遗传材料.     

云南稻核心种质回交后代稻谷粒形性状的遗传变异

以云南稻核心种质和云南主栽籼稻品种滇屯502、粳稻品种合系35配制的杂种BC3F5和BC4F4(172份)为材料,在云南新平相同栽培条件下种植,研究供体亲本及其回交后代稻谷粒形性状的遗传变异.结果表明:1)供体亲本及其后代的谷粒长和谷粒宽遗传力较高,且均表现出较高的遗传变异,选择潜力较大.2)谷粒长、谷粒宽和谷粒长宽比3个谷粒性状的遗传变异度不同.利用供体亲本及其后代进行粒形新品种选育时,除应考虑各谷粒性状的表现特点和遗传潜力大小外,还应考虑籼粳、稻谷粒形、供体亲本与其后代的遗传差异和特点.3)籼粳间、稻谷粒形间的3个谷粒性状多样性指数均较高,表现出显著的粒形多样性.遗传改良可使粒形多样性明显降低,表现为籼稻大于粳稻,阔卵形大于椭圆形和中长形.     

稻米垩白和粒形的主效QTL定位分析

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t籽粒和糙米及其相关性状影响稻米品质与产量,而这些性状多属于数量性状。本研究利用合适的分离群体研究它们的遗传规律,以便后期进一步定位、克隆相关基因。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t以来源于美国的光壳稻US19和云南高海拔粳稻TJ15为亲本杂交,采用单粒传法构建1个具有90个株系的重组近交系(RILs)群体,考察该群体的籽粒和糙米相关性状,利用相关分析和通径分析等方法研究其遗传规律。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t籽粒和糙米长宽及其长宽比和粒重等性状在重组近交系的株系间存在广泛的变异,且有大量的超亲株系产生;各性状均呈连续分布,符合数量性状遗传规律;籽粒的千粒重与籽粒的粒长、粒宽显著相关(P<0.05),籽粒的千粒重和糙米的粒长、粒宽也显著相关(P<0.05)。通径分析表明：影响千粒重最主要的因素是籽粒宽和长宽比;糙米的粒型决定于籽粒的形状,而千粒重是影响糙米率的重要因素。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结论\t\t\t\t\t以美国的光壳稻US19和云南高海拔粳稻TJ15构建的重组近交系群体内存在广泛的遗传重组变异,除粒宽和长宽比性状之外还有其他性状对籽粒千粒重有较大的作用,细长粒型和短圆粒型的水稻均可能有较高的出糙率,为下一步开展籽粒灌浆特性与出糙率关系的研究和创制优异种质材料奠定了基础。\t\t\t\t     

早籼杂交稻粒形和产量性状的遗传效应与杂种优势分析

以6个籼稻不育系为母本和5个早籼恢复系为父本进行不完全双列杂交,采用加性—显性遗传模型,对早籼杂交稻粒形与产量性状进行遗传效应与杂种优势分析.结果表明:(1)谷粒长、谷粒宽、谷粒长宽比、谷粒长厚比、穗实粒数、穗空粒数、结实率和千粒重等性状同时受加性效应和显性效应控制,谷粒宽厚比、穗数、单株产量主要受显性基因控制,穗总粒数主要受加性效应影响.(2)穗空粒数与谷粒长、谷粒长厚比,穗总粒数与谷粒厚,结实率与谷粒长、谷粒宽厚比、谷粒长厚比,千粒重与谷粒厚间的表型相关和遗传相关正值或负值已达显著或极显著水平,利用加性相关为主的性状进行间接选择可取得较好的育种效果.(3)各个性状群体平均优势和群体超亲优势有的显著有的不显著,其中水稻F1单株产量的群体平均优势为24.5%,达极显著水平,群体超亲优势不显著.     

日本水稻品种越光稻米的外观品质性状的QTL遗传剖析

稻米外观品质是稻米品质的一个重要方面.是消费者选择的重要依据之一,在一定程度上影响稻米市场价格.采用一个日本优质粳稻品种越光(轮回亲本)和一个印度的籼稻品种Kasalath杂交产生的回交重组自交系(backcross recombinant inbred lines,BILs)对7个控制稻米外观品质主要性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白大小和垩白度)数量性状基因位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)进行定位分析.共检测到影响7个性状的22个QTLs,分布在8条染色体上,贡献率为5.65%～29.20%.其中在第5染色体上的R2232分子标记附近区域检测到影响4个性状的QTLs;在第3染色体上C1448和第6染色体G200分子标记附近区域分别检测到同时影响3个性状的QTLs,表明了这3个染色体区域对控制稻米外观品质性状中的有着重要作用.研究检测到的QTLs及其两侧的分子标记可以用于改良稻米外观品质的分子辅助育种.     

利用单片段代换系定位水稻粒形QTL

 【目的】水稻谷粒形状（粒长、粒宽和长宽比）是衡量稻米外观品质的重要指标之一，为更好地开展粒形分子育种，对水稻粒形QTL进行分子定位。【方法】以单片段代换系（SSSL）为材料构建分离群体，利用微卫星标记对控制水稻谷粒长和谷粒宽的2个粒形QTL进行分子定位。【结果】粒宽QTL Gw-8被定位于第8染色体长臂末端微卫星标记RM502与RM447之间, 遗传距离均为0.3 cM。在此基础上构建了覆盖Gw-8的物理图谱，RM502与RM447位于同一克隆AP005529，两者之间的物理距离为55.0 kb。粒长QTL gl-3被定位于第3染色体着丝粒附近的微卫星标记RM6146和PSM377之间，遗传距离分别为1.5 cM和11.0 cM。【结论】利用单片段代换系能准确地定位水稻粒形QTL，这两个粒形QTL的定位为其克隆及稻米外观品质的分子育种奠定了基础。     

Mapping and genetic validation of a grain size QTL qGS7.1 in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is a major determinant of grain weight, which is one of the components of rice yield. The objective o this study was to identify novel, and important quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for grain size and weight in rice. QTLs were mapped using a BC_4F_4 population including 192 backcross inbred lines(BILs) derived from a backcross between Xiaolijing(XLJ) and recombinant inbred lines(RILs). The mapping population was planted in both Lingshui(Hainan, 2015) and Fuyang(Zhejiang, 2016), with the short-and long-day conditions, respectively. A total of 10 QTLs for grain length, four for grain width, four for the ratio of grain length to width, and 11 for grain weight were detected in at least one environment and were distributed across 11 chromosomes. The phenotypic variance explained ranged from 6.76–25.68%, 14.30–34.03%, 5.28–26.50%, and 3.01–22.87% for grain length, grain width, the ratio of grain length to width, and thousand grain weight, respectively. Using the sequential residual heterozygotes(SeqRHs) method, qGS7.1, a QTL for grain size and weight, was mapped in a 3.2-Mb interval on chromosome 7. No QTLs about grain size and weight were reported in previous studies in this region, providing a good candidate for functional analysis and breeding utilization.     

水稻粒形控制基因研究进展

粒形是影响水稻产量和品质的重要农艺性状,受多个数量性状位点（QTLs）控制。随着功能基因组学的 快速发展和新一代测序技术的出现,目前已经定位400 多个与水稻粒形相关的QTLs,并已克隆了一些水稻粒形控制 基因。综述了水稻粒形的影响因素以及重要的粒形基因的克隆与功能分析。     

Association mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-related agronomic traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

High yield in rice mainly depends on large grain weight, ideal plant architecture and proper flowering time adapting to various geographic regions. To help achieve higher yield, phenotype variations of heading date(HD), plant architecture and grain shape in a panel of 416 rice accessions were investigated in this study. A total of 143 markers including 100 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers and 43 gene-tagged markers were employed in association mapping to detect quantitative trait loci(QTL) responsible for these variations. Among the 7 subpopulations, POP5 in japonica group showed the largest values of HD and grain width(GW), but the smallest values of grain length(GL) and grain length to width ratio(GLW). Among the six indica groups, POP7 had the largest values of HD, GL, GLW, and 1 000-grain weight(TGW). A total of 27 QTLs were detected underlying these phenotypic variations in single year, while 12 of them could be detected in 2006 and 2007. GS3 marker was closely associated with GL, GW and GLW, and widely distributed in different groups. The starch synthesis related gene markers, SSI, SSIIa, SBE1, AGPL4, and ISA1, were linked to plant height(PH), panicle length(PL), flag leaf length(FLL), GW, and GLW. The SSR markers, RM267, RM340 and RM346, were linked to at least two traits. Therefore, these new markers will probably be used to improve rice grain yield or plant architecture when performing marker-assisted selection of proper alleles.     

巨胚稻胚重与糙米粒形的关系

分别选取57个粒形差异较大的籼型巨胚稻品系和籼型非巨胚品系,对其糙米的绝对胚重和相对胚重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、粒重诸粒形性状进行相关和通径分析.结果表明:巨胚稻相对胚重与粒长、粒宽、粒厚和粒重有显著关系,选择粒重较小、粒长较短而粒厚适中的粒形可提高巨胚稻胚的相对重量;对非巨胚稻的相对胚重起显著作用的是粒长、粒宽、粒厚和长宽比.对巨胚稻,粒重的作用极显著,长宽比的作用不显著;而对非巨胚稻,粒重的作用则不显著,长宽比的作用极显著.本文还就巨胚稻及小胚稻的遗传改良及育种应用作了讨论.     

水稻粒形的遗传研究进展

粒形不仅是影响水稻产量的要素,还与稻米的外观品质密切相关,是决定稻米品质的重要因素。随着现代遗传学和基因组学相关理论和技术的发展,人们对粒形的遗传研究日趋深入,目前已有数十个控制水稻粒形的基因被克隆。本文概述了水稻粒形遗传研究主要进展,同时也指出了水稻粒形遗传研究中存在的主要问题,分析了粒形遗传研究的前景。     

早籼产量与品质的相关性研究

本研究选用20个早籼品种(系)分期播期研究了产量与品质的相关。结果如下:早籼正季栽培时产量与糙米厚度和容重显著相关,与精米垩白指数和直链淀粉含量呈一定程度的相关,与其他品质性状相关不密切。大多数早籼品种(系)作连作晚稻栽培时产量下降,品质提高,而早籼品种8004作连作晚稻栽培时品质提高,产量并不下降,表现高产。     

水稻外观品质性状和千粒重的QTLs分析

通过以明恢63和优质泰国香米KDML105两个籼稻品种为亲本杂交的重组自交系(Recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体,构建包含134个简单重复序列标记(SSR)的遗传连锁图谱.2009、2010年对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)的粒长、粒宽、粒形、粒厚、腹白率、心白率和千粒重进行数量性状位点(QTL)定位.2009年检测到16个QTLs,其中粒长、粒宽、粒形、粒厚、腹白率、心白率和千粒重分别检测到2、2、1、1、1、1和8个QTLs,单个QTL可解释表型变异的4.43％～ 13.06％.2010年检测到19个QTLs,其中粒长、粒宽、粒形、粒厚、腹白率、心白率和千粒重分别检测到2、3、3、2、3、3和3个QTLs,单个QTL可解释表型变异的6.04％～24.31％.千粒重qTGW-3和qTGW-6-2在2009、2010年两年中均被重复检测到,qTGW-3在两年中分别可解释表型变异的13.06％和7.12％,qTGW-6-2在两年中分别可解释表型变异的7.66％和14.56％.     

粳稻粒形性状的数量性状基因座检测

 【目的】通过对粳稻粒形性状的QTL检测,为粳稻粒形性状相关QTL的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交获得的F2代200个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对上述粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。【结果】上述粒形性状在F2群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 16个,分布于第2、3、5和12染色体上。其中qGL3a、qGW2、qGW5、qGT2、qRLW2、qRLW3、qGWT2和qGWT3对表型变异的贡献率分别为15.42%、40.89%、13.54%、33.43%、13.82%、13.61%、12.51%和10.1%,为主效QTL。其中,qGW2、qGT2、qRLW2和qGWT2均位于第2染色体上的RM12776－RM324 区间。在所检测到的16个QTL中,4个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本XL005,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本DL115。基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。【结论】粳稻粒形性状是由多基因控制的数量性状。第2染色体RM12776－RM324区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和千粒重相关的4个主效QTL的共同标记区间,与其相邻的2个标记（RM12776和RM324）应在分子标记辅助选择育种中探讨其利用价值。大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

水稻新种质沈农89－366特性遗传研究（Ⅱ）一F1代稻谷的米质分析

以粳稻沈农89-366为母本与粳、籼、爪哇3种类型稻杂交，F1代稻谷的米质表现值介于双亲之间，接近亲本均值。米形呈现正态分布的数量性状遗传特点。稻谷粒形与米形呈极显正相关。米长与米宽和出米率呈极显和显的负相关，与长宽比和AC值呈极显和显正相关。中国籼、粳稻米质改良的方向是选育米形偏籼面米质偏粳的中间类型米，改良的途径是不同类型间的杂交获得各自优良米质性状的互补。在收获前以稻谷或稻米的长度和长宽比为指标进行米质选择是简便、易行和高效的田间米质选择方法。     

利用染色体片段置换系定位水稻粒型QTL

水稻粒型是衡量稻米外观品质的重要指标之一,鉴定和定位水稻粒型QTL对开展水稻粒型分子育种具有重要意义.本研究以8个染色体片段置换系为材料,选用分布水稻12条染色体上的153个SSR标记检测染色体片段置换系的置换片段,采用代换作图法对控制水稻粒型的3个主效QTL进行定位.结果表明:153个SSR标记中有104个标记在亲本间具有多态性,多态率为68.0%;8个染色体片段置换系在第3和第5染色体分别有6个和2个置换片段,置换片段长度分别为14.8 cM、16.6 cM、 15.5 cM、18.9 cM、29.1 cM、35.0 cM、17.9 cM 和17.0 cM,平均长度为20.6 cM;8个置换片段上共鉴定出3个粒型QTL,控制粒长的qGL-3-1 和qGL-3-2分别被界定在水稻第3染色体RM5551与RM6832及RM6832与RM3513之间,遗传距离分别为14.8 cM和5.3 cM的范围内,控制粒宽的qGW-5被界定在水稻第5染色体RM267与RM169之间遗传距离约11.7 cM的范围内.利用染色体片段置换系能准确地定位水稻粒型QTL,qGL-3-1、qGL-3-2和qGW-5的鉴定和初步定位为其进一步精细定位及分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础.     

早籼稻谷粒性状遗传效应的分析

以广陆矮４号等８个粗短粒品种和湘早籼３号等５个细长粒品种进行不完全双列杂交，采用加－显遗传模型，对早籼谷粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明，谷粒性状属于多基因控制的数量遗传。粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、粒重和穗重等性状主要受制于基因的加性效应，其狭义遗传率为５０．９％—９５．０％，均达极显著水平。相对遗传进度表明，长宽比性状的选择效果好于其它性状。亲本和杂交组合遗传效应预测值表明，在长粒品种中容易选出谷粒长宽比大和宽度小的亲本，而在谷粒厚度大的品种中则易选出粒重和穗重高的亲本。浙农９２１、湘８６－７０和湘早籼３号等亲本在粒形和产量性状改良中具有很大的增值作用，其中浙农９２１／湘８６－７０、中１５６／湘８６－７０和浙农９２１／湘早籼３号等组合能够显著降低粒宽、增加粒长和长宽比以及提高粒重和穗重。