抗旱转基因小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 的杂草性评价

【目的】全球转基因作物商业化迅猛发展,包括杂草化在内的一系列生态风险评估和研究尤为重要。文章中系统评价抗旱转基因小麦MGX-L大面积推广种植可能带来的演化为杂草的生态风险,为转基因抗旱小麦的环境安全评价标准制定提供科学依据。【方法】通过比较荒地和栽培地上抗旱转基因小麦、受体小麦和当地常规品种的农艺性状,评价转基因小麦的生存竞争能力;并比较荒地上生存的转基因小麦与受体的繁殖系数,评价转基因小麦群体在野外的生存能力。比较转基因小麦和受体品种的自生苗比率、种子落粒性、及深埋和浅埋地下种子萌发情况,评价转基因小麦的自然延续能力。比较转基因小麦和受体品种的花粉活力、花粉大小和花粉育性,评价转基因小麦的自然繁育能力。综合分析以上各项评价结果,评价抗旱转基因小麦演变为杂草的可能性。【结果】转基因小麦在栽培地上种植,其株高、总穗数和穗粒数与受体品种相比,没有显著差异,而转基因小麦的产量、千粒重显著高于受体品种。但和其他非转基因当地主栽小麦品种相比,或没有显著差异,或低于其他非转基因小麦品种,因此,转基因小麦与其非转基因小麦对照相似,在栽培地种植没有更强的生存竞争能力。在荒地环境下,转基因小麦生存竞争能力和受体品种没有显著差异。在荒地上种植且成熟的转基因小麦,单位面积内收获的总籽粒数少于上一年种下的种子粒数,其繁殖系数低于1。转基因小麦群体不可能在野外环境中自然维持下去。转基因小麦种子的落粒性和产生自生苗比率与受体品种相比没有显著差异。深埋20 cm以下土层的转基因小麦和受体品种的种子全部腐烂;浅埋3 cm土层的转基因小麦和受体品种的种子或者腐烂或者出苗,没有发现未萌发且保存完好能够保持活力继续发芽的种子,二者的种子腐烂或出苗的比率没有显著差异,说明转基因小麦和受体品种种子的延续能力低且无显著差异。【结论】转基因抗旱小麦MGX-L与其受体对照品种济麦22及其他非转基因当地主栽品种相似,耐旱性状的引入不会增加小麦的杂草化潜势。     

Genetic Analysis on Overwintering Character of Glutinous Rice 89-1

This article discusses the overwintering ability and genetic variation of the main agronomic traits in a new germplasm resource, glutinous rice 89-1. Survival rates of overwintering axillary buds and stems were observed in different altitudes. The F1, backcross F1 and F2 populations were constructed from sexual crossing between glutinous rice 89-1 and Hongmangnuo, Fuhui 838, Minghui 63, Ce 64. The overwintering ability and genetic variation of the main agronomic traits were analyzed in different seasons. Results showed that glutinous rice 89-1 could overwinter by axillary buds in low temperatures at different altitudes. Axillary buds would ratoon in the following year. The survival rates of rice stem and axillary buds were 82.6 and 29%, respectively. The grain yields were 6 291.0 kg ha^-1 in the overwintering ratooning season, and corresponded in the main season. Genetic analysis and chi-square test showed that the overwintering ability of glutinous rice 89-1 was likely controlled by polygene, and heritabilities showed diversity in different hybrid combinations. The highest heritabilities of 1 000-grain weight and plant height were in the main crop season, whereas the lowest were in the overwintering season, and the heritabilities of grain numbers per panicle and the seed setting rate reached the highest in the ratooning season. The spikelets per panicle, the seed setting rate, the 1 000-grain weight, the plant height, and the spikelet length had nearly normal distribution in F2 populations of glutinous rice 89-1/Minghui 63, but the seed setting rate had bimodal distribution. Overwintering glutinous rice 89-1 was a useful new genetic germplasm resource.     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆（Glycine mac (L.) Merri）杂草性评价的试验实例

 【目的】评价美国孟山都公司生产的抗草甘膦转基因大豆40-3-2作为加工原料引入中国可能带来的演化为杂草的生态风险,验证转基因大豆杂草化环境安全评价条款的可操作性。【方法】在农田生态环境下比较了抗性大豆、受体品种和当地常规品种的生存竞争能力、繁育能力、自生苗、种子落粒性和延续能力。【结果】在适宜季节种植的转基因大豆的生存竞争能力和繁育能力明显低于当地常规品种,表现在复叶数少、植株较矮、结实率低;受体品种的生存竞争能力和常规品种相似,但繁育能力低于常规品种。在非适宜季节三者的生存竞争能力相似,而受体品种和抗性大豆的结实能力都比常规品种略强。3个品种的落粒性都不强,形成自生苗的可能性也都很小。所有供试大豆种子的延续能力都很弱。【结论】以上研究结果表明美国孟山都公司生产的抗草甘膦转基因大豆40-3-2在中国南京地区环境条件下演化为杂草的可能性较小,其作为加工原料进口后演化为杂草的生态风险小。试验证实了转基因大豆环境安全评价标准的杂草性条款具有可操作性。     

Effects of Pesticide Applications on the Biochemical Properties of Transgenic cry 2A Rice and the Life History Parameters of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Homptera: Delphacidae)

Effects of transgenic Bt rice on non-target pests following pesticide applications plays an important role in evaluating the ecological safety of transgenic rice. Changes of the life history parameters of laboratory population of Nilaparvata lugens feeding on transgenic Bt rice T2A-1 and its parental line cv. MH63 as the control, and the contents of oxalic acid and soluble sugar following three pesticides (triazophos, jinggangmycin and chlorantraniliprole) treatments were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the population parameters of N. lugens and the physiological and biochemical parameters of rice did not differ significantly between T2A-1 and MH63 without pesticide application. But, the emergence rate (ER), the nymphal number of next generation (NN), and the index of population trend (IP) on T2A-1 treated with 10 mg L^?1 of triazophos were significantly higher than those on MH63, respectively, while the hatchability (HB) on T2A-1 treated with the three pesticides were obviously lower than those on MH 63. Furthermore, the content of oxalic acid in MH63 treated with 20 mg L^?1 triazophos and, 40 and 80 mg L^?1 chlorantraniliprole was significantly higher than that in T2A-1, while the content of soluble sugar in T2A-1 treated with 400 mg L^?1 jinggangmycin was significantly higher than that in MH63. The results above indicated that triazophos in a low dose could cause a more favor of T2A-1 to population growth of N. lugens compared with MH 63.     

利用回交转育培育黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻新品系

利用黄淮稻区主栽品种圣稻13、圣稻15、镇稻88为受体亲本,选择以籼稻明恢63为背景的转基因抗虫材料TT51(cry1Ab/1Ac)、T2A-1(cry2A)、T1C-19(cry1C)和以粳稻中花11为背景的转基因抗虫材料RJ-5(cry1C)为供体,分别进行杂交和多代回交。每一世代后代单株,通过涂抹Basta抗性筛选,结合PCR鉴定跟踪抗虫目的基因以及田间抗虫性鉴定、农艺性状选择,培育出来源于TT51带有cry1Ab/1Ac基因的抗虫稳定株系3个,来源于T2A-1带有cry2A基因的稳定株系2个,来源于T1C-19带有cry1C基因的稳定株系3个,来源于RJ-5带有cry1C基因的抗虫稳定株系2个。这些株系于田间均表现出很好的抗虫性状和优质丰产性状,为黄淮稻区抗虫转基因水稻育种奠定了基础。     

转cry1C和cry2A基因Bt水稻对白背飞虱生长、发育及繁殖的继代影响

转Bt基因水稻对非靶标节肢动物的影响是转基因水稻安全性评价的重要组成部分。目前,已开展了大量关于转Bt基因水稻对非靶标害虫安全性评价的研究,但多限于1代,不能完全反映田间情况。试验以转Bt基因水稻T1C 19(含cry1C基因)和T2A 1(含cry2A基因)以及其亲本非Bt水稻MH63为材料,在室内条件下连续饲养白背飞虱4代,研究转Bt水稻对非靶标害虫白背飞虱生长发育和繁殖的继代效应,以明确T1C 19和T2A 1水稻对白背飞虱的潜在影响。结果表明,白背飞虱在3种水稻品种上连续取食4代以后,其生长发育(若虫发育历期、若虫存活率、雌成虫体重)和繁殖(产卵量和卵孵化率)指标均没有受到水稻品种的显著影响。可见,供试的T1C 19和T2A 1对白背飞虱无显著影响。     

An SNP caused loss of seed shattering during rice domestication

Loss of seed shattering was a key event in the domestication of major cereals. We revealed that the qSH1 gene, a major quantitative trait locus of seed shattering in rice, encodes a BEL1-type homeobox gene and demonstrated that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5' regulatory region of the qSH1 gene caused loss of seed shattering owing to the absence of abscission layer formation. Haplotype analysis and association analysis in various rice collections revealed that the SNP was highly associated with shattering among japonica subspecies of rice, implying that it was a target of artificial selection during rice domestication.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术定向降低水稻落粒性

【目的】易落粒既不利于稻谷收获,也不适宜于水稻机械化生产。利用现阶段前沿的分子育种手段--CRISPR/Cas9技术对水稻落粒性主效基因qSH1进行定点编辑,并调查分析易落粒性状的改良效果,为创制稳产和适合机械化生产的水稻新种质奠定材料基础和探索新途径。【方法】以qSH1为靶标基因,根据CRISPR/Cas9技术原理设计靶标位点。将所设计的靶点序列在水稻参考基因组中比对分析以排除非特异性靶位点,最终筛选出qSH1-T1和qSH1-T5靶标位点。化学合成靶位点寡核苷酸序列,退火后分别与pYLgRNA-U3、pYLgRNA-U6a载体连接构建U3-qSH1T5-gRNA、U6a-qSH1T1-gRNA表达盒,最后将2个gRNA表达盒同时连接至pYLCRISPR/Cas9表达载体中,构建pYLCRISPR/Cas9-qSH1-T51表达载体。利用农杆菌介导转化易落粒的籼稻品种HR1128,以潮霉素抗性为筛选标记筛选获得T₀代转基因阳性植株。利用靶位点扩增测序法判断T₀代转基因植株在预期靶标位点是否发生突变,并进一步分析突变类型及基因型。将靶点序列在水稻参考基因组中比对,选择与靶点序列匹配度大于或等于15 bp且3′端具有NGG的位点作为潜在脱靶位点进行脱靶效应评估。利用潮霉素基因及靶点检测进一步筛选无T-DNA成分的qsh1突变植株并进一步构建qsh1突变系,并分析qsh1突变系的落粒性、qSH1的表达量及预测编码氨基酸序列。【结果】pYLCRISPR/Cas9-qSH1-T51载体成功地实现了对qSH1靶标位点的定点编辑。在T₀代转基因阳性植株中获得7个突变单株,其中qSH1-T1和qSH1-T5靶点的突变频率分别为54.55%和63.64%,突变基因型包括纯合突变、杂合突变、双等位突变和嵌合突变,突变类型包括碱基插入、碱基缺失及碱基突变。通过对T₁代植株进行潮霉素基因筛选、靶位点扩增测序,结果表明,在T₁代植株中Cas9载体骨架和qSH1突变位点都发生了分离,获得2种不含T-DNA成分的qsh1纯合突变株,并以此构建2个T₂代qsh1纯合突变系群体（17SZ01和17SZ02）。对46株转基因阳性植株进行脱靶效应分析,发现3个潜在脱靶位点均未发生突变,表明所设计的靶标位点具有较高的特异性。通过落粒性测定分析表明,与野生型对照相比,2个qsh1纯合突变系的落粒性显著降低。进一步分析发现,2个突变系氨基酸翻译均发生改变并提前终止,同时17SZ01突变系qSH1的表达量显著降低。【结论】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术对水稻基因组进行定点编辑定向改良水稻品种落粒性,是一条高效、安全的分子改良育种策略。     

转PinⅡ基因抗虫水稻后代的农艺性状研究

对转PinII基因抗虫水稻T0、T1、T2代群体的株高、穗长、穗总粒、结实率、千粒重以及田间虫害发生率进行了研究,从中选出有利用价值的广谱抗虫性增强的材料20份,同时获得了一些矮化和分蘖能力增强的材料,这些工作对水稻抗虫新品种选育以及水稻基因功能分析和基因分离克隆具有重要意义。     

Bt抗虫水稻转育后代两种筛选方法的比较

[目的]通过比较分子标记辅助选择和除草剂抗性筛选两种检测方法的优缺点,为快速、准确、经济有效地选择抗螟虫水稻转育后代提供依据.[方法]用分子标记检测和除草剂抗性筛选两种方法,对不同组合的抗螟虫转育后代进行筛选,同时采用ELISA检测方法对筛选的抗性株系测定杀虫蛋白含量,比较两种筛选方法的准确性.[结果]在以T1C-19为供体亲本的4个组合169个单株中,两种筛选方法的符合率达到98.2%;而以T2A-1为供体亲本的3个组合141个单株中,两种筛选方法的符合率达到98.6%.在随机选择的经两种筛选方法鉴定均为阳性的144个单株中,均含有对应Bt抗虫基因的杀虫蛋白表达量,与亲本T1C-19、T2A-21相比,Bt抗虫水稻转育后代中个别单株的Bt蛋白含量出现大幅度下降或上升的现象.[结论]分子标记检测和除草剂抗性筛选对抗螟虫水稻转育后代的选择均有很高的准确性:分子标记检测准确可靠,且不受环境影响,但费用相对高;除草剂抗性筛选法耗费低、简便易行,但易受雨天影响.在筛选的过程中可根据现有的条件做出适宜选择.     

花粉管介导的转bar基因水稻后代主要农艺性状的变异

对花粉管介导获得的4个转bar基因水稻植株稳定后代主要农艺性状的变异进行研究。结果表明,外源基因的导入可引起受体植株后代农艺性状可遗传的变异,与对照相比,多数转基因系的株高、穗长、粒长、千粒重等性状有增加的趋势;而一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率和粒宽则有减少的趋势;外源基因的导入对穗数和单株产量的影响则较小。     

粳稻转基因恢复系的研究

利用基因枪转化法将抗除草剂的bar基因和抗二化螟的SCK(修饰后的CpTI)基因导入到优质粳稻恢复系超优一号中。经对转基因植株进行分子检测,表明外源基因已整合到水稻基因组中;经田间除草剂抗性检测和二化螟接种鉴定,表明转基因稳定株系直到T6仍表现高抗除草剂且没有分离,说明bar基因能稳定遗传并高效表达;转基因恢复系与非转基因恢复系相比,抗虫性有所提高,但提高程度在株系间有差异。经对转基因恢复系所配杂交组合进行除草剂检测和优势测定,表明转基因杂交稻也高抗除草剂,且F1全部正常结实,结实率达80%以上,并具很强的杂种优势,说明亲本抗性基因通过制种已转移到F1中并得到高效表达,同时说明外源基因的导入没有改变原受体的优良性状;经对部分转基因杂交稻进行纯度鉴定,表明秧田喷施除草剂后,本田的不育株率和杂株率明显降低,特别是两系杂交稻效果更明显。     

两用核不育系广占63S和籼粳型父本配组其F1 产量性状与产量的关系

利用光温敏两用核不育系广占63S分别和籼粳型父本测交配组,通过对两种类型F1代的产量性状表现的比较,对两种组配方式32个F1组合的单株产量与产量性状的关系进行相关分析,并对产量性状对单株产量进行了通径分析。结果表明,广占63S与籼型父本配制的组合在结实率和千粒重上优势明显,其单株穗数和单株产量呈极显著正相关,结实率和单株产量呈显著正相关;粳型父本配制组合的结实率和单株产量呈极显著正相关,每穗粒数和单株产量呈显著正相关。两种组配方式后代组合产量性状对单株产量的直接作用也不相同,进而提出了利用广占63S与籼型材料配组比直接利用粳型材料配组更有利于选育出强优势实用型杂交组合。     

利用基因枪法获得可遗传的抗除草剂转基因水稻植株

 利用基因枪转化系统，将含有由CaMV35S启动子启动的bar基因的转化质粒pCB1导入水稻幼胚，经筛选、再生得到3株抗除草剂Basta的转基因植株。经PCR及Southern分析，在转基因植株基因组中均检测到了bar基因的整合；经RNA点杂交分析，检测到了bar基因在转基因植株中RNA水平的表达。在转基因植株JY119-2的总计321株T#-1代自交后代中，有274株表现出除草剂抗性，47株敏感。从该274株抗性植株中随机选取8株进行Southern分析，结果均检测到了bar基因的整合，表明bar基因已遗传到了T#-1代植株中。     

中性昆虫在转基因稻田生态安全评价体系中的重要性

对水稻不同生育期中性昆虫数量、种类以及时序动态进行了分析.结果表明:在MH86CpTI和CK稻田上,中性昆虫消长变化趋于一致,没有显著差异;而中性昆虫与天敌的相关性表现为跟随性,与害虫存在互补性.说明中性昆虫在稻田食物网中有很强的调节作用,是转基因水稻生态安全评价体系的一个重要内容和指标.     

水稻抗寒恢复系“科恢675”的选育

用明恢63/泰引1号//糯89-1选育成了水稻抗寒新恢复系科恢675,它聚合了粘糯变种间的杂种优势,恢复力高,杂种优势和抗寒力强,开花习性好,制种产量高,杂交组合的结实率和籽粒充实度高。     

转ipt基因水稻种子萌发及苗期耐冷生理研究

采用28和15 ℃ 2种处理对转异戊烯基转移酶(ipt)基因水稻EY105株系7、株系19及EY105(CK)种子进行萌发,并对幼苗进行低温(4 ℃)胁迫试验.结果表明:常温下转基因水稻发芽势及发芽率高于对照,低温处理使转基因水稻与对照均受到抑制,但转基因水稻种子仍有较高发芽势及发芽率.在常温下,转基因水稻生理指标较CK差异不显著,低温处理后叶片可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量及根系活力均显著高于对照.     

利用分子标记辅助选择技术培育抗虫水稻品种的研究

Bt基因是从苏云金芽孢杆菌中克隆出的针对鳞翅目害虫的抗虫基因,经过基因工程方法人工改造已经获得Cry1Ab/Ac、Cry1C等抗虫基因。以云南主栽水稻品种楚粳28为受体,以携带Bt抗虫基因的"华恢1号"、"RJ-5"和"T1C-19"分别作为供体,利用分子标记辅助选择(MAS)技术进行回交育种,选育成携带Bt抗虫基因水稻新品系。结合农艺性状表现,获得了云抗虫稻1号、云抗虫稻2号、云抗虫稻3号Bt蛋白高表达的水稻抗虫品系。这些抗虫品系为云南省抗虫水稻的遗传改良和生产应用提供了基因资源和应用基础。     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps rice (G6H1) with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory results showed that no significant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline (XS110). However, the development duration of nymphs was significantly shorter and female longevity significantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr field trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not significantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and field, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to confirm the present conclusions in future.     

转Cry1A(b)基因抗虫水稻的获得及鉴定

利用农杆菌混合液介导的共转化法,研究不同浓度的农杆菌混合液浸染5种水稻品种的愈伤组织,进而获得共转化再生植株。对转基因植株进行叶片潮霉素抗性检测和螟虫田间抗性鉴定的结果表明,农杆菌混合液浓度OD600为0.6左右时,其浸染能力较强;5个品种中以浙粳27的再生效率最高。转基因植株叶片经潮霉素抗性检测,潮霉素阳性率为78.13%,经PCR检测转基因植株Cry1A(b)基因阳性率为15.11%。自然抗性鉴定结果表明:Cry1A(b)基因阳性的转基因植株对稻纵卷叶螟具有很好的抗性。基因分离的鉴定结果表明:HPT基因与Cry1A(b)基因在共转化转基因植株的后代中发生了分离。