不同土壤水分对赤松光合作用与水分利用效率的影响研究

在不同土壤水分条件下研究了赤松光合特征及其水分利用效率的变化。结果表明,不同土壤水分处理对赤松幼苗净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率等生理指标及其日变化均产生明显影响;中度水分胁迫时赤松幼苗的光合午休比对照提前1h且午休时间长,其净光合速率和气孔导度的下降平行进行,而且,日平均水分利用效率的下降幅度比日平均净光合速率的下降幅度小。     

玉米果穗在自然通风过程中水分迁移的动力学分析

为了探索玉米果穗水分迁移规律,针对低温自然通风降水过程中玉米果穗的绝对水势、扩散系数及活化能的变化规律及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:在低温条件下,玉米果穗通过仓储自然通风干燥至安全水分需要3到4个月的时间;随着环境温度的上升,空气与玉米的绝对水势均逐渐增大,玉米的绝对水势大于空气绝对水势,玉米水分下降,当两者间的绝对水势差值逐渐缩小时,仓内粮食的水分子没有足够能量从表面扩散到周围的空气中,玉米水分逐渐趋于平衡;各仓水势梯度明显,水分从西向东迁移,仓内迎风面水势值小,水分下降快,粮堆厚度对绝对水势有影响;玉米果穗的水分扩散系数范围为2.563×10-12~5.34×10-12 m2/s,粮食与空气的绝对水势差及粮堆厚度对水分扩散系数均有影响;Arrhenius方程可以描述玉米果穗水分扩散系数与温度的关系,玉米果穗水分扩散的平均活化能为35.76 k J/mol。研究结果将为粮食储藏与干燥过程的动力学研究提供理论依据。     

长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对夏玉米叶片光合特性的影响

采用2 种不同夏玉米基因型（陕单9号,抗旱品种;陕单911,不抗旱品种）的盆栽试验,研究了长期水分胁迫下氮、钾对各生育期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量的影响,旨在从光合生理特性揭示这些因子的抗旱机理。结果表明,长期水分胁迫下叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度（除成熟期）和叶绿素含量显著降低,不抗旱品种降幅更甚。抗旱品种的净光合速率和叶绿素含量大于不抗旱品种,而蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度则相反。两品种苗期光合作用较弱,净光合速率和叶绿素含量均较低,抽雄期达到高峰。施氮能不同程度降低水分胁迫下玉米叶片的蒸腾速率,增加叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率,从而减缓水分胁迫对光合作用的伤害。随氮肥用量增加,不抗旱品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量显著升高,蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度明显降低,两种氮肥用量间有显著差异;抗旱品种在低氮用量时效果显著,但高低氮用量间无显著区别。钾对受水分胁迫的玉米表现出比氮肥更突出的效果。相反,在适量供水条件下,氮钾肥的作用明显下降。以上结果表明,适当用量的氮、钾肥,可以有效地改善水分胁迫下作物叶片的光合特性,从而增强作物的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫与复水条件下高粱、玉米苗期渗透调节及抗氧化比较研究

盆栽试验结果表明,高粱和玉米2种作物均存在渗透调节和抗氧化耐旱途径。高粱耐旱性较强,干旱条件下叶片相对含水量较高,水势亦较大。高粱以可溶性糖和蛋白质为主要渗透调节物质,以过氧化氢酶(CAT)为主要抗氧化酶。玉米以K 和脯氨酸为主要渗透调节物质,以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)为主要抗氧化酶。     

缓苏过程中玉米颗粒内部水分分布的数学模拟

在平面直角坐标下,利用有限元方法,对玉米颗粒在缓苏过程中的含水量变化进行了数学模拟。玉米颗粒在75℃的热风温度下干燥2小时,然后进行密闭保温缓苏,结果表明:随着缓苏时间的增加,玉米颗粒中心部位的含水量缓慢下降,表面的含水量增加较快,只有次中间部位的含水量变化较小。在玉米颗粒内部,粉质胚乳的平均含水量呈下降的趋势,而角质胚乳和胚的平均含水量是增加的。     

玉米干湿粮混合干燥过程中水分传递规律的初步研究

本文用氚水为示踪剂,研究了玉米湿粮与干粮在混合加热、缓苏、冷却等一系列过程中水分的传递。测定结果表明,干湿粮混合干燥工艺能加速湿谷粒水分的蒸发,节省蒸发内部水分所耗的能量,缩短加热时间,降低能耗,从而提高了生产率。     

干旱条件下土壤中锌的有效性及与植物水分利用的关系

我国北方地区石灰性土壤上缺锌与干旱限制因子同时存在,影响作物生长和产量提高。本文综述了干旱胁迫影响土壤锌的有效性和植物对锌吸收利用的可能机制:土壤中锌不同形态间的转化与化学行为、根际土壤中锌的移动性、植物根系形态和生理反应、植物体内锌的运输以及植株对锌的需求等在水分胁迫下都可能发生变化。植物锌营养状况可能与植物气孔开闭、活性氧代谢和基因转录因子-锌指蛋白的形成等关系密切,从而影响植物对水分的吸收利用和对干旱胁迫的适应。     

土壤干旱胁迫对玉米叶片水分状况、膜透性及酶抗氧化系统的影响

A simulation experiment on the responses of maize （Zea mays L.） from the third leaf stage to maturity for different soil water levels （well-watered, moderately stressed, and severely stressed） was conducted by controlling irrigation and using a mobile rain shelter in a neutral loam, meadow soil to determine the effects on leaf water status, membrane permeability and enzymatic antioxidant system for different growth stages. The results indicated that drought stress relied on drought intensity and duration, with more severe drought stress creating more serious effects on maize. Compared with wellwatered conditions, during the silking and blister stages moderate stress did not significantly change the relative water content （RWC） and did change significantly the relative conductivity （RC） （P 〈 0.05） of the leaves; however, severe stress did significantly decrease （P 〈 0.01） the leaf RWC and increase （P 〈 0.01） membrane permeability （leaf relative conductivity）. Furthermore, under severe drought stress antioxidant enzyme activities declined significantly （P 〈 0.01） in later stages, namely for superoxide dismutase （SOD） the tasseling and blister stages, for peroxidase （POD） the milk stage, and for catalase （CAT） during the tasseling, blister, and milk stages. Meanwhile, membrane lipid peroxidation （measured as malondialdehyde content） significantly increased （P 〈 0.01） in all stages.     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响

采用田间和小面积模拟降水试验的方法,对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米田的土壤物理性状和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,残茬覆盖与深松相结合,可平衡和改善耕层土壤温度状况,在土壤温度较低时具有保温作用,在土壤温度较高时具有降温作用;可以增加土壤的蓄水和保水能力,模拟降水后24 h测定1 m土层含水量比免耕不盖多26.1 mm,全生育期平均耕层土壤含水量比免耕不覆盖高9.37%;土壤通透性也得到改善;最终水分利用效率比免耕不盖提高25.26%。     

土壤逐渐干旱下玉米幼苗光合速率与蒸腾速率变化的研究

对土壤逐步干旱下玉米幼苗光合速率、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率变化研究表明,土壤逐步干旱初期玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率有所升高,土壤相对含水量为90%时达最大,其后随土壤的继续干旱,玉米光合速率、蒸腾速率开始下降,且降势初期较缓,自70%后几乎呈直线,这是由气孔因子和非气孔因子交替或综合调节所致。叶水势-0.8MPa左右是提高玉米光合速率和水分利用效率的重要阈值之一。     

干旱胁迫与复水条件下高梁、玉米苗期渗透调节及抗氧化比较研究

盆栽试验结果表明，高梁和玉米2种作物均存在渗透调节和抗氧化耐旱途径。高梁耐旱性较强，干旱条件下叶片相对含水量较高，水势亦较大。高梁以可溶性糖和蛋白质为主要渗透调节物质，以过氧化氢酶（CAT）为主要抗氧化酶。玉米以K^＋和脯氨酸为主要渗透调节物质，以超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）为主要抗氧化酶。     

冬小麦同化物生产与分配对水分胁迫响应的模拟模型研究

研究建立了不同土壤水分处理冬小麦同化物生产与积累模型 ,该模型综合考虑了环境因子对冬小麦物质生产能力的影响作用 ,引用简单的经验物质分配模式 ,得到同化产物的积累模型。并对模拟结果进行平均根方差分析 ,不同土壤水分处理叶、茎、穗干物质量模拟的平均根方差介于 1 5～ 1 0 0间 ,表明该模型较好地模拟不同土壤水分作物物质生产和积累过程     

红壤坡地农业景观(旱季)地表界面水分传输研究——I．土壤-大气界面水分传输

定位观测研究红壤坡地土壤 大气界面水分传输结果证明 ,不同地表植被群落构建和不同农业利用景观土壤蒸发量有差异 ,但水汽传输通量的动态变化规律一致 ,土壤蒸发量日变化为典型单峰曲线。界面水分传输通量受诸多因素影响 ,当地表植被群落稳定、作物因素影响较小时 ,水汽通量除受气候条件影响外还明显受土壤含水量特别是表层土壤含水量的影响。界面水汽传输通量与净辐射能呈显著正相关 ,与环境温度有很好的相关性 ,温度越高其蒸发越强 ,与空气湿度呈极显著负相关。界面水汽传输通量主要受 0～ 2 0cm表层土壤水分控制 ,二者间存在线性关系。土壤蒸发量占系统蒸散量的 1/ 3 ,该部分非生产性水分消耗有控制降低的可能 ,可通过土壤培肥、灌溉控制、物理障碍等手段抑制土壤蒸发。     

Nutrient solution growth of sorghum and corn in mineral nutrition studies

The growth of plants in nutrient solutions is an invaluable tool for mineral nutrition studies. Successful growth of plants in nutrient solutions require special attention and consideration. Details and helpful ideas for the growth of plants in nutrient solutions are often omitted in publications where techniques like these are used. The objective of this report is to focus on some of the concerns, successes, experiences, and problems noted for the growth of sorghum and corn in nutrient solutions. Topics discussed are nutrient solution composition, pH of nutrient solutions, phosphorus concentrations, sources of Fe in solutions, plus several suggestions and comments for successful growth of sorghum and corn in nutrient solutions.     

秸秆还田与施氮对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用率的影响

田间试验研究了小麦-玉米一年两熟耕作区玉米秸秆还田与氮肥配施和化肥单施对冬小麦生长发育、籽粒产量及氮肥表观利用率和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 施氮量相同时, 秸秆与氮肥配施越冬前和拔节期冬小麦总茎数和单株分蘖数低于化肥单施, 施氮量在75~225 kg·hm^-2 时, 植株干重高于化肥单施; 孕穗期到成熟期植株干重、成穗率和产量构成因素秸秆与氮肥配施处理高于化肥单施处理, 籽粒产量增加58.9~339.6kg·hm^-2, 水分生产率提高0.026~0.083 kg·m^-3。施氮量在75 kg·hm^-2 时, 秸秆与氮肥配施的氮肥表观利用率低于化肥单施; 在150~300 kg·hm^-2 时高于化肥单施。因此, 针对目前黄淮海麦区小麦-玉米一年两熟种植制度下, 秸秆还田前期生物争氮、后期供肥能力增强的特点, 秸秆连续还田后配施纯氮225 kg·hm^-2, 可有效提高灌水和氮肥利用率, 实现冬小麦高产高效栽培。     

Divisive field-scale associations between corn yields, management, and soil information

For corn crops on soils with fine texture in eastern Canada, research has been ongoing on the relationships between corn grain yields and management practice, soil strength/compaction, and soil nutrient status. However, these variables can operate in a complex manner that may not be detectable via uni-structural models. This study used regression-tree analysis, in an exploratory context, to model corn grain yields over a relatively flat clay to silty loam field on the basis of several soil physical, soil nitrate, and management variables. It was found that corn grain yields were first subdivided by length of time under corn production (1st and 3rd year corn groups). These yield groups were further subdivided by cone penetration resistance, elevation, soil nitrate, and soil texture information. Generally, higher corn grain yields were associated with 1st year corn, lower relative soil strength/compaction, and higher post-growing season soil nitrate levels. The modeled results helped to identify equifinality, context dependent relationships, and spatial continuity in inferred formative mechanisms; issues important in many field and/or landscape studies of spatial processes.     

Differential zinc uptake and transport in sorghum varieties suited for different moisture regimes

Zinc absorption and transport were examined in M‐35 a drought resistant, and M‐47, a drought susceptible sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivar. Excised roots were employed to study the mechanisms of uptake at cellular level in these varieties.

The absorption over 0 to 130 μM ZnCl₂ followed a biphasic pattern with a second rise at 90 μM, a feature which was not observed in the absorption by roots of intact seedlings. While there were no differences in the patterns of absorption in the two cultivars, the transport to shoot in M‐35 followed a slower rate up to 90 μM than that in M‐47. When Zn uptake was examined for 6 hours, the absorption and transport showed a number of changes in phase, which were running parallel. The transport of Zn followed a higher rate in M‐47 than that in M‐35.

Phosphate decreased the uptake and also transport of Zn in both the varieties. However, Zn inhibited phosphate absorption and transport in intact seedlings differentially amongst the varieties. Further, the inhibition of Zn uptake was much less in M‐35 than in M‐47, a feature which will perhaps facilitate survival of M‐35 under water stress, a condition which would also limit phosphate availability.     

An examination of Fe deficiency stress response in relation to Fe uptake in two sorghum hybrids and their parent cultivars

Two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids CSH‐10 and ‐ 11 and their parent cultivars 296‐A, SB‐1055 and MR‐715 were examined for their tolerance to Fe‐deficiency stress, and also Fe uptake. It was observed that there was greater reduction of pH of the nutrient media and more rapid recovery from chlorosis only in the female parent 296‐A, and to some degree in the hybrids, but not in the male parents. The results indicated that Fe uptake‐translocation were inversely related to their Fe stress tolerance.