不同大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上耐低磷能力的差异

研究不同耐低磷大豆品种在酸性红壤和石灰性土壤上的耐性变化。结果表明,大豆品种的耐低磷能力与土壤类型有一定关系,干物质积累量和磷积累量的大豆品种×土壤类型间交互作用极显著。在酸性低磷红壤上,大豆品种湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆和浙春２ 号的干物质量和磷积累量都显著高于桂阳傲泉黄豆和湘豆３ 号。在石灰性土壤上,干物质表现为湘春９１—１００、涟源泥冬黄豆＞ 桂阳傲泉黄豆、浙春２ 号＞ 湘豆３ 号,而磷积累量除湘春９１—１００ 显著较高外,其它４ 个品种间无显著差异。土壤类型对大豆品种的根系生长有较大影响     

室内干湿培养对磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性的影响

对海南岛６种类型土壤不同施磷量的室内干湿培养和应用土壤无机磷分极方法，研究水溶性磷肥在热带土壤中的转化和有效性。结果表明；施磷处理经室内干湿培养８ａ，磷在土壤中的转化速率低于盆栽作物条件，特别是土壤Ｏ－ｐ在培养前后变化很微。其中土壤有效Ｐ以年均４．５％的幅度下降，Ａｌ－ｐ和Ｆｅ－ｐ分别年均２．１％和１．７％的幅度下降，而Ｃａ－ｐ则分别以年均１．２％和０．２％的幅度增长。土壤有效磷的变化趋势与Ａｌ－     

大豆RAPD影响因素的探讨

为确保ＲＡＰＤ结果的重复性和真实性,本文对影响大豆ＲＡＰＤ结果的主要因素进行了研究,这些因素包括：Ｔａｑ酶、ＭｇＣｌ２、模板、ｄＮＴＰｓ引物浓度、双引物扩增及热徨数。最终优化的大豆ＲＡＰＤ反应体系为：２５ｕｌ反应液中,１０倍反应缓冲液（１００ｍＭＴｒｉｓ－ＨＣｌｐＨ８．０,５００ｍＭＫＣｌ,０．１％ｇｅｌａｔｉｎ）,２．０ｍＭＭｇＣｌ２,ｄＣＴＰ、ｄＧＴＰ、ｄＴＴＰ、ｄＡＴＰ和０．２ｍＭ,１５ｎｍ     

几种化学物质对马铃薯微型薯形成及其经济产量的影响

在微型薯形成机理研究过程中,选择５种化学物质在矿物质营养、激素控制、有机物输导等方面进行正交组合试验,结果表明：对微型薯形成经济产量（２ｇ以上微型薯数量）的影响作用主次顺序为：膨大素＞硼酸＞Ｂ９＞ＫＨ２ＰＯ４＞维它尔营养液。Ｆ测验膨大素水平间差异极显著,Ｈ３ＢＯ４、Ｂ９等表现差异显著,ＫＨ２ＰＯ４与维它尔营养液水平间无显著差异,最优作用组合为：每平米单位面积叶面喷施,膨大素２００ｍｇ／ｌ＋Ｈ３ＢＯ４３０ｍｇ／ｌ＋Ｂ９５ｐｐｍ＋ＫＨ２ＰＯ４５００ｍｇ／ｌ＋维它尔３００倍液,多方面综合评价：Ｂ９５ｐｐｍ＋膨大素２００ｍｇ／ｌ＋ＫＨ２ＰＯ４５００ｍｇ／ｌ＋维它尔４００倍液为最佳方案。     

高光效大豆光合特性的研究─Ⅵ高光效大豆C_4—途径的探讨

本文研究了不同大豆品种（系）的与Ｃ_４—途径有关的ＰＥＰ羧化酶，ＮＡＤ（Ｐ）—苹果酸酶和丙酮酸磷酸双激酶。结果表明，上述三种酶活性在大豆品种（系）间具有明显的差异，尤以高光效品种（系）的Ｃ_４—途径关键性酶类的活性明显地高于低光效的品种，说明在Ｃ_３—植物中存在着活跃的ＣＯ_２β—羧化作用，从而有利于提高光合效率。     

不同地理种群栽培大豆HSP诱导合成的研究─Ⅰ华北夏大豆与东北春大豆代表品种HSP诱导合成的比较

本文对华北夏大豆齐黄１０号和东北春大豆黑农３１号的幼苗在４０℃条件下进行２、４、６、８、１０ｈｒ热击处理，分析比较不同地理种群栽培大豆ＨＳＰ诱导合成的种类与ＨＳＰ累积量。ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ结果表明：各热击时间所合成的ＨＳＰ种类均为华北夏大豆多于东北春大豆。干胶板ＣＳ—９０００型薄层层析扫描仪扫描结果表明，各热击时间合成ＨＳＰ的累积量华北夏大豆明显多于东北春大豆。华北夏大豆和东北春大豆均以热击６ｈｒ时ＨＳＰ种类最多，并累积量最大。     

西沙群岛土壤磷的分布,形态和性质

通过对西沙群岛９个主要岛屿、１２个剖面的５２个土壤样品的分析研究，发现西沙群岛土壤磷的含量有从海岸向内陆递增的趋向；土壤全磷量中无机Ｐ占优点，而有机Ｐ的含量随土壤有机质含量的增加而提高；土壤无机Ｐ形态以磷酸钙盐（Ｃａ－Ｐ，以下仝）占绝对优势（占９８％以上），其他铁、铝磷酸盐〔Ｆｅ（ＡＬ）－Ｐ〕和闭蓄态磷（Ｏ－Ｐ）含量很微，因而磷的有效性很高，构溶Ｐ占无机Ｐ总量的３０％左右；西沙群岛的磷质石灰土－－     

不同地理种群栽培大豆HSP诱导合成的研究──Ⅱ南方春大豆和北方春大豆HSP诱导合成的比较

本文对南方春大豆和北方春大豆的幼苗在４０℃条件下进行２、４、６、８、１０ｈｒ热击处理，分析比较其热击蛋白（ＨＳＰ）诱导合成种类、累积量及动态变化。结果表明分子量大于５０ＫＤ的ＨＳＰ９０ＫＤ、８１ＫＤ、７３ＫＤ、７０ＫＤ、６７ＫＤ、６４ＫＤ等种类南方春大豆多于北方春大豆，分子量小于５０ＫＤ的ＨＳＰ３５ＫＤ、３３ＫＤ、２６ＫＤ、２４ＫＤ、２２ＫＤ等种类则南方春大豆少于北方春大豆。不同热击时间下ＨＳＰ累积的动态表明南方春大豆随着热击时间的延长ＨＳＰ累积量逐渐降低，热击６ｈｒ时达最低值为１２８５．４ｍｍ２，之后明显增加，而北方春大豆随着热击时间的延长ＨＳＰ累积量逐渐增加，热击６ｈｒ时达最高值为９１２８．４ｍｍ２，６ｈｒ以后降低。     

不同地理种群栽培大豆HSP诱导合成的研究：Ⅱ南方春大豆和北方春大豆HSP…

本文对南方春大豆和北方春大豆的功苗在４０℃条件下进行２、４、６、８、１０ｈｒ热击处理，分析比较其热击蛋白（ＨＳＰ）诱导合成种类。累积量及动态变化。结果表明分子量大于５０ＫＤ的ＨＳＰ９０ＫＤ、８１ＫＤ、７３ＫＤ、７０ＫＤ、６７ＫＤ、６４ＫＤ等种类南方春大豆多于北方春大豆，分子量小于５０ＫＤ的ＨＳＰ３５ＫＤ、３３ＫＫＤ、２６ＫＤ、２４ＫＤ、２２ＫＤ等种类则南方春大豆少于北方春大豆。不同热击时间下ＨＳＰ     

黄土高原向日葵产量的土壤养分限制因子与施肥指标研究

１９９４～１９９６年在黄土高原陕西渭北旱塬进行了向日葵的养分限制因子与高产高效施肥试验,结果表明,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ是向日葵产量的限制因子。Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｂ为非限制因子,限制因子对向日葵的产量效应Ｋ＞Ｎ＞Ｐ,经济效应最佳施肥指标Ｎ１６３．２１～１６９．８９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｐ２Ｏ５１２８．６０～１３１．９１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,Ｋ２Ｏ１８１．３７～１９０．０９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。