Pathotyping of Newcastle Disease Viruses by RT-PCR and Restriction Enzyme Analysis

The technique of RT-PCR and restriction enzyme analysis was standardized to detect and differentiate Newcastle disease viruses. Digestion of RT-PCR-amplified, F gene sequences encoding for the cleavage activation sites of fusion protein with restriction enzymes AluI, BglI, HaeIII, HinfI, HhaI, RsaI, StyI and TaqI was carried out in order to characterize Newcastle disease viruses of varying pathogenicity. Restriction enzyme digestion of the amplicons by BglI and HhaI could group eight viruses, both field isolates and known vaccine strains, into lentogenic, mesogenic and velogenic pathotypes. By employing this technique directly on a clinical sample, Newcastle disease virus of the lentogenic pathotype could be detected.     

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Tissue Culture-adapted Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus

A velogenic Newcastle disease virus isolate typed to belong to group C1 by monoclonal antibody typing was adapted 50 times in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture and 60 times in Vero cells. At every 10th passage the virus was characterized on the basis of mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity indices and viral titration studies. A gradual reduction in the virulence of the virus was noted as the passage number increased. RT-PCR of a 254 bp region of the fusion gene encompassing the fusion protein cleavage site was carried out for the virulent as well as cell culture-adapted viruses at every 10th passage level. The amplicons were subsequently digested with three restriction enzymes, viz. AluI, HaeIII and PstI. It was found out that there was difference in banding patterns between the virulent and adapted viruses, indicating nucleotide substitutions in the virulent virus when it was sequentially passaged onto cell culture systems.     

A Universal `One-tube' RT-PCR Protocol for Amplifying Isolates of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus

The increase in the knowledge of the genetic variability of BVDV and the identification of some of the genetic determinants of its pathogenicity require robust and practical tools for rapid molecular characterization of the various genotypes of this virus. This study was undertaken to develop a standard protocol for RT-PCR that allows the amplification of various parts of the genome of BVDV without the need for optimizing each individual reaction. The reaction set-up is very flexible because it consists of two pre-mixes. These are a master mix, with all the required reagents except the desired primers, which are the components of the second pre-mix and are therefore easily interchangeable between the different reactions. After adding any primer-containing pre-mix to the fixed master mix, a non-interrupted cycling protocol led to the generation of amplicons of up to 4 kbp in size in amounts sufficient for subsequent sequencing reactions. The method was applied to five different regions of the BVDV genome: (i) the well-known 5-UTR to differentiate genotypes I and II; (ii) the entire E2 gene, or an approximately 550 bp region within the E2 gene, in order to find the molecular equivalent of antigenic varieties; (iii) the entire structural protein coding region covering the Npro, capsid, E ^RNS, E1 and E2 genes; (iv) a 2.1 kbp region embracing the NS2/3 junction which is known to be cleaved in cytopathic biotypes of BVDV; and (v) the region covering the entire NS4B and NS5A/B genes. All six RT-PCRs were successfully applied using (i) primers with lengths of between 20 and 52 nucleotides, (ii) an aliquot of RNA extracted from either 10⁶ infected bovine embryonal lung cells or the same number of leukocytes from viraemic cattle, and (iii) all the genotype I and II strains of BVDV tested. The technique described was used to generate various Sindbis virus/BVDV recombinants. The correct processing of the amplicon-derived E2 glycoprotein of BVDV strain PT810 was demonstrated by its reaction with a monoclonal antibody in an immunofluorescence assay. Given the variety of RT-PCRs tested, we conclude that this universal protocol may be useful with other RNA viruses.     

牛分支杆菌广西分离株Hsp 65基因的克隆及序列分析

利用牛分支杆菌Hsp 65基因特异性引物,对2株牛分支杆菌广西分离菌株进行PCR扩增,产物经纯化后与载体pMD-18连接,然后转染大肠埃希菌DH5α。提取转染后大肠埃希菌的质粒进行双酶切和PCR鉴定,鉴定为阳性的质粒进行序列测定。测序后通过序列分析软件DNA Star MegAlign对Hsp 65基因核苷酸序列及推导的氨基酸序列进行分析,并与GenBank上已发表的牛分支杆菌的Hsp 65基因进行比较。结果显示,广西分离株mt359、mt370与已发表的7株参考株序列,其核苷酸序列同源性在98.7%～100%之间,推导的氨基酸序列同源性在98.4%～100%之间。表明广西分离的菌株与参考的其他牛分支杆菌菌株的Hsp 65基因差异不大,说明牛分支杆菌分泌蛋白Hsp 65基因十分保守,从而为检测跟踪菌株的变异,研制牛分支杆菌亚单位基因疫苗奠定基础。     

西尼罗热病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

参考Genebank发表的西尼罗热病毒(West Nile virus，WNV)E糖蛋白基因序列，自行设计合成一对引物，对WNV进行RT—PCR扩增，产物经琼脂糖电泳分析，呈现一条约400bp的条带，将其克隆入pMD18-T—Vector载体中，并进行序列测定，与已发表的WNV基因比较发现，核苷酸的同源性为99．7％，证实为WNV的E基因，通过对样品多次检测，都能扩增出一条约400bp的条带，表明该方法比较稳定。     

One-step RT-PCR for the Detection of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Clinical Samples

A single-tube, non-interrupted, one-step RT-PCR has been standardized to amplify the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene sequence of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The technique standardized on purified viral RNA was successfully applied to the detection of the virus directly in clinical samples. The amplified products were confirmed to be IBDV specific by their size in ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel, nested PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Digestion of the amplicons with StyI restriction enzyme also differentiated classical virus from six very virulent field isolates. The sensitivity of the one-step RT-PCR was found to be 0.2 pg of viral RNA.     

蓝舌病病毒基因产物及其生物学功能

蓝舌病病毒(bluetongue disease virus,BTV)是呼肠孤病毒科环状病毒属的双股RNA病毒,其核酸由3个大片段(L1～L3)、3个中片段(M4～M6)和4个小片段(S7～S10)等10个节段组成,分别编码7种结构多肽(VP1～VP7)和4种非结构多肽(NS1、NS2、NS3a、NS3b)。通过dsRNA基因组进行体外翻译,再根据各基因与所编码蛋白的关系,查明了各基因编码的蛋白质及其分子质量和功能。     

猪恶性高温综合征（MHS）基因群体检测及部分片段DNA序列研究

本研究主要包括：（１）建立了猪ＭＨＳ基因检测的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ方法。该方法具有准确、快速和无侵害的特点；（２）利用猪ＭＨＳ基因的ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ方法对中国现有猪种２０个群体的ＭＨＳ基因座位的基因和基因型频率进行了检测。结果表明，属于中国的本地品种五指山猪、香猪，引进品种约克夏猪，均不含有ＭＨＳ基因；在中国本地品种二花脸猪和民猪中，发现存在ＭＨＳ基因，且民猪的频率较高（０．１５６２）；培育品种北京花猪，引进品种丹系长白猪和杜洛克猪，均有ＭＨＳ基因；引进品种皮特兰猪、比系长白猪，ＭＨＳ基因频率最高，分别为０．９５２０和０．９４３２；（３）猪ＲＹＲ１／ＣＲＣ基因部分ＤＮＡ序列品种间比较，ＭＨＳＮＮ香猪和二花脸猪的１８４３位为“Ｃ”，而ＭＨＳｎｎ为“Ｔ”；同时还发现一些单碱基的差异     

口蹄疫病毒RT-PCR检测与血清型鉴别

针对编码非结构蛋白的3D基因合成一对引物进行口蹄疫病毒RT-PCR扩增,不同血清型病毒的RNA样本均显现一条457bp的目的带,与预期设计的长度相符合。在敏感性试验中,O型、A型和AsiaⅠ型病毒的最小RNA检出量分别为0.8ng、8ng和8ng。根据GenBank发表的口蹄疫病毒VP1和2A基因序列,采用多重RT-PCR鉴别口蹄疫病毒血清型,O型、A型和AsiaⅠ型病毒的特异性扩增片段分别为200bp、340bp和500bp。对9份乳鼠感染病料进行检测,确诊为O血清型口蹄疫病毒感染。     

伪狂犬病病毒冀A株TK基因的克隆及序列分析

为了分析比较伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)冀A株TK基因与GenBank中收录的国内外其他PRV毒株TK基因核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性,以伪狂犬病病毒冀A株的基因组为模板,PCR扩增了其胸腺激酶(TK)基因,并对其进行了克隆和测序.结果表明,TK基因的开放阅读框(ORF)和所比较的各株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性都在99%以上.核苷酸序列中发现在起始密码子的上游有3段GC框样的序列,在终止密码子中发现多聚腺苷加尾信号AATAAA;在氨基酸序列中发现有疱疹病毒TK基因的保守序列R*Y*DG**G*GK*T-和-FDRHP*A***C*P*AR-.     

Molecular Typing of a BHV-4 (Bovine herpesvirus 4) Field Isolate

A new BHV-4 (bovine herpesvirus 4) isolated from a case of bovine interdigital dermatitis was characterized by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. To determine whether the new isolate (PR/1) belonged to BHV-4, DNA from infected cells was specifically amplified by PCR. We used a set of primers spanning a large 2.571 kb conserved region of the BHV-4 genome, including the 3 end of ORF1 (homologous to the EBV BVRF1 gene), ORF2 (homologous to the EBV BXRF1 gene), ORF3 (TK gene) and ORF4 (gH gene) 5 end, respectively. The identity of the amplified product was confirmed by HindIII restriction enzyme digestion and Southern hybridization. No product was observed from the DNA of other bovine herpesviruses tested. The restriction patterns of the PR/1 genome compared to DN 599, MOVAR 33/63 and LVR BHV-4 reference strains showed two kinds of differences, either related or not related to the prDNA (polyrepetitive DNA). Taken together, these data show that PR/1 is a new BHV-4. We would consider that the present report provides a scheme of work for diagnosis and typing of BHV-4 isolates.     

Sequence Analysis of an Indian Field Isolate of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Shows Six Unique Amino Acid Changes in the VP1 Gene

Veterinary Research Communications -     

鸡贫血病病毒长春株VP3基因的克隆及序列分析

采用PCR扩增方法成功克隆了鸡贫血病病毒（CAV）长春分离株的VP3基因，并进行了核苷酸序列测定，通过与TK5803、SJ1株进行序列比较，发现长春分离株VP3基因与TK5803仅有1个碱基差异，而氨基酸序列完全相同，与山东SJ1株有3个碱基差异和3个氨基酸差异。     

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Indian Isolates of Egg Drop Syndrome 1976 Virus Recovered from Chicken,Duck and Quail

Egg drop syndrome 1976 (EDS-76) is caused by a haemagglutinating adenovirus belonging to group III of the genus Aviadenovirus in the family Adenoviridae. All isolates are serologically identical, but have been divided into three groups based on restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis. In this study the viral DNA of various Indian EDS-76 viral isolates (CEDS-A, CEDS-B, EDS-M, EDS-ML, EDS-1/AD/86, EDS-KC and QEDS) obtained from different avian species and different geographical regions were digested with restriction endonucleases viz., EcoRI, BamHI, HindIII and PstI. The results showed that one Indian isolate obtained from duck (DEDS-KC) was different from all other chicken and quail counterparts. All other isolates were identical to the reference viral strain BC-14, which belong to group I of EDS-76 viruses. The duck isolate EDS-KC could not be placed in any of the three groups reported earlier.     

猪蓝耳病病毒通用RT-PCR检测方法的建立及应用

参考Genbank发表的美洲型猪蓝耳病病毒（Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus,PRRSV）VR-2332、CH-1a、JXA1等毒株的主要结构蛋白基因序列,设计了一对引物,扩增目的片段为690bp,进行了RT—PCR检测方法的特异性、敏感性、重复性试验,建立了美洲型PRRSV通用RT—PCR检测方法。应用此方法对2009年1—12月收集的126份临床样品进行了检测,检出率达44．4％。符合性检测结果表明,该方法比高致病性PRRSV检测方法具有更广的监测范围。该方法具有特异、敏感、重复性好等优点,可用于PRRSV的临床发病检测及流行病学监测等工作。     

应用RT／PCR—SSCP法分析传染性法氏囊病病毒的变异性

根据传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）cDNA序列，在病毒VP2区域设计1对引物，应用RT／PCR－SSCP方法对4个不同时间及不同地域从传染性法氏囊病（IBD）病鸡法氏囊组织中分离的IBDV分离物进行了分析，发现4个IBDV分离物的SSCP图谱均存在明显差异，本试验表明，IBDV变异在我国普遍存在，SSCP方法可用于IBDV的变异性分析。     

猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征RT-PCR诊断方法的建立

根据猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）核衣壳蛋白ＯＲＦ７的序列,设计了１套引物,对立了检测ＰＲＲＳＶ核酸的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法。通过对猪繁殖与呼吸道综合征（ＰＲＲＳ）标准毒株的检测,证明该方法不仅能够扩增出特异性的核酸片段。同时可以从基因水平上区分ＰＲＲＳＶ美洲型和欧洲型。使用该方法对国内临床上疑似为ＰＲＲＳ的送检样品进行检测,结果为阳性,并确定基因型均为美洲型。该研究建立的从组织中直接提取细胞总     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒TH-98株HP基因的克隆与序列分析

hp基因位于猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)基因组的3′端,该基因在病毒复制时表达编码一个78AA、9100的疏水蛋白。该蛋白可以与猪超免抗TGEV血清发生免疫沉淀反应。目前,对其功能的研究还不是十分清楚。但就其在细胞内的位置而言,hp蛋白可能对复制复合体膜的缔合以及病毒粒子的装配起重要作用。根据Genebank已发表的TGEVhp基因cDNA序列,利用Oligo4.1软件设计一对引物,进行RT-PCR扩增hp基因。将PCR产物用KpnI和XbaI酶切后克隆到载体pPROEXHTc的KpnI和XbaI多克隆位点上。然后对重组质粒进行相应的酶切鉴定和PCR鉴定。将重组子测序并且与其国外分离株进行同源性比较。结果表明,hp基因克隆成功是可信的。本研究为进一步研究TGEV的基因组及其非结构蛋白奠定了重要基础。     

犬Ⅱ型腺病毒DNA的快速提取及限制性酶切分析

按常规方法培养大肾传代细胞(MDCK),待细胞长成单层后,以2%的量接种犬Ⅱ型腺病毒弱毒株(MV-CAV_2).当绝大多数细胞出现病变时(约35～40h),直接从感染细胞培养物中提取CAV_2 DNA.以该法提取CAV_2 DNA,不仅操作简便、耗费少,而且产量也比常规的先纯化病毒再提取DNA的方法高2～3倍.该法可普遍用于从感染细胞中提取与蛋白共价结合的所有病毒核酸.采用电泳洗脱法纯化上述CAV_2 DNA,以Eco RI、Bam HI、Pst I、Sac I、Nsi I和Sph I酶切,电泳分离,建立了该病毒DNA的6种限制性内切酶图谱.本实验结果为该病毒DNA的分子克隆奠定了基础.