全棉籽影响奶牛生产性能的研究进展

为了开发利用新的饲料资源,促进畜牧业持续健康发展,文章综述了全棉籽的营养价值以及在奶牛生产中的应用研究,以期指导畜牧业生产。     

饲喂全棉籽对荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响

棉籽是棉花加工过程中的副产品.我国是产棉大国,棉籽品种优良、资源丰富.如果将棉籽用作动物的饲料,无论从资源利用还是畜牧养殖上都很有意义.目前在我国,大多数棉籽被压榨成棉籽饼粕或制成脱酚棉仁蛋白利用,这些副产品在畜禽中的应用已经取得了一定的进展.但是棉籽的深加工毕竟会增加饲料成本,而且很多国外报道表明,从经济效益角度讲,在畜禽生产中合理利用不需要任何加工的全棉籽很有发展前景。     

全棉籽对奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加全棉籽对奶牛生产性能及血清生化指标影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％和15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.共进行4期试验,每期试验28 d,其中预试期7d,正试期21 d.结果表明:1)随着全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势,奶牛的乳脂率和4％标准乳产量显著提高(P＜0.01),但全棉籽对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).2)全棉籽对粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率无显著影响(P＞0.05),但含有全棉籽饲粮的中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均高于对照组(P＜0.05),其中C组比对照组提高了8.4％(P＜0.05).3)全棉籽对奶牛血清中白蛋白、血糖含量无显著影响(P＞0.05),对血清胆固醇和尿素氮含量影响显著(P＜0.05).C组奶牛血清中胆固醇含量显著低于其他各组(P＜0.01).B、C组的血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组和D组.4)随着饲粮中全棉籽比例的提高,血清和乳中游离棉酚含量也显著提高(P＜0.01),乳中游离棉酚含量在各试验组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).结果提示,全棉籽在奶牛泌乳早期饲粮中的最适添加量为10％.     

饲喂全棉籽影响奶牛生产性能和血液指标的研究进展

我国饲料资源日渐紧缺,开发利用新的资源很关键,如果可以将产量丰富的农副产品—棉籽广泛应用于奶牛养殖,这将大大提高经济效益。文章综述了国内外棉籽应用于奶牛生产的试验研究,包括对奶牛生产性能、繁殖性能和血液指标的影响,旨在为奶牛养殖提供理论依据。     

饲喂全棉籽对奶牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵的影响

美国乔治亚大学Cooke选取24头泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛进行8周完全随机设计试验，饲喂全棉籽（WCS），（全棉籽油中含较高浓度的游离脂肪酸（FFA）），检测全棉籽对奶牛摄食量和生产性能的影响。处理组包括游离脂肪酸含量正常的棉籽（6．8％，对照），2种高游离脂肪酸棉籽HFFAl（24．1％）或HFFA2（22．3％），     

全棉籽在奶牛生产中的应用

全棉籽是与棉花纤维分开后未加工的、纯的含油种子。棉籽含有高脂肪、高蛋白，并且棉籽壳可以保护脂肪和蛋白质，能起到过瘤胃的作用。     

全棉籽和过瘤胃脂肪在奶牛生产中的应用

能量的摄入不足是影响产奶牛生产性能发挥的一个重要因素，通过对棉籽和过瘤胃脂肪在生产应用原理效果进行阐述，供生产中应用参考。     

脱绒整粒棉籽对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选用胎次、年龄、泌乳月、产奶量及生理状况相近的中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为三组,每组5头。对照组日粮中不添加棉籽,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别在日粮中添加1kg和1.5kg脱绒棉籽,研究脱绒整粒棉籽对泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别比对照组日产奶量增加2.28kg和2.33kg,分别提高9.52%和9.73%,差异极显著(P<0.01),而两个试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组与对照组之间乳成分差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

全棉籽在奶牛生产中的应用及影响

我国棉籽资源十分丰富,而全棉籽是奶牛采食的一种常规性饲料,由于含有高脂肪、高蛋白以及棉壳纤维,在瘤胃中的作用效果和粗饲料相似,所以兼具精料和粗料的双重作用。全棉籽对奶牛乳产量以及乳成分含量的提高有一定作用,饲喂全棉籽有利于奶牛在高温环境中获得低热增量,减少热应激.     

饲喂全棉籽对南方地区奶牛产奶量的影响

本试验采用在奶牛日粮中添加全棉籽1.5kg/(头·d)的方法,以研究饲喂全棉籽对南方地区奶牛产奶量的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组产奶量增加了1.42kg/(头·d),差异极显著(P＜0.01),试验组每头牛每天多创造经济效益2.38元.     

Effect of whole herd anthelmintic treatment on milk production of dairy cows

Fifteen of 29 commercial dairy herds were given a series of anthelmintic treatments. The remaining herds were untreated to provide a measure of seasonal variation. In the treated herds all milking cows were treated once in the summer and the autumn and three times at monthly intervals in late winter and early spring. Any other animals grazing the same area were similarly treated. No herds had been treated with anthelmintics in the preceding year and mean herd lactations for that year were used as covariate corrections. This experimental design had the potential to detect differences in production of the order of 5 X 7 per cent (P = 0.05). Although levels of subclinical parasitism were low, anthelmintic treatment increased milk fat production by 10.8 kg (8.3 per cent) in heifers. Average response in mature cows was much smaller (3.1 per cent) and not significant. Apparent milk fat responses in individual herds were variable with no relationship to level of production in the previous year.     

甘露寡糖对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能影响的研究

试验旨在研究甘露寡糖(mannan-oligosaccharides MOS)对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响。选择4头泌乳天数为20 d,日产奶量30 kg左右,体重550 kg左右的经产(二胎)中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,随机分为两组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加60 g的试验日粮,采用2×2交叉试验设计,每期21 d。结果表明:添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高奶牛瘤胃中总的挥发酸和氨态氮的含量(P<0.05),其中瘤胃液中乙酸含量有极显著差异(P<0.01),丙酸、丁酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。对奶样进行分析,添加甘露寡糖可以显著提高乳脂率(P<0.05),并且明显降低乳中体细胞数(P<0.05),产奶量、乳蛋白和乳中尿素氮浓度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验表明,在日粮中添加甘露寡糖有助于提高奶牛瘤胃乙酸发酵比例,提高奶牛乳脂率。     

果味剂对奶风味及奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择了24头泌乳前中期的同一胎次、健康无病、具有相近体重、产奶量与泌乳期的荷斯坦奶牛,将其分为4组,每组6头牛,在奶牛日粮中添加苹果味果味剂、香蕉味果味剂、混合香型果味剂,并设置对照组(不添加果味剂)进行奶牛饲养试验。对奶牛的生产性能以及奶样中风味物质进行评定。试验结果表明:①在奶牛生产性能方面,与对照组相比,3种果味剂都有减缓产奶量下降的趋势,其中香蕉味的作用效果最好(产奶量下降:香蕉味0.5%,苹果味11.9%,混合味8.86%,对照13.5%)。②对奶样进行感官评价,在单独的色泽、组织状态、奶香味、果香味、甜味、酸味、苦味、涩味、饲草味和牛体味中,4种样品基本没有差异,4个样品的综合风味存在显著差异(P<0.05),在风味的总得分上,混合风味>苹果风味>香蕉风味=对照组。     

The effect of heat treatment of whole cottonseed on site and extent of protein digestion in dairy cows

Six mature Holstein cows in late lactation and fitted with permanent ruminal, duodenal and ideal cannulae were used in a double 3 X 3 Latin-square design to study the effect of roasting or extruding of cottonseed on protein degradation in the rumen and availability of amino acids in the small intestine. Raw whole cottonseed (CS), extruded whole cottonseed (ECS), and roasted whole cottonseed (RCS) were fed in diets containing 17% crude protein and composed of 42% whole cottonseed, 26% corn grain and 29% hay supplemented with dry molasses, vitamins and minerals. The diets were isocaloric and contained 1.86 Mcal NEL/kg. Acid detergent lignin was used as a digesta marker, and diaminopimelic acid as a bacterial marker. Ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P less than .05) for CS than for ECS and RCS (15.7, 12.7 and 10.2 mM). Concentrations of isobutyrate (1.3 vs 0.8 and 0.8 mM) and isovalerate (1.8 vs 1.1 and 1.1 mM) were higher (P less than .05) for CS compared with ECS and RCS. Non-ammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum (g/d) was 248, 300 and 350 for CS, ECS, and RCS, with RCS higher (P less than .05) that in CS. Apparent absorption of total amino acids in the small intestine was .80, 1.01, and 1.24 kg/d, for CS, ECS, and RCS, respectively, with RCS higher (P less than .05) than CS. Apparent absorption of essential and non-essential amino acids was 376, 425; 458, 548;610 and 628 g/d for CS, ECS and RCS respectively, with RCS higher (P less than .05) than CS.     

夏季高温对不同产量奶牛生产性能的影响

为了探讨夏季高温对高产和低产奶牛产奶量和乳组成的影响,选择40头健康荷斯坦奶牛,分为高产组和低产组,每组20头,高产奶牛日产奶量在35 kg以上,低产奶牛日产奶量为20~30 kg。试验在夏季进行,试验期间每日8:00、14:00和20:00记录奶牛的呼吸数和直肠温度,每周记录3天奶牛产奶量,每周选1d的混合奶样测定乳成分。结果表明:在牛舍平均温湿指数为81.9条件下,高产奶牛的产奶量下降了29.3%(P0.01),低产奶牛的产奶量下降了7.6%(P0.05);高、低产奶牛的乳脂率分别升高了10.21%和8%(P0.05),而乳蛋白率没有显著变化。高产奶牛的乳脂率显著高于低产奶牛(P0.05)。由此可见,高温季节高产奶牛的产奶量下降幅度大于低产奶牛,具有较高的乳脂率。     

Effect of feeding on reproductive performance in Finnish dairy cows

The effect of 2 types of feeding on the involution of the genital tract and on the fertility was studied in 79 Finnish dairy cows on a research farm. The cows were fed twice a day with home-produced feed in accordance with the Finnish feeding standard. The cows were divided according to the type of feed into a hay-urea group and a silage group. The cows were examined clinically by rectal palpation 3 times a week during 8 weeks postpartum. The time required for the complete involution of uterus and cervix was recorded. The cows in the silage group had a significantly longer time in uterine involution, a lower fertility rate at first insemination and a longer interval from calving to conception than those in the hay-urea group. The pregnancy rate in the first insemination was in the hay-urea group 91% and in the silage group 57%. The interval between calving and the first insemination was shorter in the hay-urea group than in the silage group: 71.4 +/- 10.6 and 74.0 +/- 10.3 days, respectively. The interval between calving and conception was in the hay-urea group significantly (p less than 0.01) shorter than in the silage group; 74.8 +/- 15.1 and 89.5 +/- 24.4 days, respectively.     

香兰素对泌乳前期奶牛产奶性能及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究香兰素对奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量、乳成分及血清生化指标的影响,为香兰素在奶牛生产上的开发应用提供科学依据。选取40头健康的荷斯坦奶牛进行配对,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组20头,在相同的条件下饲养。对照组饲喂牛场全混合日粮,试验组在对照组日粮基础上添加10 g/d香兰素,预试期7 d,试验期70 d。结果表明:日粮添加10 g/d香兰素对奶牛泌乳前期的干物质采食量、产奶性能无显著影响(P0.05);日粮中添加10 g/d香兰素对泌乳前期奶牛的乳成分无显著影响(P0.05);日粮中添加10 g/d香兰素对血清生化指标无显著影响(P0.05)。得出结论:在日粮中添加10 g/d香兰素对泌乳前期奶牛的生产性能及血清生化指标无显著影响。     

奶牛酮病发病原因及其对生产性能影响调查分析

探索奶牛酮病发病原因、发病规律及其对生产性能的影响,对986头围产期奶牛进行跟踪调查分析。结果表明,奶牛酮病发病率为31.74%,死亡率为4.15%;秋季发病率最高,可达37.4%,其次是冬季和夏季,春季发病率最低;随着胎次、年龄和产乳量的增加,奶牛酮病的发病率明显增高;在第1个泌乳月奶牛酮病的发病率最高,可达50.43%;日粮种类和微量元素越少,奶牛酮病就越容易发生;奶牛发病后受胎率明显降低;发病后产乳量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质比发病前均明显降低,差异显著（P〈0.05）。奶牛酮病发病具有一定的规律性,且可降低奶牛的繁殖性能、产奶量和乳品质。