Untersuchungen zur Anpassung des Stickstoff-Angebots aus unterschiedlichen N-Quellen an den Verlauf der N-Aufnahme von Maisbeständen

Investigations on the adjustment of nitrogen supply from different N sources to the N uptake of maize A two years field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the nitrogen fertilizers: wheat swill, BASAMMON (NH₄ + nitrification inhibitor DCD) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) applied at N rates of 0.60.120 or 180 kg N/ha on yield, N uptake and soil mineral N residues of maize for silage or grain production. CAN was either broadcast or placed in the maize rows, with or without the addition of an Azospirillum-biopreparation (AZOGREEN). Due to initially high soil mineral N contents (50–70 kg N/ha) and a high mineralization from the soil (unfertilized: 100–170 kg N/ha), neither effects of fertilizer type, nor interactions between fertilizer type and N rate on biomass production and N uptake of maize were observed. The economically optimum total dry matter production and grain yield were obtained with a fertilization of 60–120 kg N/ha. In contrast to the biomass production the soil mineral N was considerably influenced by fertilizer type and N rate. The nitrate content of the soil increased during the early developmental stages of maize after an early application of swill or BASAMMON, and also during the ripening period after a late high dose of CAN. Though the placement of CAN was reflected in the soil, the soil nitrogen content per unit area could not be much reduced by row fertilization. The effects of AZOGREEN were only small. The results were greatly influenced by the high mineralization potential at the experimental site.     

氮肥对镉污染土壤上小油菜生长及镉吸收特征的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥种类和尿素用量对小油菜(Brassica chinensis Linn)产量和镉含量以及土壤有效态镉含量变化的影响。结果表明,硝酸钙显著提高产量,硫酸铵的增产效果最差。硝酸钙能提高土壤pH值,钙离子可使土壤中有效态镉含量增加。相对于普通尿素,包膜尿素对土壤pH值影响不大,但能明显降低土壤有效态镉含量;其他肥料使土壤pH值降低,土壤有效态镉含量升高,施用硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)效果更明显。相对于硝酸钙,施用尿素和硫酸铵能显著降低小油菜根系和地上部镉含量,但小油菜对镉的转移系数与氮肥种类及用量无关。高量尿素显著降低土壤pH值,但尿素用量对其他指标无影响。     

冬小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮的响应

在陕西省永寿县和河南省洛阳市分别设置了11和7处大田试验,分5层采集0~100 cm土壤样品并测定其起始硝态氮含量。永寿试验设7个处理,分别为不施氮,硝态氮、铵态氮品种、硝态氮与铵态氮2∶1组合各2个处理;洛阳试验设6个处理(硝态氮肥只有1个品种),施氮处理均施N 150 kg hm-2,研究小麦对铵态氮和硝态氮肥响应的差异及其与不同深度土层硝态氮累积量的关系。试验表明,同一形态不同氮肥品种之间的增产差异显著低于不同形态之间的差异。比较不同形态氮肥的小麦产量、增产量和增产率的平均值,硝态氮肥最高,硝态氮、铵态氮组合次之,铵态氮最低。氮肥增产量和增产率随土壤累积硝态氮量增加而显著下降;累积量越低,氮肥增产效果越突出,硝态氮的效果也越显著。由此可见,土壤累积的硝态氮量是决定氮肥肥效的主要因子,也是决定不同形态氮素效果的主要因子。只有在硝态氮累积量低的土壤上,氮肥才能充分发挥作用,硝态氮也才能表现出明显的优势。     

Einfluß langjähriger Düngung mit verschiedenen N-Formen auf pH-Wert,Humusfraktionen, biologische Aktivität und Stickstoffdynamik einer Acker-Braunerde

Influence of long-term fertilizing with different forms of nitrogen fertilizer on pH, humic fractions, biological activity and dynamics of nitrogen of an arable brown earth The evaluation of soil characteristics in a 53 years field trial (arable brown earth, sandy silty loam, eff. field cap. 160mm, pH 5,9, total C 0,9 %, total N 0,1 %, CEC 15 meq/100 g soil) gave the following results: Fertilizing with ammonium sulfate decreased pH in topsoil down to 4.9. The acidification reached a depth of 50cm. Liming in addition to ammonium sulfate could not keep pH on the same level as calcium cyanamide did. The other treatments showed pH-values between 5.8 and 6.0. Total carbon and nitrogen in treatments with farm manure, calcium cyanamide and ammonium sulfate were 0.91 to 0.98 % C, in the treatments without N and with nitrate 0.81 resp. 0.87 % C. Farm manure and calcium cyanamide produced a higher content of humic acids in organic matter than ammonium and nitrate fertilization did. Ammonium fertilization increased the content of fulvic acids. Biological activity of soils, measured as activity of 5 enzymes and 02-consumption depends mainly on pH. Highest activity is found in the soil of treatment calcium cyanamide (except catalase). The proportion of hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable nitrogen (12 % non-hydrolysable N) was not changed by fertilizing (except in the plot with farm manure which increased non-hydrolysable N to 14%). Nitrogen mineralisation in laboratory incubation trials were closely correlated with total N (r = 0.94). Lower correlation was found in plant experiments (r = 0.72 to 0.79). Other factors influencing nitrogen mineralisation are discussed.     

氮磷与硅钙肥配施对辣椒产量和品质的影响

【目的】长期高纯度化肥施用导致作物其他养分供应的不平衡,中微量元素已成为越来越多作物产量和品质限制因子。本文旨在通过开展硅钙肥、氮肥和磷肥配施对辣椒产量和品质的影响研究,确定硅钙肥、氮肥和磷肥在干辣椒中最佳配施方案。【方法】借助于DPS软件,采用三因素二次饱和D-最优设计方法分析研究了氮磷与硅钙肥配施对辣椒产量和品质的影响,整个研究过程分为回归建模、模型解析和模型决策三个步骤,首先,根据2013年获得的辣椒产量和品质数据,进行优化多项式回归分析,得出辣椒产量、品质分别与硅钙肥、氮肥、磷肥之间的回归方程。其次,对两个方程进行F检验,对回归系数进行t检验,确定模型可行性,模型分析包括因子主效应分析、单因子效应分析和因子互作效应分析。最后进行模型决策,通过计算机模拟运算,提出辣椒高产与优质的施肥方案。【结果】通过对模型进行检验分析得出:硅钙肥、氮肥、磷肥对辣椒的产量和品质均有显著的影响,并且因素间存在显著的互作效应。以硅钙肥、氮肥交互效应为例,在编码范围内,辣椒的产量较好的互作空间是中等的硅钙肥配较高氮肥水平;辣椒的品质较好的互作空间是较高的硅钙肥水平配中等的氮肥施用水平。三因素对产量的影响顺序为:氮肥磷肥硅钙肥,而对品质影响则相反。在本研究区地力水平下,辣椒的产量和品质会随着硅钙肥、氮肥、磷肥的用量增加而升高;当用量过高,产量和品质反而会下降。通过计算机模拟运算,产量在4500~6000 kg/hm2之间,品质综合得分95分以上时,施肥方案为硅钙肥304.76~398.24 kg/hm2,氮肥220.05~263.26 kg/hm2,磷肥44.80~64.50 kg/hm2。经边际效应分析,在经济效益和产量达到最大,即分别为80548.64元/hm2和5916.23kg/hm2时,硅钙肥、氮肥、磷肥最佳施用量组合为332.66、250.58、57.75 kg/hm2,配施比例为1:0.75:0.17。【结论】硅钙肥、氮肥、磷肥具有提高辣椒产量和品质,调节辣椒营养元素吸收等功能,但应适量施用,过多施用反而会造成产量降低、品质下降等现象的产生。本文构建的模型可以详细地解释三种肥料对辣椒产量和品质的影响,通过模型模拟可以得到三种肥料之间的联系。     

Einfluß von Düngemaßnahmen auf die Stickstoffauswaschung bei mehrjährigem Silomaisanbau

Influence of fertilization on nitrogen leaching after cultivation of maize for silage over four successive seasons In a field trial, nitrogen leaching from soil was determined between February 1983 and May 1986 by analyzing soil water from 50, 80 and 110 cm below the soil surface every 14 days. On a Stagno-gleyic Luvisol, maize after maize was cultivated over four successive seasons. Nitrogen was applied either minerally in spring according to N_min or as a semiliquid cattle manure. The time of application (autumn and/or spring), application rate and use of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) were varied. Under very low N-fertilization (underground fertilization only), nitrate nitrogen losses by leaching dropped from 100 kg N/ha in the first year to 33 kg N/ha in the 3^rd. Nitrogen leaching from the various treatment plots depended on the maize growth and rainfall conditions. Because of an intensive and long lasting seepage of gravitational water, nitrogen leaching from the root zone ranged from 113 to 208 kg N/ha during the fall and winter seasons of 1983/84 and 1984/85. Under the more balanced infiltration conditions of the leaching period 1985/86, and after a high yield of maize in 1985, losses due to leaching were reduced to values between 69 to 108 kg N/ha. Under these experimental conditions (deliberately high quantities of semiliquid cattle manure; DCD-application in autumn) no reduction in nitrogen losses could be proved due to the addition of dicyandiamide.     

施用方式和氮肥种类对砂姜黑土氮素迁移的影响

采用田间微区试验,在砂姜黑土中研究了施肥方式(上层12 cm土混施、土下12 cm点施、土下12 cm条施)和氮肥种类(尿素、磷酸氢二铵)对氮素垂直运移和水平迁移动态的影响。不同施用方式试验结果表明,在处理的90 d内,砂姜黑土中土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N含量均呈现土下12 cm点施土下12 cm条施上层12 cm土混施的趋势。尿素在土下12 cm点施条件下,土壤NH_4~+-N主要集中在垂直方向6~18 cm土层和水平距离0~7 cm范围内;而NO_3~–-N的分布核心区土层超过21 cm,水平距离大于15 cm;NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N核心区浓度均随处理时间延长而明显下降。土下12 cm点施90 d后,尿素和磷酸铵的氮素养分在砂姜黑土中的横向移动距离为5~7 cm,垂直方向上养分主要集中在6~18 cm的土层范围;点施90 d时,磷酸铵处理在土下18 cm和水平距离12 cm处无机态氮(NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N)含量分别为148.9和77.4 mg/kg,其含量远大于尿素处理(96.3和53.2 mg/kg),而在施肥点两种氮肥处理土壤无机态氮含量差异更大,说明磷酸铵较尿素具有更高的保肥性。研究表明:点施延缓了NH_4~+-N向NO_3~–-N转化速率,提高了肥际养分供应浓度。结合作物生长和需肥特性,预示通过优化施肥位置和氮肥种类,采用一次施肥可以实现90 d持续供应高浓度养分以满足旱地作物生长发育的养分需求。     

滴灌条件下控释专用肥对设施番茄氮钾吸收及其残留的影响

【目的】设施蔬菜生产中水肥的过量投入不仅引发环境污染问题,而且增加生产成本。因此迫切需要通过调整肥料养分释放速率,在满足作物营养充分供应的同时,降低肥料和劳动投入,提高产出。为此,本文研究了习惯施肥与3种番茄控释专用配方肥对京郊番茄产量、品质、氮钾吸收以及土壤中硝态氮和钾残留的影响,以期为番茄的合理施肥提供依据。【方法】采用蔬菜大棚内小区试验的方法,试验设对照（不施氮肥,CK）、 有机肥（只施有机肥,MN）、 习惯施肥（施N 300 kg/hm2,TN）、 控释专用肥Ⅰ（CN1）、控释肥专用肥Ⅱ（CN2）和控释肥专用肥Ⅲ（CN3）共6个处理。3个专用肥的氮由80%的控释氮与20%速效氮构成,作为基肥一次性施入,用量与习惯施肥相同,除CK外其他处理的有机肥用量均为8 t/hm2。 控释肥为自制的聚合物包膜尿素（含N 42%）和包膜硫酸钾（含 K2O 47%）。包膜尿素3种,2个为延迟释放型,1个为直线释放型;2种包膜钾肥均为直线释放型。按不同比例组成3种专用肥。试验采用自压式滴灌系统,每畦安装一条滴灌管,共灌水6次,各小区等量灌溉,分别在移栽及移栽后第44、65、73、79和89 d灌水,每次分别为45、37、35、28、30和27 mm,每小区总量均为202 mm。小区面积为24 m2,每个处理3次重复,随机排列。高畦栽培,畦宽1.4 m,双行定植,行距40 cm,株距40 cm。【结果】 各处理番茄鲜果产量为79.2~87.1 t/hm2,其间无显著差异。CN3处理果实的硝酸盐含量增加,但Vc含量却下降,果实品质有所降低。3个控释肥处理的S型控释肥表现为前控后促的供氮趋势,在果实膨大期无机氮供应达到N102247 kg/hm2,与习惯施肥处理多次追肥形成的供氮规律相似。控释钾肥仅释放23.2%~36.0%,环境温度对于控释钾肥的释放促进作用很小。收获后土壤硝态氮的残留主要集中在表层（020 cm）和次表层（2040 cm）,占0100 cm土层的87.1%;060 cm土层内,CN3处理的NO-3\|N残留量与习惯施肥相当,而CN1和CN2处理的NO3--N残留比习惯施肥减少37.3%~55.0%,有效降低了硝态氮向下淋洗。施肥增加了各处理表层土壤中的钾含量,表层以下各处理的钾含量差别不大。【结论】3个专用肥处理中控释肥一次性施用不仅节约了施肥时间和劳动成本,而且在果实膨大期提供了充足的氮素供应,实现了与作物氮素吸收的同步。控释专用肥配方1和配方2可以提供合理的氮素供应,在降低劳动投入和节水的情况下,番茄产量和果实品质不降低,并减少了硝态氮的淋洗损失。     

缓/控释氮素肥料玉米苗期养分释放特点

采用盆栽试验．模拟田间生态环境．研究施用不同种缓／控释氮素肥料玉米苗期土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和速效态氮含量，分析比较其在玉米苗期氮素养分释放特点。研究表明，在玉米苗期，施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料。土壤中尿素态氮和铵态氮的积累量最多．分别为21．72mg／kg和48．31mg／kg；醋酸酯淀粉包膜尿素肥料，硝态氮和速效氮含量最多．分别为102．90mg／kg和135．25mg／kg；丙烯酸树脂包膜脲酶抑制剂nBPT涂层尿素肥料，尿素自膜内迁移到土壤中的量较少，硝态氮和速效态氮含量最少。分别为53．74mg／kg和93．70mg／kg。包膜与脲酶抑制剂nBPT相结合的缓／控释肥料，对减少土壤石硝态氮的生成效果最为明显．明显优于其他缓／控释肥料．丙烯酸树脂包膜nBPT涂层尿素肥料控释效果最好。     

Einfluß von Ammonium- und Nitratstickstoff,Eisenchelaten und CCC auf den Chlorophyll- und Gesamtzukerghalt der Blätter chlorotischer,immergrüner Pflanzen auf alkalischen Böden Isfahans

Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, iron chelates and CCC on the chlorophyll and carbohydrat content in leaves of chlorotic, periwinkle plants an alkaline soils in Isfahan In pot experiments with periwinkle plants on alkaline soils the effect of nitrogen fertilization, iron chelats and cycocel in treating iron chlorosis was studied. High amounts of calcium nitrate produced chlorosis, followed by a general decrease in plant growth, while the same amount of ammonium sulfat prevent chlorosis and increased chlorophyll content and production of dry matter. In chlorotic plants both the chlorophyll and sugar content was increased by spraying with iron chelate, and with cycocel as well.     

Mineral fertilizers with iron influence spring rape,maize and soil properties

ABSTRACT

Because of low content of available iron (Fe) in soils and its poor mobility in plants, iron fertilization is necessary. Different forms of iron (mineral salts, chelates, nanomaterials) and fertilization strategies (soil and foliar application of solid or liquid fertilizers) are used. The effect of solid mineral fertilizers (A: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and dolomite; B: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and sulfate) enriched with iron sulfate was assessed during a three-year pot experiment. Iron addition did not change the yield of spring rape (first year) or maize (second and third year) significantly, and the effect on iron content in the plants was ambiguous. Fertilizer B with iron had the greatest yield-forming effect, increasing the yield of aboveground parts by 355–874%, and of roots by 211–692% in particular years. All fertilizers (especially containing sulfur) acidified the soil. After the experiment, pH of the soil fertilized with sulfur was 4.1, and of the unfertilized soil – 5.2. Iron addition increased the content of mobile and exchangeable iron in the soil by 12–110% and 2–58%, respectively, but not the content of the fraction bound to MnO_x. Combination of sulfur and iron fertilization has a potential to improve soil abundance and plant yield.     

基于烟叶品质指数的氮磷钾施肥模型

该研究以提供优质烟叶生产的量化施肥模型、防止化肥的过量使用造成的环境污染及烟叶品质下降为目的。通过盆栽及大田回归组合试验,对烟草栽培中的氮、磷、钾肥因子与烟草品质的关系进行研究。采用层次分析法（AHP）确定了各品质指标的权重,通过隶属函数对各处理烤后烟叶的内在品质进行模糊综合评价,以模糊综合评价的总得分为品质指数,建立了氮、磷、钾施肥量与品质指数的回归方程,并对回归方程进行优化。 结果表明,盆栽试验的适宜肥料施用量为N 4.51～6.14 g/pot,P2O5 6.48 ～10.48 g/pot,K2O 20.31～28.60 g/pot。在回归方程优化的基础上以盆栽试验结果建立了包含土壤基础肥力贡献率和烟草品种需肥量等参数的烟草氮、磷、钾施肥模型,并以大田试验的结果对模型进行了验证。结果表明,施肥模型计算的氮、磷、钾肥最佳推荐量为N 54.22 kg/hm2,P2O5 95.85 kg/hm2,K2O 347.26 kg/hm2,与大田试验的优化施肥量大致相同。     

氮肥施用对砖红壤硝态氮和盐基离子淋失特征的影响

氮肥品种的合理选用对作物增产增收、 土壤酸化改良有重要的影响。本文以海南省海口市观澜湖采集的砖红壤为研究对象,采用室内土柱模拟试验,对尿素、 硝酸铵和硫酸铵3种氮肥处理下砖红壤硝态氮及盐基离子（Ca2+、 Mg2+、 K+、 Na+）淋失特征进行了研究。结果表明, 1）硝态氮累积淋溶量表现为硫酸铵硝酸铵尿素N0,且硝态氮的淋溶量与施肥量呈正相关关系,整个淋溶过程中硝态氮累积淋溶量（y kg/hm2）与施肥量（x kg/hm2）之间满足线性方程 y=3.3064x+315.74（R2=0.8848）; 2）尿素、 硝酸铵、 硫酸铵处理整个淋溶过程的盐基离子淋溶量均表现为 Ca2+Mg2+K+Na+,且盐基离子淋溶总量（kg/hm2）表现为硫酸铵（1821.12）硝酸铵（1080.27）尿素（872.24）N0（417.23）; 3）砖红壤盐基离子迁移速率表现为硫酸铵（26.28%）硝酸铵（13.37%）尿素（11.78%）,尿素、 硝酸铵和硫酸铵处理分别以线性方程 y=0.1178x+123.18（R2=0.9121）、 乘幂方程 y=15.634x0.4423（R2=0.9259）和对数方程 y=128.38e0.0007x（R2= 0.9244）的拟合度最高。     

Einfluß der N-Düngung von Apfelkulturen auf Nitratgehalte im Boden,stickstoffhaltige Reservestoffe im Baum und Ertrag

Effect of N-fertilization in apple orchards on soil nitrate contents, nitrogenous reserves in the tree, and crop yield It should be investigated how nitrate supply affects crop yields and incorporation and mobilization of nitrogenous reserves with Golden Delicious' apple trees on M 7 and M 9, and whether N fertilizer needs are influenced by N reserves in the trees. Two trials were carried out in 1981–1983. In the first one on al loess soil increasing N levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N/ha) were applied. In the second one, on a podsolic sandy soil, N was applied either in spring and/or in August (0/0, 80/0, 40/40, 0/80 kg N/ha). N fertilizers were applied to the herbicide strips only. Both orchards were in their best cropping age. Soil nitrate contents were mainly influenced by N-fertilization. Precipitation and drip irrigation caused translocation of nitrate and leaching from the soil layer investigated (0–90 cm). Thus, on the sandy soil almost no nitrate was left in spring, whereas on the loess soil various amounts of nitrate were still available in the subsoil depending on N fertilization in the preciding year. In plots where N fertilization was at optimum, the soil nitrate contents varied between 65 and 130 kg N per hectare herbicide strip over the main growing season (May–August). In the bark N reserves were mainly proteins, but almost equal amounts of protein and soluble N were found in the wood. N reserves were incorporated into the bark mainly between October and December, but even earlier than September in the wood. They were mobilized from April through July. Arginine was stored in the wood in considerably higher amounts than in the bark. Asparagine contents showed a sharp increase immediately after blossom time, particularly in the bark. There was almost no significant influence of the different fertilizer patterns on incorporation and mobilization of nitrogenous compounds. The N-reserves had no effect on crop weight. Highest crop yields were obtained whenever at least 40 kg N/ha were applied in spring. Additional N supply in August did neither increase incorporation of N-reserves nor crop yields. The nitrogenous reserves in the trees can be ignored in estimating N-fertilizer needs. On the other hand, the soil nitrate contents at bud break in April should be taken into account.     

半干旱农田生态系统作物根系和施肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响

盆栽和大田试验表明,作物根系显著影响土壤微生物体氮的含量。在田间试验条件下,根际土壤微生物体氮比非根际土壤平均高出N54.7μg/g;盆栽试验中,根际土壤微生物体氮平均含量为N77.1±13.6μg/g,而非根际土壤为N65.2±17.0μg/g,差异达显著水平,根际微生物体氮含量为非际根际土壤的1.10～2.04倍。施肥能明显增加土壤微生物体氮含量,但影响程度因肥料种类而不同。秸秆和富含有机物质的厩肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响远大于化学肥料,而且土壤微生物体氮含量随秸秆施用量增加而增加。在红油土上进行的20年长期田间定位试验结果表明,对不施肥和施氮磷处理,0—20cm土层的微生物体氮分别是N102.2和110.4μg/g;在施氮磷的基础上,每公顷配施新鲜玉米秸秆9375kg、18750kg、37500kg和厩肥37500kg时,相应土层微生物体氮分别是N147.5、163.2、286.4和265.3μg/g。培养条件下,当有效能源物质缺乏时,微生物对NH4+-N的同化固定能力远大于NO3--N,但在加入有效能源物质葡萄糖后,微生物对2种形态氮的固定量大幅度增加,且对2种形态氮的固定量趋于一致。     

不同氮肥对潮土中磷肥转化的动态影响

利用室内土培试验研究了不同氮肥对潮土中磷肥转化的动态影响。结果表明，除硝酸铵，不同氮肥均显著降低土壤有效磷含量，其中以硝酸钙和尿素处理作用最显著；不同氮肥均显著降低土壤水溶性磷含量，但硝酸铵的作用显著小于其他氮肥；各氮肥处理在培养15d时，土壤水溶性磷含量差异最显著，硝酸钙和尿素处理的土壤水溶性磷含量有小于氯化铵和硫酸铵处理的趋势，但随着时间延长，除硝酸铵外，各氮肥处理间差异不大。     

施肥对小麦/玉米带田养分吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

小麦与玉米间作是西北干旱灌区常见的高产栽培模式,为了给小麦/玉米带田高效施肥提供科学依据,通过在干旱灌区进行的小麦/玉米带田田间试验,研究了不同施肥模式对小麦/玉米带田产量、养分吸收及土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明,以有机肥与化肥配施、养分均衡供给与合理运筹为核心的优化施肥模式(施有机肥22.5 t/hm2、N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 120 kg/hm2、K2O 120 kg/hm2,有机肥、全部磷钾肥及20%的氮肥做底肥,80%的氮肥在小麦三叶期追施10%、小麦挑旗期追施20%、玉米喇叭口期追施30%、玉米灌浆中期追施20%)促进了间作体系作物植株对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收,相对于增量施肥模式,优化施肥模式的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率分别提高了38.8%和36.9%,氮肥利用效率增加了14百分点,0～120 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量减少43.9%～58.0%,小麦产量达5 358 kg/hm2,玉米产量达12 453 kg/hm2。     

滴灌施用不同氮肥对马铃薯生长的影响

本研究是在盆栽试验条件下,通过滴灌施肥系统施用四种不同氮肥,以了解不同氮肥对马铃薯生长及块茎产量、品质的影响。试验所选用的氮肥有:尿素、氯化铵、硫酸铵、硝酸铵。结果表明:在滴灌施肥条件下,尿素在促进马铃薯植株营养生长方面所起的作用优于其它3种氮肥;滴施4种不同氮肥影响马铃薯块茎对N、P、K、Ca、Mg等养分的吸收;硝酸铵在提高马铃薯块茎产量、降低还原糖含量方面效果明显。     

小白菜氮钾适用量研究

为研究安全的蔬菜施肥技术,通过不同质地土壤的田间试验,研究不同NK配比对小白菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在固定施磷水平的基础上,在不同质地的土壤上,小白菜对NK配比有不同的效应,氮钾合理配施可使蔬菜高产优质;土壤的施N量和施K量与小白菜产量的回归关系均成一元二次的抛物线方程,超过一定的施N量和施K量均会使小白菜减产;小白菜的硝酸盐浓度与施N量的关系,均有随施N量增高而增高的趋势;与施K量的关系,则呈一元2次或3次的回归关系,存在硝酸盐浓度最低点的施K量最适点;小白菜的维生素C和可溶性糖含量同样有施N量和施K量的最适点。     

Umsatz und Wirkung von Harnstoff-Dicyandiamid- sowie Ammonsulfat-Dicyandiamid-Produkten zu Weidelgras und Reis

Transformation and effect of urea – dicyandiamide and ammonium sulphate – dicyandiamide products with ryegrass and rice The transformation of urea or ammonium sulphate fertilizers both in combination with dicyandiamide was tested in soil under aerobic conditions. Nitrification was determined after percolation and different incubation periods by measuring the amount of nitrate leached. The mineralisation of urea and ammonium sulphate in the fertile soil was relatively quick. However the addition of 5 to 10 % DCD of the total fertilizer-N inhibited vigorously the nitrification for 6 weeks, 20 % DCD even for 10 weeks. In this way the danger of nitrate leaching was greatly diminished and a slow and constant release of available nitrogen rendered. After a preceding aerobic incubation (up to 4 weeks), flooding and rice-seeding diminished the nitrogen losses by leaching and denitrification remarkably in the Ha/DCD – as well as AS/DCD-pots if compared to urea or ammonium sulphate alone. This effect was particulary clear after a 4 weeks incubation period. Therefore these urea – and ammonium sulphate-dicy-andiamide products guarantee a proper and constant N-nutrition of the rice plants and may decrease the N-losses caused by leaching and denitrification. Nitrogen fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors are of special interest for rice culture, because they allow a better timing of N-fertilizer application, rice seeding and water flooding and render a more economical utilization of nitrogen fertilizers.