Optimization of phosphoric acid catalyzed fractionation and enzymatic digestibility of flax shives

Flax shives are the woody residue left over from processing flax straw into fiber, and are an abundant renewable lignocellulosic material with a potential for the conversion into bioethanol and other value added products. In this study, prior to enzymatic hydrolysis for the liberation of fermentable sugars, such as glucose and xylose, flax shives were treated with concentrated phosphoric acid. In order to optimize the phosphoric acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis steps, the effects of three process variables on the fractionation of flax shives, and enzymatic digestibility of pretreated flax shives were evaluated. The optimization process employed a central composite design (CCD), where the variables selected were concentration of phosphoric acid (40.8–86.2%), pretreatment time (9.5–110.5 min), and cellulase loading (13.1–71.9 FPU/g cellulose). Using three-variable and five-level CCD, all tested independent variables were identified to have significant effects (P < 0.05) on the digestibility of pretreated flax shives. It was found that the level of phosphoric acid (P < 0.0001) affects the digestibility most significantly when compared with other variables. When the optimization was conducted under a constrain of minimum cellulase loading, the maximum digestibility of 94.8% was predicted when the phosphoric acid concentration, pretreatment time, and cellulase loading were 86.2%, 110.5 min, and 13.1 FPU/g cellulose at 50 °C and 120 h, respectively. Under these conditions, digestibility of pretreated flax shives in the validation study reached a maximum of 93% at 120 h of incubation, showing good agreement with the values from the validation experiment of 93.4%, indicating high accuracy of the CCD procedure. When triticale straw, pine wood, and poplar wood were pretreated and hydrolyzed under optimum conditions obtained from the flax shives experiment, the digestibility reached 98.2, 74.8, and 95.7%, respectively, suggesting that the modest pretreatment process using phosphoric acid is an effective method for perennial plants as well as hard wood.     

Impact of aggregate coating with a PEC elastomer on properties of lightweight flax shive concrete

Lightweight concrete becomes an important subject of research because of its insulating properties. The main objective of this research is to present a process improving the flax shive behaviour in a cement matrix. Flax shives stem from flax culture. It is the major product (50% of biomass weight). To be used as aggregates, shives should have a hydrophobization treatment. The aim of this work is the treatment of shives with a biodegradable elastomer: poly(PEG-co-CA). This elastomer is synthesized by the polycondensation of polyethylenglycol (PEG) and citric acid (CA). After their treatment with PEC elastomer, flax shives show a decrease in water absorption. Then, they are incorporated in a cement matrix. Mechanical properties, thermal properties and behaviour towards water (dimensional variations) of concrete are determined. The shive treatment shows an improvement in compressive and flexural strengths but an increase in thermal conductivity. The extreme dimensional variations (EDVs) and drying shrinkage (DS) decrease also with concrete prepared with treated shives compared to the standard. Overall the lightweight concrete obtained exhibits performances close to those of wood concrete.     

Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol

This work investigated the yield and nature of solvent-soluble organic compounds extracted from flax shive using a room temperature reaction (20 °C) with sodium ethoxide catalyst at four different concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 M) in anhydrous ethanol. Results were compared with the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 M) at two different reaction temperatures (20 °C and 100 °C). Quantitative yield from flax shive varied linearly with sodium ethoxide concentration and averaged 54.5 mg/g on a dry-mass basis (db) at 1.0 M. In contrast, the quantitative yield using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide was much lower, averaging 2.2 mg/g (db). Yield did not differ significantly due to changes of particle size in either case, or due to changes of temperature over the range considered in the case of sodium hydroxide.Analyses using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) confirmed all extracts to contain aromatic compounds, thus likely lignin derived, but found differences in chemical characteristics between the two extraction methods. One key difference was the presence of compounds with methyl ether groups in sodium hydroxide extracts that were absent in the case of sodium ethoxide extracts. Given that flax contains a mixed guaiacyl-syringyl lignin, methyl ether groups would be expected to be present. Control reactions on three model compounds were carried out to confirm that transesterification occurred with sodium ethoxide. These control reactions also demonstrated that methyl ether groups would be expected to remain intact under the extraction conditions reported here. In light of the higher yield of solvent soluble compounds recovered by extraction with basic ethanol, flax shive may represent a source of value-added phenolic constituents. This processing method may also represent a useful pre-treatment prior to the production of biofuels by cellulose degrading organisms.     

Extraction of lipids from flax processing waste using hot ethanol

The cuticle of flax stems contains lipids that provide a protective barrier to pathogens and control moisture loss. These lipids include wax esters and long chain fatty alcohols or policosanols. Cuticle fragments generated during several different fiber processing operations retain these lipid compounds that represent a potential co-product. Samples of flax shives (i.e., lignified core tissues), processing dust, and cuticular fractions recovered from enzyme retting waste water were extracted on a laboratory scale with hot ethanol to remove the lipid compounds. Ethanol extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the amount and type of lipids recovered. The results demonstrated that hot ethanol effectively extracted the lipid compounds from cuticle fragments in all these samples. When the extract was cooled, the longer chain wax esters (i.e., chain length of 44 carbon atoms or larger) precipitated and could be separated from the shorter chain lipid components (i.e., fatty alcohols and aldehydes less than 44 carbons). Similar results were obtained using absolute ethanol or 95% ethanol (aqueous). This technique provides a very economical method to recover lipid fractions as potential value-added co-product from flax processing waste.     

天亚7号油纤兼用型亚麻育种研究

围绕高产、抗亚麻枯萎病和油、纤两用的育种目标，利用复式杂交选育出了天亚７号亚麻新品种，并且在自然和人工病圃内进行了抗亚麻枯萎病的鉴定。在品比和区试过程中，天亚７号表现显著增产，籽实含油率达４１．９％，工艺长度５０．７ｃｍ。在自然病田内苗期死亡率０．１９％，在病圃内成株期发病率为３．２％，其它综合性状均优于对照品种。     

重庆市涪陵区亚麻试种情况初报

本文总结了涪陵区两年试种亚麻的基本情况。摸索了亚麻在涪陵日照低值区域生长发育特点和高产经验，为今后生产发展提供科学合理的栽培技术措施。     

亚麻品种资源的聚类分析及评价

对52个国内亚麻品种进行聚类分析,形成了亚麻品种的系统分类,亚麻可分为4个品种群.其中品种群Ⅱ包含两个亚群,亚群Ⅰ为油用及油纤兼用类型,亚群Ⅱ为纤维用类型.亚群Ⅱ包括了我国主要栽培品种,这些品种抗病性强,产量水平高,农艺性状优良.品种群Ⅵ的明显特点是主茎分枝多,单株果数多,抗病性强,其中红木65和匈牙利5号为我国品种选育的骨干亲本.     

云南宾川县亚麻生产技术系列报道之五—亚麻品比试验研究

通过对阿里亚娜、阿高斯、汉姆斯、范妮4个品种丰产性、抗逆性、高产稳产性试验，选出阿里亚娜为大面积推广品种，阿高斯为搭配品种，汉姆斯和范妮为继续试验品种。     

亚麻优异种质创新利用及发展

亚麻种质创新工作采用外源总体 DNA导入 ,Co6 0— γ射线处理种子、植株以及利用雄性核不育材料进入转育等方法创造新类型、新材料 ,提供给育种家 ,培育出一批优异亚麻新品种 ,促进了亚麻生产的飞速发展。随着新的生物技术和信息技术的突破 ,对今后种质创新工作进行展望     

气候变化对甘肃胡麻生产的影响

利用1981—2000年甘肃全省71站点胡麻产量和生长期(4～10月)气象资料,用EOF、小波分析和积分 回归等统计分析方法分析胡麻产量的时空特征,以及不同气象因子对胡麻产量的影响。结果表明,胡麻产量分布 由北向南依次递减;在降水量变化一定的条件下,胡麻产量随温度的升高而降低;在温度变化一定的条件下,胡麻 产量随降水的增加而增加,适时早播可避免胡麻籽粒期高温对产量的影响。为适应气候变化,应积极试验扩大复 种面积,提高商品量。     

密度对亚麻纤维细胞发育的影响

本文研究了密度与亚麻纤维形成发育的关系 ,结果表明 :亚麻植株横切面上的纤维细胞数无论密度如何变化 ,均以中部最多 ,下部次之 ,上部最少。纤维细胞大小 :下部最大 ,中部次之 ,上部最小。在快速生长期以前 ,茎中部的纤维细胞数量随密度的增加而增加 ,而纤维细胞群数则随密度的增加而减少。开花后直到工艺成热期 ,茎中部的纤维细胞均以中密度最多 ,分别为 5 30个和 6 6 2个 ;纤维细胞群数则以其最少。     

Fractionation of oats into products enriched with protein,beta-glucan,starch, or other carbohydrates

A modified wet method was developed to fractionate ground oat groats into 4 fractions enriched with beta-glucan (BG), protein, starch, and other carbohydrates (CHO), respectively. Effects of defatting oats and centrifuge force for separation were also investigated. Results show that, depending on the two factors, nutrient concentrations in the corresponding fractions ranged 28.53–44.84% (dry matter) for BG, 72.41–92.62% for protein, 79.13–81.69% for starch, and 37.47–42.16% for other CHO. Nutrient recoveries from each fraction were 39.82–51.20% for BG, 60.36–72.08% for protein, 77.04–87.25% for starch, and 24.87–29.68% for other CHO. For the protein fraction, defatting improved the protein content but did not on its recovery. For the starch fraction, the effect of defatting was just opposite, improving the starch recovery but not the starch content. Centrifuge force increased the BG content in the BG fraction when the defatted sample was used. The cumulative recovery of each component in the combined fractions was not affected by oil removal or centrifuge force. Overall, the wet method described was relatively effective in recovering the major nutrients from oats into their respective fractions, while it alleviated the problems of viscous slurry upon mixing ground oat groats with an alkaline solvent and the difficulty of slurry separation.     

玉米茎秆纤维组分近红外反射光谱模型的建立

以200份玉米自交系作为试验材料,利用近红外反射光谱技术建立3种茎秆组分的近红外光谱模型,研究更快速、准确地测定玉米茎秆中木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量的方法。结果表明,在4 017.94～8 053.28、4 017.94～8 067.89和4 027.08～8 928.20谱区内建立的测定玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量的近红外光谱模型效果最好。利用偏最小二乘回归法建立校正模型,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的校正相关系数分别为0.932 9、0.925 1和0.926 5,校正标准差分别为1.57、1.68和1.18。选取30份玉米茎秆样品作为检验集对模型进行验证,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的外部相关系数分别为0.938 9、0.891 1和0.905 0,其预测标准差分别为1.57、2.14和1.49。同样选取30份茎秆样品对模型进行交叉验证,其相关系数分别为0.897 3、0.944 2和0.891 8,交叉验证标准差分别为1.87、2.32和1.43。研究结果表明,所建模型质量较好,能快速、准确测量玉米茎秆木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量。     

亚麻锈病发生特点及防治

从亚麻锈病的发生、发展、危害及病原菌生长发育规律到病害综合防治,进行了系统研究,明确了该病的发生与品种、土壤类型及气象因素等诸方面的关系,为病害防治提了理论依据;也明确了带菌土壤和种子是该病害主要侵染源和传播途径,用药剂防治效果可达75%以上;同时建立了综合防病体系。     

Fibre constituents of some foods

Some plant foods viz. bottlegourd, carrot, cauliflower, cabbage, green bengalgram, pea, apple, plum, guava, karonda, blackgram husk and lentil husk were analysed for their dietary fibre components. The total dietary fibre contents of these foods varied from 14.68 to 78.21 percent on dry matter basis. As compared to fruits and vegetables, the husks had higher amount of total dietary fibre. Cellulose represented as the major fibre constituent in most of the foods whereas, husks were observed to be good sources of hemicellulose. All foods were low in pectin and lignin contents except guava.     

亚麻抗倒伏性状分析及培土对亚麻抗倒伏的影响

对亚麻抗倒伏机理及抗倒伏栽培技术研究表明:(1)采用倒伏指数能较好地反映亚麻抗倒伏能力,用倒伏程度能客观准确地评价亚麻倒伏的实际情况。(2)亚麻的抗倒伏能力与一级分枝长、一级分枝角度、单茎鲜重、冠层鲜重、冠层附着水量、倒伏指数、单株分茎数、根系鲜重,根系干重等性状呈负相关。与茎粗、茎秆抗折力、茎秆干重等性状呈正相关。(3)与倒伏程度关系最密切的几个性状中,茎秆抗折力对倒伏程度的直接作用最大,其次为茎粗和单茎鲜重。(4)快速生长期至现蕾期培土,可降低植株重心高度,使倒伏程度降低9.12%,比不培土的单株平均产量高16.21%,粒重增加2.68%,果粒数增加9.24%,单位面积产量高14.67%,而且差异达显著或极显著水平,但经济系数、株高、纤维的工艺长度等性状无明显变化,培土措施对抗倒伏能力差的品种效果较好,而对抗倒伏能力强的品种作用较小。     

甘肃胡麻地方品种种质资源品质分析

对甘肃116 个胡麻地方品种种质资源的粗脂肪含量、5种脂肪酸含量及碘价等主要品质性状进行测定分 析,对品质性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,甘肃胡麻地方种质资源粗脂肪含量,棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚 油酸、亚麻酸含量及碘价的平均值分别为37. 48%、5. 90%、5. 32%、29. 05%、10. 94%、48. 76%和175. 60。粗脂肪 含量普遍较低,油酸和亚麻酸含量高。5种脂肪酸中棕榈酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸含量变异较小,硬脂酸和油酸变异较 大;不同品质性状间的相关关系和相关程度不同,粗脂肪含量与亚油酸含量有极显著的正相关,与硬脂酸含量有极 显著的负相关;亚麻酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸含量均呈极显著的负相关关系,与碘价呈极显著的正相关关 系;棕榈酸与油酸含量有显著的正相关,硬脂酸与油酸含量有极显著的正相关,油酸与碘价呈极显著负相关。初步 筛选出一批高油分、高油酸、高亚麻酸的优良种质。     

亚麻品种资源对枯萎病的抗性评价 —06

利用亚麻枯萎病病圃,对508份国内外亚麻品种资源进行了抗枯萎病的鉴定和评价,按照参试品种较统 一感病对照发病率的降低率,把抗枯萎病程度划分为高抗(HR) 、中抗(MR) 、低抗(LR) 、低感(LS) 、中感(MS)和高 感(HS)共6个级别。各个级别的品种资源数分别为45、38、64、92、112 和157;分别占试验资源总数的8. 9%、 7. 5%、12. 5%、18. 1%、22. 1%和30. 9%。高、中抗资源共计16. 4%。筛选出的高抗和中抗枯萎病资源中有41份 属于首次报道,其中包括13份国外引进品种、7份国内地方品种和21份国内育成品种,一些重点抗源已成功地应 用于亚麻抗枯萎病育种实践。     

不同生育期橡胶树幼茎细胞壁三要素的变化动态

对巴西橡胶树热研7-33-97半年生组培苗的木质部不同发育时期的木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量进行测定分析,用Van Soes方法计算得到木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的含量。结果表明,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素在生长发育过程中的含量随着生长发育逐渐增加。其中木质素与纤维素的含量随着生长发育趋于稳定状态,而半纤维素的含量从GX期开始迅速增加,直到SX期也没有出现趋向稳定的趋势;木质素/纤维素的比值在发育过程中变化不大,木质素/半纤维素的比值及纤维素/半纤维素的比值在GX期均达最大。木质素与纤维素的相关性显著,积累是同步的。     

Chemical composition of grape stalks of Vitis vinifera L. from red grape pomaces

The chemical composition and the structure of macromolecular components of grape stalks from red grape pomaces have been evaluated. These are composed mainly of cellulose (30.3%), hemicelluloses (21.0%), lignin (17.4%), tannins (15.9%) and proteins (6.1%). Among hemicelluloses the xylan was the most abundant (ca. 12%). The parameters of cellulose unitary cell, average diameter of nanofibrils and the degree of crystallinity (75.4%) were assessed by X-ray scattering analysis. The xylan was partially acetylated glucuronoxylan (DS = 0.49) possessing the Xylp:MeGlcpA ratio of 25:1. The lignin of grape stalks was suggested to be of HGS type with H:G:S molar proportion of 3:71:26 as revealed by analysis of nitrobenzene oxidation products. Among alkali soluble condensed tannins procyanidins prevailed over prodelphinidins. The abnormal response of grape stalks to kraft pulping, leading to poorly delignified fibrous material, was attributed to a particular lignin structure and it structural association with other macromolecular components of grape stalks.