Growth,Metabolism and Yield of Rice Cultivated in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Cyanobacteria and Metal Loads in Plant Parts

Soil amendment with fly ash(FA) and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m~2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m~2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m~2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m~2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m~2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m~2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts(root and seed) were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients(Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu) and toxic elements(Pb, Cr and Cd) increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m~2, with 1.0 kg/m~2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.     

光合细菌与尿素联合施用对土壤理化性质和酶活性及水稻产量和加工品质的影响

以新粳伊7号为试验材料,设置6个处理（T1,尿素施用量0+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T2,尿素施用量25 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T3,尿素施用量30 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T4,尿素施用量35 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;T5,尿素施用量40 kg/667 m²+光合细菌54 kg/667 m²;CK,不添加尿素、光合细菌）,研究了光合细菌单独施用及与尿素联合施用对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,T1处理土壤有机质含量显著升高,而总磷含量显著下降;T1处理土壤尿酶和硝酸还原酶活性显著下降,而亚硝酸还原酶活性显著升高;T1处理水稻产量较CK显著增产5.19%。随尿素用量增加,土壤各因子含量下降,其中,T3、 T4处理的硝态氮、有机质含量显著高于T1、T2和T5处理;随尿素用量增加,土壤脲酶活性呈现出极显著线性增长趋势,亚硝酸还原酶和硝酸还原酶活性先降低后上升,但处理间差异均不显著;随尿素用量增加,水稻穗长、株高、产量和整精米率呈线性增加趋势,而精米率先上升后降低。Pearson相关分析显示,尿素和硝态氮与脲酶活性呈极显著或显著正相关,氨态氮与硝酸还原酶活性呈显著正相关。多因子相关分析显示,尿素为土壤酶活性的主要影响因素。土壤酶活性对水稻农艺性状、产量和稻米品质起主要影响作用。综上,单一使用光合细菌或者与尿素联合施用能够显著激活土壤氮转化酶活性,从而改善水稻农艺性状,促进产量增加和加工品质提升。     

Application of Rice Husk Biochar for Achieving Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

This paper critically reviewed the current knowledge and challenges of rice husk biochar(RHB) production and its effects on soil properties, plant growth, immobilization of heavy metals, reduction of nutrient leaching and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The characteristics of RHBs produced at various pyrolysis temperatures were discussed and compared to biochars derived from other agroindustrial wastes. RHBs produced at higher pyrolysis temperatures show lower hydrogen/carbon ratio, which suggests the presence of higher aromatic carbon compounds. The increase of pyrolysis temperature also results in production of RHBs with higher ash content, lower yield and higher surface area. RHB usually has higher silicon and ash contents and lower carbon content compared to biochars derived from other feedstocks at the same pyrolysis conditions. Although it depends on soil type, RHB application can improve soil organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, available K concentration, bulk density and microbial activity. The effect of RHB on soil aggregation mainly depends on soil texture. The growth of different crops is also enhanced by application of RHB. RHB addition to soil can immobilize heavy metals and herbicides and reduce their bioavailability. RHB application shows a significant capacity in reduction of nitrate leaching, although its magnitude depends on the biochar application rate and soil biogeochemical characteristics. Use of RHB, especially in paddy fields, shows a promising mitigation effect on greenhouse gas(CH_4, CO_2 and N_2 O) emissions. Although RHB characteristics are also related to other factors such as pyrolysis heating rate and residence time, its performance for specific applications(e.g. carbon sequestration, p H amendment) can be manipulated by adjusting the pyrolysis temperature. More research is needed on long-term field applications of RHB to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of RHB as a soil amendment.     

基于BaPS技术的橡胶林土壤呼吸研究

阐明橡胶林生态系统土壤呼吸作用及影响因素,对制定橡胶林土壤管理措施、培育土壤有机碳库和评估区域碳收支平衡具有重要意义。本文采用气压分离技术(Ba PS)研究了橡胶林砖红壤的土壤呼吸速率对温度、水分及碳氮源的响应。结果表明,随着土壤温度(10~30℃)的升高,土壤呼吸速率先增加后下降;土壤孔隙度水(WFPS)为35%~60%时,土壤呼吸速率与其呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.448,p<0.05)。WFPS为60%~90%,二者呈极显著负相关关系(R~2=0.923,p<0.01);与不施氮相比,低量硝态氮的添加(0.5、2.0、4.0 g/m~2)显著促进了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05),高量铵态氮的添加(10.0~40.0 g/m~2)则显著抑制了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05)。土壤呼吸速率与硝态氮、铵态氮(4.0~40.0 g/m~2)均呈显著负相关关系(R~2=0.282,p<0.05;R~2=0.345,p<0.05);与不施碳相比,添加碳(1.0~40.0 g/m~2)激发了土壤呼吸速率(p<0.05),二者呈极显著正相关关系(R~2=0.307,p<0.01)。      

低硝酸盐含量的厚皮甜瓜无土栽培试验

在椰糠中添加一定比例的有机鸡粪肥可以使无土栽培中厚皮甜瓜的长势增强，但产量不一定增加。使用日本园艺全营养配方营养液和花无缺复合肥水溶液2种不同配方的营养液，对植株的生长势和产量及果实的可溶性固形物的含量影响差距并不大，但对成熟果实中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量因基质的不同有极显著的影响。选用新椰糠和有机鸡粪肥体积比为5：1作基质，使用花无缺复合肥水溶液作营养液可以生产出硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量符合国家水果标准的甜瓜。     

栗钙土施肥土壤有机碳特性与平衡调控研究

有机无机肥配施明显改善了栗钙土土壤有机 C特性 ,土壤总有机 C、易氧化 C、重组 C、有机 C复合量增大 ,提高了土壤有机 C活性 ,松、稳和紧结态 C含量增加 ,且以紧、松结态 C为主 ,同砂质栗钙土相比 ,壤质草甸栗钙土呈现紧结态 C向稳结态 C转化趋势。不同有机物料在砂质栗钙土和壤质草甸栗钙土上腐殖化系数分别变化于 0 .2 5～ 0 .68和 0 .4 1～ 0 .72之间 ,矿化率则分别变化于 2 .86%～ 4 .53%和 1 .1 0 %～ 3.77%之间。维持高水平土壤有机 C平衡的有机物料临界施用量砂质栗钙土需秸秆类肥 1 1 2 56.5kg· hm-2或畜粪肥1 0 953.4 kg·hm-2或农家肥 32 1 76.5kg· hm-2 ,而壤质草甸栗钙土则需秸秆类肥 7379.2 kg· hm-2或畜粪肥681 4 .0 kg·hm-2或农家肥 1 4 1 58.1 kg· hm-2。     

Analysis of sample size for variables related to plant,soil, and soil microbial respiration in a paddy rice field

Pre-samplings for sample size determination are strongly recommended to assure the reliability of collected data. However, there is a certain dearth of references about sample size determination in field experiments. Seldom if ever, differences in sample size were identified under different management conditions, plant traits, varieties grown and crop age. In order to analyze any differences in sample size for some of the variables measurable in rice field experiments, the visual jackknife method was applied to pre-samples collected in a paddy rice field in Northern Italy, where a management typical for European rice was conducted. Sample sizes for 14 variables describing plant features (plant density, spikelet sterility, biomass, carbon and nitrogen concentration for the different plant organs and for the whole plant) and for 12 variables describing physical and chemical soil features (texture, pH, water holding capacity, soil organic matter, total carbon and nitrogen concentration, mineral nitrogen concentration) and soil microbial activity were estimated. The elementary units of observation were a 3-plant sample and an aggregate sample of four 125 cm³ sub-samples respectively for plant- and soil-related variables. Sample sizes ranged between 15 and 27 for plant-related variables and between 5 and 6 for soil variables. Relating to plant features, remarkable differences in sample size were observed in carbon concentration values of different plant organs, probably due to maintenance respiration. Homogeneity among sample sizes for soil variables could be explained by the capability of aggregate samples in capturing a big part of the total variance. This study underlines importance of carrying out pre-samplings aiming at sample size determination for different variables describing the cropping system.     

稻蟹共作模式生态效应研究进展

主要从土壤、水环境和杂草防控三个方面,对目前我国稻蟹共作模式下田间生态的研究现状进行了总结与分析.提出了几种目前比较常见的稻蟹共作模式,即有机稻蟹和常规稻蟹两种普遍模式.分析了稻蟹共作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性和根际微生物区系的影响.养蟹稻田可以显著降低土壤容重,而总孔隙度及全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和土壤有机质含量都显著增加;显著提高0~10 cm土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶以及过氧化氢酶的活性;土壤根际微生物以细菌为主要菌群,氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、嫌气性纤维素分解菌、好气性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌数量显著高于单作水稻;与常规稻蟹相比,有机稻蟹的土壤性状表现更好.稻蟹模式下浮游动植物的多样性和生物量显著低于单作水稻,而水体中溶解氧(DO)明显偏低,硝酸盐、磷酸盐含量显著高于不养蟹稻田.稻田养蟹能够显著抑制稻田4种优势杂草的密度,对于稻田杂草的防控效果明显.     

LC-PUFA-Enriched Oil Production by Microalgae: Accumulation of Lipid and Triacylglycerols Containing n-3 LC-PUFA Is Triggered by Nitrogen Limitation and Inorganic Carbon Availability in the Marine Haptophyte Pavlova lutheri

In most microalgal species, triacyglycerols (TAG) contain mostly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, rather than PUFA, while PUFA-enriched oil is the form most desirable for dietary intake. The ability of some species to produce LC-PUFA-enriched oil is currently of specific interest. In this work, we investigated the role of sodium bicarbonate availability on lipid accumulation and n-3 LC-PUFA partitioning into TAG during batch cultivation of Pavlova lutheri. Maximum growth and nitrate uptake exhibit an optimum concentration and threshold tolerance to bicarbonate addition (~9 mM) above which both parameters decreased. Nonetheless, the transient highest cellular lipid and TAG contents were obtained at 18 mM bicarbonate, immediately after combined alkaline pH stress and nitrate depletion (day nine), while oil body and TAG accumulation were highly repressed with low carbon supply (2 mM). Despite decreases in the proportions of EPA and DHA, maximum volumetric and cellular EPA and DHA contents were obtained at this stage due to accumulation of TAG containing EPA/DHA. TAG accounted for 74% of the total fatty acid per cell, containing 55% and 67% of the overall cellular EPA and DHA contents, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that inorganic carbon availability and elevated pH represent two limiting factors for lipid and TAG accumulation, as well as n-3 LC-PUFA partitioning into TAG, under nutrient-depleted P. lutheri cultures.     

MINI REVIEW Pasta brownness: An Assessment

Pasta colour is an essential factor in assessing pasta quality. It results from a desirable yellow component, an undesirable brown component and, under some drying conditions, a red component. The cause of pasta brownness is complex and its biochemical and technological basis is still a matter of controversy. This paper is a comprehensive review of the literature data in the light of results which have been recently obtained in our laboratory. Pasta brightness (L) is an indicator of the attenuation of the light reflected by pasta samples. Brownness is usually defined as 100-L, and brownish pasta is characterised by a low L value and a dominant wavelength in the 578 nm region. The contributions of cultivar and location to the variance of L are about 15% and 65%, respectively. Within the same cultivar, L decreases when the protein and ash contents increase but the basis of these relations are not known. Pasta brownness is the result of an inherent brownness of the endosperm (the dominant parameter in the case of semolina scarcely contaminated by the peripheral parts of the grain), of the degree of purity of the semolina and of Maillard reactions when pasta are dried at high temperature. Inherent brownness of semolina could be due to a water-soluble copper protein (Matsuo's brown protein) and/or to the action of oxidising enzymes which would take place during grain maturation. The brown colour of spaghetti increases sharply with the ash content of the milling streams. Whether such brownness results from the inherent brownness of milling streams or from the action of polyphenol oxidase is not known. Kneading and extrusion of pasta have no significant effect on brownness. The formation of brown «melanoidin» pigments due to the development of Maillard reactions is related to the reducing-sugar content of pasta and the drying parameters. Recommendations for future research are given, which include further genetic and physicochemical investigations of Matsuo's brown protein, the evolution of polyphenoloxidase activity during durum wheat grain maturation and the relationship between pasta brownness and the PPO activity of milling streams.     

Biomass, organic carbon and mineral matter contents of abaca (Musa textilis Nee) at different stages of growth

This study was conducted to measure the biomass, organic carbon and mineral matter contents of abaca at different stages of growth as baseline information for material cycling of the plant. These were attained through destructive sampling of the identified sample plants. Different parameters such as moisture content, dry matter, organic carbon and mineral matter contents were determined. Regression and correlation analyses were also conducted to find out possible relationship between growth parameters and plant biomass.Biomass contents ranged from 11 to 21% regardless of the growth stages of abaca. Based on the weight of partitioned components, biomass, organic carbon and mineral matter contents (g/plant) of all tissues increased as the growth of abaca plant progressed. Pseudostem tissue showed the highest percent moisture content but it also showed the highest biomass (dry weight per plant) during the vegetative and flagleaf stages of growth. The pseudostem biomass accounted nearly two-thirds of the above-ground biomass at harvesting stage in the production system. Cumulative effect could be disadvantageous and would most likely result to nutrient imbalance in the system due to crop removal and nutrient mining. A strong relationship was found between biomass and pseudostem length (r = 0.997).     

不同生物炭类型及添加量对土壤碳氮转化的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究不同生物炭类型(椰壳炭、稻壳炭、柠条炭)以及生物炭添加水平对不同土壤(砖红壤和水稻土)碳素转化的影响。结果表明,在施用等量尿素的情况下,随着生物炭添加量的增加土壤的有机碳含量显著提高。对土壤氮素转化的影响总体表现一致,土壤铵态氮含量逐渐减少,而硝态氮含量逐渐增加;添加1%、2%、5%生物炭的处理土壤NH_4~+-N含量分别比对照降低了13.3%~16.0%、18.6%~28.5%、51.1%~68.8%,NO_3~--N含量比对照提高了6.4%~13.3%、12.9%~19.7%、18.4%~22.7%,这可能与添加生物炭后土壤pH升高引起的氨挥发增加有关,然而其影响程度与土壤类型、生物炭类型和生物炭添加量密切相关。     

不同类型茶园土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征研究

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究福建省武夷山市5种不同类型茶园土壤（黄壤、红壤、潮砂土、高山草甸土、紫色土）团聚体有机碳分布特征。结果表明：5种类型茶园土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量均随土壤层次的加深呈现降低的趋势;2个土层中,5种类型茶园土壤团聚体有机碳含量均以＞5 mm粒径最高,随着土壤团聚体粒径的增加,团聚体有机碳增加;黄壤、高山草甸土和紫色土茶园均以＞5 mm粒径团聚体有机碳储量和贡献率最高,而潮砂土则以＜0.25 mm粒径最高;土壤有机碳含量与各粒径团聚体有机碳含量呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.95～0.98）。     

海藻渣与镁配施对红壤理化性质和烟草生长的影响

针对部分红壤地区土壤酸性强、有效养分含量低及透气性差等特性,研究了硫酸镁和海藻渣配施对红壤理化性质及烟草生长的影响,为烟区红壤改良提供理论基础。采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理,CK：对照,不加镁和海藻渣;MS：单独施用硫酸镁,每千克土施用0.375 g;SF：单独施用海藻渣,每千克土施用50 g;C₁：每千克土施用MgSO₄ 0.375 g+海藻渣50 g;C₂：每千克土施用MgSO₄ 0.563 g+海藻渣75 g;C₃：每千克土施用MgSO₄ 0.75 g+海藻渣100 g。烟草收获时,测定并分析不同处理对土壤pH、有机碳、矿质养分含量、土壤容重、总孔隙度,以及烟草农艺性状、烟叶矿质养分含量等的影响。结果表明：单独施用硫酸镁或海藻渣以及硫酸镁与海藻渣配施后,烟草株高、茎粗和叶片数等农艺性状明显改善,生物量比对照显著提高;硫酸镁单施处理中烟叶的P和Mg含量比对照显著提高,海藻渣单施及硫酸镁与海藻渣配施的烟叶P、K和Mg含量比对照显著提高;C₃处理土壤pH比对照提高0.38个单位,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量分别比对照提高了42.85%、60.01%、33.73%、253.02%和689.07%;C₁、C₂和C₃处理土壤有机碳含量分别比对照提高了212.9%、385.7%和540.7%;海藻渣单施及与镁配施对土壤有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量显著提高;海藻渣单施或与镁配施能显著降低土壤容重并提高土壤总孔隙度;C₃处理土壤容重比对照显著降低9.78%,总孔隙度比对照显著提高8.87%。因此,海藻渣和硫酸镁配施能促进红壤中烟草的生长,并有效改善红壤的理化性状。     

土壤有机碳组分和微生物群落对有机管理的响应

土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon, SOC）和微生物是土壤质量和健康变化的重要评价指标。为了探究热区不同的管理方式对茶园土壤有机碳组分和微生物群落组成的影响,本研究选取海南省白沙县有机茶园（organic tea plantations, OTP）和常规茶园（conventional tea plantations, CTP）作为研究对象,利用¹³C-核磁共振（¹³C-NMR）生物标记技术和磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）来研究不同管理模式下茶园土壤中有机碳化学组分和土壤微生物的群落组成的变化,明确有机管理和无机管理对土壤有机碳组分（烷基C、O-烷基C、芳香C和羧基C）和微生物群落组成的影响。结果显示：（1）与无机管理相比,有机管理显著改变了茶园土壤中养分含量。有机质（SOM）含量增加了47.86%,总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量分别增加了37.40%和100%（P<0.05）。硝态氮（NO₃^--N）含量显著增加了78.80%（P<0.05）,总钾（TK）和速效钾（AK）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。（2）有机管理增加了茶园土壤中烷基C和O-烷基C的相对含量。同时,脂肪族C/芳香C的比值也高于无机管理茶园。（3）有机管理茶园土壤中的总磷脂脂肪酸含量（PLFAs）增加了29.70%（P<0.05）,且细菌、G^-和放线菌的磷脂脂肪酸的含量显著高于无机茶园（P<0.05）。（4）RDA分析表明,茶园土壤中的微生物群落结构主要受到土壤总氮（TN）、总钾（TK）、烷基C、O-烷基C和羧基C含量的影响（P<0.05）。（5）相关性分析结果显示,有机碳组分中烷基C与总微生物量、真菌、放线菌和菌根真菌含量均呈显著正相关关系。O-烷基C与微生物中真菌、细菌和真菌/细菌的比值也呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,对茶园有机管理能调节微生物群落结构,提高土壤有机碳的脂肪化程度,进而影响土壤有机碳的积累和周转机制。     

Potato yields as related to nitrate levels in petioles and soils

The effects of various rates and times of nitrogen application on the yield of potatoes were determined in field experiments in Michigan. Both irrigated and non-irrigated trials were conducted with Katahdin, Russet Burbank, or Sebago varieties. Petioles were sampled for nitrate determinations one or more times during the growing season on each experiment, and the nitrate level in the soil was also followed throughout the season on Kent sandy loam. Nitrate levels in plant petioles tended to be high when the plants were young (4 tto 6 weeks) and then decreased rapidly as the plants matured. At any sampling date, differences in nitrate content between treatments could be measured and a critical nitrate level established for that sampling date. However, nitrate in petioles decreased so rapidly during the season that no valid interpretation of these levels could be made unless the age of the plants was precisely known. In the soil, nitrate levels tended to be more stable, although they also tended to decrease as the season progressed. Neverthehless, soil nitrate level may be a more stable criterion of nitrogen needs during the growing season than the nitrate content of petioles. Critical nitrate levels in soil need to be more firmly established, and movement of nitrate into the subsoil under irrigation more completely characterized. Preliminary data suggest that supplemental nitrogen fertilizers should be applied if soil nitrate falls below 20 ppm N before the end of July (10 to 12 weeks after plant emergence).     

Status of Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mango-Producing Areas of Arba Minch,Southwestern Ethiopia

Bactrocera invadens, the Asian fruit fly, was first reported in Kenya in 2003, and it spread fast to most tropical countries in Africa. To our knowledge, there is no detailed data on the fruit damage and status of fruit flies in Arba Minch and elsewhere in Ethiopia. Hence, information on the species composition and pest status of the fruit fly species is urgent to plan management strategies in the area. Fruit flies were captured using male parapheromone-baited traps. Matured mango (Mangifera indica) fruits were collected from randomly selected mango trees and incubated individually in cages (15 by 15 by 15 cm) with sandy soil. B. invadens was the predominant (96%; 952 of 992) captured species and the only fruit fly species emerging from mango fruits incubated in the laboratory. The mean number of adult B. invadens emerging per mango fruit was 35.25, indicating that the species is the most devastating mango fruit fly in the area. The loss due to this species would be serious if no management strategies are implemented.     

Sources of fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus for potatoes in Atlantic Canada

The performance of ammonium, nitrate, ammonium plus nitrate, and urea as sources of nitrogen in combination with superphosphate, monoammonium, and diammonium phosphates for potato production was measured on two soil types in New Brunswick. No N or P sources produced any indication of abnormal plant growth. Yields, specific gravity of tubers and N, K and Mg contents of plant petioles were similar for all N and P combinations. The P content of the plant was higher with ammonium nitrate or urea as N source and with monoammonium or diammonium phosphate as P source. Ca content was higher with N from sodium nitrate and P from superphosphate. It was concluded that availability and costs of fertilizer materials could become a dominant factor in selectng N and P carriers. With no significant cost differential, a preference was indicated for low-risk materials as reflected by reports of damage to developing seedlings and of reduced yields.     

增氧处理对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨增氧方式对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性的影响。【方法】以中旱221(旱稻)、中浙优8号(水稻)和IR45765-3B(深水稻)为材料,研究微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉、干湿交替灌溉、淹水灌溉对稻田土壤微生物量碳、氮,土壤氮代谢作用强度和土壤氮素转化相关酶活性的影响。【结果】微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉和干湿交替灌溉可以显著提高稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,中旱221、中浙优8号和IR45765-3B的增氧处理较淹水灌溉处理微生物生物量碳、氮分别增加了30.0%~46.1%和7.1%~92.1%,并且增氧处理降低了3个水稻品种的微生物量碳氮比;与淹水灌溉相比,微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉和干湿交替灌溉有助于提高稻田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶、羟胺还原酶活性,降低硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸还原酶活性。【结论】微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉和干湿交替灌溉改善稻田土壤的氧化特性,提高土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮和硝化强度,有助于改善土壤环境和肥力状况,协调了C、N代谢的平衡。     

根系局部供氮对水稻根系形态的影响及其机理

 通过砂培试验，研究了水稻根系和地上部分（苗）对局部根系供应氮素的适应性变化。局部根系供应氮素对水稻根系形态，生物量及碳、氮分配有明显的影响。无论供氮量高低，供氮一侧均能诱导根系生长发育，表现为供氮一侧侧根长、根表面积、根系体积、根重等明显高于无氮侧，但是根系直径明显变细。供氮侧根系碳水化合物含量高于无氮侧；随供氮量的增加，碳水化合物含量相对减少。根据试验结果，认为局部供应氮素诱导根系生长发育的可能机理是无氮一侧根系的饥饿信号诱导地上部碳水化合物定向运输和分配到供氮侧的根系，从而促进该侧根系的生长发育。