黑龙江省部分审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性分析

黑龙江省气候条件特殊,血缘关系有些混杂,系谱关系已不太清楚,种质资源匮乏问题尤为突出。利用SSR分子标记技术,分析黑龙江省近年来审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性,从79对SSR核心引物目录中,选出43对引物对18份玉米自交系和5个标准测验种进行遗传多样性研究,共检测到174个等位基因位点,每对引物检测到2～8个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因变异数4.35个,平均多态性信息量为0.586。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,23份自交系划分为4个类群。结果表明黑龙江省玉米生产上推广品种的亲本自交系仍然集中在兰卡斯特群和瑞德群两大杂种优势群。     

玉米自交系遗传关系的SSR标记分析

选用系谱明确的和系谱来源复杂的38个玉米自交系为材料,在玉米基因组上均匀选取62个SSR引物进行遗传关系分析：(ⅰ)分析SSR引物在这些自交系中的差异程度;(ⅱ)进行自交系的类群划分;(ⅲ) 明确SSR标记在不同来源类型玉米自交系的类群划分和遗传关系分析上的应用价值。62对SSR引物共检测到238个等位基因变异,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.08个,平均多态性信息量(PIC)0.612,平均标记索引系数(MI)2.58,三个指标对标记多态性的分析不完全一致。UPGMA聚类分析将38个玉米自交系分为瑞德、旅大红骨、塘四平头、兰卡斯特、P1、P2和热带素湾7个类群,划群结果与系谱基本吻合,同时对系谱来源复杂的自交系进行分析,明确了它们的归属。     

硬粒马齿爆裂型玉米遗传关系的SSR标记研究

利用SSR标记研究了硬粒型、马齿型玉米与爆裂玉米自交系的亲缘关系。用23对扩增带型稳定的SSR引物,从供试材料中检测出100个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～10个,平均4．35个。SSR引物的PIC介于0．4261～0．8877之间,平均多态性信息量为0．691。按UPGMA法对43份玉米自交系进行聚类分析。聚类分析表明,爆裂玉米、硬粒型玉米以及马齿型玉米自交系并不能严格地划分为3大类,但爆裂玉米与其余两类玉米自交系遗传距离均较大。此外,硬粒型玉米和爆裂玉米自交系间的平均遗传距离与马齿型玉米和爆裂玉米自交系间的平均遗传距离在0．01水平上差异极显著。在硬粒型玉米、马齿型玉米、爆裂玉米3类种质中,硬粒型玉米与爆裂玉米自交系亲缘关系较为接近。     

利用SSR标记对126份玉米自交系种质类群划分的初探

利用SSR分子标记分析了126份玉米自交系的遗传多样性,初步进行了种质类群的划分.从230对SSR引物中筛选出70对扩增条带清晰稳定具有多态性的引物.结果表明,70对引物在供试材料中共检测出278个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出2～7个等位基因,平均4个.每对引物的多态性信息量(PIC)变化范围为0.444 ～0.835,平均0.682.126个自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.576～0.978.利用UPGMA聚类分析方法将126份供试自交系可以划分为A、B两大类群,共6个亚群.     

60个玉米自交系的SSR标记分析

利用SSR标记研究了60个山西省主要玉米(Zea maysL.)自交系的遗传变异。用23对扩增带型稳定的引物,从供试自交系中检测出91个等位基因变异,每对引物检测出等位基因2~7个,平均为3.96个,平均多态性信息含量为0.600。UPGMA聚类分析将60个自交系划分为唐四平头,旅大红骨,PN,BSSS,Lancaster,Suwan等6个类群,化群结果与其系谱关系和育种家经验基本一致。     

213份鲜食玉米自交系的遗传多样性分析

本研究从103对SSR引物中筛选出40对稳定扩增的多态性SSR引物,多态性比率为39.1%,并对213份鲜食玉米自交系的亲缘关系进行分子评价。研究表明,40对SSR标记共扩增出169个等位基因,每个标记位点等位基因数变幅从2到9个,平均等位基因数为4.2。多态性信息含量(PIC)值范围从0.72到0.91,平均每对引物0.82。基于非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析将供试玉米自交系划分为3个大类群,第3类群又划分7个亚群,遗传聚类分析结果基本与自交系谱系及来源相符。     

山西省审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性及杂优类群分析

利用SSR技术分析了山西省审定玉米品种亲本自交系的遗传多样性及杂优类群。40对引物在83个自交系中共检测出232个等位基因,每个SSR位点的等位基因数为3~12个,平均为5.8个;平均多态信息量0.69,变幅为0.43~0.88。共检测出67个稀有等位基因和21个特有等位基因。SSR聚类分析可将自交系划分为6个类群,确定山西省玉米审定品种的杂优模式有15种。研究表明,山西省玉米审定品种双亲自交系的遗传多样性丰富,很多自交系具有独特基因,它们可能具有一定的特异性。对自交系杂优类群的划分解决了当前育种中出现的自交系血缘不清问题,对山西省主要玉米品种杂优利用模式的分析可为山西省乃至全国的玉米育种提供科学依据。     

巴西、印度玉米材料新选自交系的遗传多样性研究

利用SSR分子标记技术,选用均匀覆盖玉米基因组的32对带型稳定、多态性好的引物,研究了33份巴西、印度玉米材料新选的自交系和6份国内标准测验种的遗传多样性.结果表明,32对引物总共检测到147个等位基因;每对引物检测到的基因位点变化范围为3～8个,平均为4.59个;每个SSR标记位点的多态信息量(PIC)变化幅度为0.546 4～0.862 4,平均为0.732 6;39份自交系间的遗传相似系数幅度为0.156 2～0.843 7,平均值为0.517 7.按UPGMA聚类方法,39份自交系可以划分为6大类型,与已知系谱来源基本一致.初步划分了杂种优势群.     

玉米抗甘蔗花叶病毒资源的遗传多样性研究

利用人工接毒方法对46份我国主要玉米自交系进行了两年抗甘蔗花叶病毒鉴定,筛选出高抗系8份(K22、CN962、P138、齐318、中自01、金黄96B、齐319、Pa405),抗病系7份(旱21、中自03、旱23、农大178、获白、K12、黄早四).用SSR标记研究了46份自交系的遗传多样性.49对引物共检测出168个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2～10个,     

东北地区主要玉米自交系的SSR遗传多样性分析

利用70对扩增产物具有稳定多态性的SSR标记研究了66份玉米自交系的遗传多态性。70对引物在供试材料中共检测出273个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因2~7个,平均3.9个,每个位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化于0.121~0.814之间,平均0.584。66份自交系之间的遗传相似系数变化范围0.70~0.93。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,66份供试自交系划分为5个类群,分类结果与系谱来源基本一致,东北地区生产上主要推广杂交种的亲本大多来自不同的类群。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.