新型冻干人用狂犬病疫苗

目前，全球有25亿人生活在可能感染狂犬病病毒的环境中，每年至少有5万人因染病而死亡，其中99％的病例发生在发展中国家，亚洲约占发病总数的56％，而非洲约占44％。全球狂犬病发病率在上升，据WHO估计，每年有1000万人接受狂犬病疫苗注射。接种疫苗是预防狂犬病唯一有效的方式。每年国内狂犬病疫苗需求旺盛，但目前国内狂犬病疫苗生产企业较少，     

防治狂犬病知识问答(续)

14．什么叫狂犬病恐惧症？答：由于狂犬病有长而不定的潜伏期以及极高的病死率，在一般人中十分恐惧。因被动物咬伤、护理狂犬病人、实验室接触狂犬病毒而背上要得狂犬病的沉重思想包袱，感觉有或表现出狂犬病样的症状，酷似狂犬病。但其潜伏期，较真性狂犬病短，常常在数小时或数天内发生。可趁“患者”不注意时给以扇风，或示意饮水而不引起痉挛以资鉴别。     

工作犬社会化训养狂犬病防控安全区建设研究

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒感染所引起的一种人犬共患传染病，全世界每年报告的狂犬病死亡人数有5．5万例左右，但实际死亡人数明显高于该统计数字。目前除日本、英国、夏威夷等国家和地区没有狂犬病发生以外，狂犬病呈世界性分布流行。我国是受狂犬病危害最为严重的国家之一，近年的年报告狂犬病死亡人数均在2400人以上，仅次于印度，居全球第二位。狂犬病的流行不但严重威胁人民群众的生命安全，而且造成了严重的心理影响和沉重的经济负担，不利于社会的和谐发展。     

影响当前狂犬病防制的因素及对策

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的一种古老的人畜共患传染病，除犬和人外，它还可以感染猫、牛、马、羊、猪、狐、狼、蝙蝠等动物，人类常由带毒犬咬伤而感染。人一旦感染狂犬病，死亡率几乎达100％。近年来，我国狂犬病发病数逐年上升。据卫生部2003年7月份发布的消息称，狂犬病已成为我国传染病中     

谈当前城乡家犬防疫的难点与对策

9月28目的世界狂犬病日强调人类和动物狂犬病的影响并宣传如何通过防治动物狂犬病来预防和制止该病。作为发起者的狂犬病控制联盟和美国疾病控制与预防中心报告，每年有55000人死于狂犬病，即平均每10分钟有1人死亡。已有安全有效的疫苗供被可能患有该病的动物咬伤者使用，但由于费用昂贵，在发展中国家的使用率很低。狂犬病何以如此肆虐？狂犬病防控又何以如此之难？狂犬病防控最重要手段是搞好城乡的家犬防疫，家犬防疫究竟难在哪里？笔者根据自身多年从事动物疫病防控的体会，对其根本原因进行分析并提出对策。     

人感染狂犬病带来的反思

今年七月以来，云南、山东等地发生狂犬病疫情，并造成了人、畜死亡。沉寂了多年的狂犬病给人一鸣惊人的感觉。其实，据卫生部的统计资料显示，近年来狂犬病引发人的死亡高居法定传染病造成死亡人数的榜首，其后才是肺结核、艾滋病、流行性乙型脑炎等。     

都安县狂犬病发生状况及原因

狂犬病又称恐水病，是由狂犬病病毒引起人和动物的一种接触性传染病。临床特征是患病动物出现极度的神经兴奋、狂暴和意识障碍，最后因全身麻痹而死亡。估计全球每年造成约55000人死亡。本文针对广西都安县2001-2008年狂犬病发生的原因，提出应对狂犬病防控措施。     

加强狂犬病防治 确保人畜安全

针对近期我国部分地区不断出现因病犬咬伤人，导致人发生狂犬病死亡事件，农业部近日发出紧急通知，要求各地做好狂犬病防治工作，保障人畜安全。     

浅谈狂犬病的预防措施

狂犬病，又称疯狗病、恐水症。是由狂犬病病毒侵害中枢神经系统引起的一种人和所有温血动物（人、犬、猫等）的一种直接接触性传染病。它多由染病的动物咬人而得，狂犬病从一个人传到另外一个人极为少见，狂犬病的人类患者多数会发病身亡。据统计，2003年金阳县犬只存栏数为15000多条，随机抽检了30条，带毒率为6.7﹪，2005年犬只存栏数为20000多条，随机抽检带毒率为12.25﹪，截至2007年犬只存栏数已达22000多头，发生狂犬病的可能性大，直接威协着人们的生命安全。本文就养狗以防狂犬病的发生应该注意的一些知识作了相应的介绍。     

狂犬病的诊断与综合防治

近年来,随着养狗和家养宠物数量的增多及缺乏对犬和猫等宠物的严格管理,加之对狂犬病防治知识的普及不够,使我国狂犬病发病率已连续5年回升。政府和相关部门非常重视,因为狂犬病是世界上病死率最高的疾病,一旦发病,死亡率几乎为100%。狂犬病又称恐水症，是由狂犬病毒感染人引起的人狂犬病，     

Anaesthesia and analgesia of the donkey and the mule

The number of donkeys and mules throughout the world is stable, and awareness of their use and concern for welfare, pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. Therefore, accurate information about anaesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to ever more equine practitioners. Since donkeys are physiologically and pharmacologically different from horses, knowledge on species specific aspects of anaesthesia and analgesia are very important. Mules combine elements from both donkey and horse backgrounds, leading to great diversity in size, temperament and body type. Physiologically, they seem to resemble horses more than donkeys. This review highlights the current knowledge on various anaesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkeys and mules. There is still much information that is not available about donkeys; in many circumstances, the clinician must use available equine information to treat the patient, while monitoring carefully to observe for differences in response to therapy compared to the horse.     

Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re-examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo-cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18.0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent-shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.     

Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig

Effects of age and diet composition on amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and intestinal contents, pancreas weights and body weights were determined from birth to 56 d. A total of 120 pigs, five to seven pigs/litter from 18 litters, were slaughtered at birth, 14, 27, 29, 31, 42 and 56 d. Litters were allotted to dietary treatments (corn-soy, A; corn-soy + 20% dried whey, B; corn-soy + 5% lard, C) and offered these diets as creep feed at 14 d. All pigs were weaned at 28 d, placed in elevated nursery pens and fed their respective diets. Total activities of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas and small intestine increased (P less than .05) with age. Both trypsin and amylase activities, measured per kilogram body weight or gram pancreas weight, were low at 29 d in the intestine and increased to 56 d. Pigs on diet B had the highest level of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents (P less than .05). Trypsin activity in the pancreas (units/kg body weight) was lowest (P less than .05) for pigs on diet B and highest (P less than .05) for those on diet C (units/g pancreas and units/kg body weight). Amylase activity (units/kg body weight) was lower (P less than .05) in the pancreas for pigs on diet B than for those on diets A and C. Pigs on diet A had lower (P less than .01) intestinal amylase activities than those on diets B and C. Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents and pancreas were low following weaning. In the pancreas, activities decreased at 31 d.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The behavior and the husbandry conditions of small laboratory animals--possibilities and limits of the evaluation of the appropriateness and fairness of the treatment of animals

Ethological studies are important means to evaluate the behaviour of small laboratory animals (mouse, rat, guinea-pig and rabbit) and their housing conditions. At any rate, the only sparse range of body expressions, the smallness and preference of night activity of these animals and the erratic occurrence of essential behaviour patterns make the investigations more difficult. On the other hand, the standardization of laboratory housing and the genetic definition of these animals turn out to be favourable. By this way, behaviour-environment-relationships are suitable for evaluation. Taking into consideration methodical and biological restrictions, the specific activities such as fight, relaxed resting behaviour and play as well as unbalanced behaviour patterns and stereotypes can be taken as means of evaluation. Particularly in mice and rabbits, upright position and space consuming activities will be possibly restricted by cage sizes.     

Relation between the concentration of sodium and potassium in the erythrocytes of dairy cows and the concentration of these elements in the plasma and urine and the level of blood glucose

Blood and urine samples of 180 dairy cows from 12 herds were examined. Sodium and potassium concentrations were determined in erythrocytes, whole blood, plasma, urine, and glucose concentration in blood: the interrelations were compared. Sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes were 85.15 +/- 11.45 mmol/l, and 25.93 +/- 7.81 mmol/l, respectively. A statistically significant relation was found between sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes (r = 0.3467+++) and the content of electrolyte in blood cells and in whole blood (Na: r = 0.5336+++; K: r = 0.3561+++). No statistically significant relation of intraerythrocyte concentration of both electrolytes was confirmed with respect to the other characteristics (sodium and potassium concentrations in plasma and urine, and glucose concentration in blood). In the conditions of routine laboratory diagnostics in clinically healthy cows, determinations of intraerythrocyte sodium and potassium do not broaden possibilities of evaluating the metabolic state of these electrolytes and cannot be used as the characteristics of energy insufficiency. The cannot replace the analyses performed in serum and urine.     

貉,蓝狐,银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞形态分布的研究

本文应用Ｆｏｒｔａｎａ—Ｍａｓｓｏｎ嗜银颗粒染色法研究了貉、蓝狐、银狐的胃及十二指肠内嗜银细胞的形态分布。结果表明：三种动物胃幽门腺中，嗜根细胞数量最多，呈锥状，嗜银颗粒较粗，密度大、染成深黑色。在胃底及胃贲门腺区、嗜银细胞数量少。在十二指肠部嗜银细胞呈蝌蚪形，嗜银颗粒细，呈黑褐色，密度较小。嗜银细胞的分布密度在三种动物中具有一定的差别。     

Liquid flow and capacity of the caecum and colon of the horse

The rate of flow of fluid from the caecum and from the large colon was measured in four Shetland-type ponies fed a hay diet. In two ponies with cannulas in the caecum and at the origin of the right ventral colon, a continuous intracaecal infusion of a solution of chromium EDTA was used and samples were obtained from the cannula at the origin of the right ventral colon. Based on four determinations, the liquid flow from the caecum was 54.2 +/- 1.89 litres d-1. In the other two ponies with cannulas in the origin of the right ventral colon and near the end of the right dorsal colon, a continuous infusion of chromium EDTA was made into the right ventral colon and samples were obtained from the right dorsal colon. The flow rate towards the end of the dorsal colon was 49.4 +/- 1.25 litres d-1, based on four determinations. The capacities of the caecum and large colon after death were 7.0 +/- 0.8 and 17.7 +/- 3.7 litres, respectively.     

加强兽药研究开发提升行业科技创新水平

提升行业科技创新水平为主题,回顾和分析了我国新兽药研究开发的历程和研究现状及面临的形势,并围绕创新与发展的要求,提出了加强兽药研究开发的对策及建议。